Context Driven Technique for Document Classification

ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 02, No. 02, Apr 2011

Context Driven Technique for Document
Classification
*Upasana Pandey, @ S. Chakraverty, # Rahul Jain
*upasana1978@gmail.com
@apmahs@rediffmail.com
#rahul.jain@nsitonline.in
NSIT, SEC 3, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India

Abstract: In this paper we present an innovative hybrid Text contextual information is harnessed at two stages. First, it is
Classification (TC) system that bridges the gap between used to extract a meaningful and cohesive set of keywords
statistical and context based techniques. Our algorithm for each input category. Secondly, it is used to refine the
harnesses contextual information at two stages. First it extracts feature set representing the documents to be classified.
a cohesive set of keywords for each category by using lexical For the rest of the paper, section II presents a brief
references, implicit context as derived from LSA and word- background of the field and the relevance of context based
vicinity driven semantics. And secondly, each document is
TC. Section III brings into perspective prior work in the area.
represented by a set of context rich features whose values are
derived by considering both lexical cohesion as well as the extent Section IV presents our proposed context-enhanced TC
of coverage of salient concepts via lexical chaining. After model. In Section V, we compare the proposed TC scheme
keywords are extracted, a subset of the input documents is with current approaches and overview its implications and
apportioned as training set. Its members are assigned categories advantages. We conclude in Section VI.
based on their keyword representation. These labeled
documents are used to train binary SVM classifiers, one for II. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
each category. The remaining documents are supplied to the
trained classifiers in the form of their context-enhanced feature A TC system accepts two primary inputs; a set of
vectors. Each document is finally ascribed its appropriate categories and a set of documents to be classified. Most TC
category by an SVM classifier. systems use supervised leaning methods that entail training
a classifier. Support Vector Machines (SVM) use kernel
Keywords: Lexical references, Vicinity driven semantics, Lexical functions to transform the feature space into a higher
chaining. dimensional space and have been found to be especially
suitable for TC applications [2]. Their training process may
I. INTRODUCTION use prior labeled documents which guide the classifier in
Text Classification (TC) is the task of inspecting input tuning its parameters. In another approach, as illustrated in
documents with the aim of assigning them categories from a the Sleeping Experts algorithm [3], a classifier is trained
predefined set. TC serves a wide range of applications such dynamically during the process of classification using a
as classifying scientific and medical documents, organizing subset of the input documents and its parameters are
documents for query-based information dissemination, email progressively refined. Another approach is to identify a set
folder management and spam filtering, topic-specific search of training documents from among the input dataset and label
engines and library / web document indexing [1]. them with keyword- matched categories.
The world-wide-web has witnessed a mind boggling A concern here is to derive a set of keywords for each
growth of both volume as well as variety of text content, category. While user-input keywords can be used, this is
driving the need for sophisticated TC techniques. Over the cumbersome and may be impractical. It is attractive to
years, numerous statistical approaches have been generate the keywords automatically. This motivates the
successfully devised. But increasingly, the so-called bag-of- application of contextual information to cull out meaningful
words approach has reached a point of saturation where it keywords for each category.
can no longer handle the increasing complexities posed by The documents must be pre-processed and represented
polysemous words, multi-word expressions and closely by a well-defined and cohesive set of features; the most time-
related categories that require semantic analysis. Recently, consuming part of TC. The main aim of feature extraction is
researchers have illustrated the potential for applying context- to reduce the large dimensionality of a document’s feature
oriented approaches to improve upon the quality of TC. This space and represent it in concise manner within a
has resulted in a fruitful convergence of several fields such meaningfully derived context space. Once encoded as a
as Information Retrieval (IR), Natural Language Processing feature set, a trained classifier can be invoked to assign it a
(NLP) and Machine Learning (ML). The aim is to derive the suitable category. A plethora of classification techniques are
semantics encapsulated in groups of words and utilize it to available and have been tapped by TC researchers. They
improve classification accuracy. include Bayesian classifiers [4], SVM [5], Decision trees
This paper showcases a proposal which bridges the gap [6], Ada Boost [7], RIPPER [3], fuzzy classifiers [8] and
between statistical and context based approaches for TC. The

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growing seeded clusters based on Euclidean distance between In [5], Diwakar et al have used lexical semantics such as
data points [9]. synonyms, analogous words and metaphorical words/phrases
Predominantly, Statistical approaches have been applied to tag input documents before passing them to a statistical
for feature extraction with highly acceptable performance Bayesian classifier. After semantic pre-processing and
of about 98%. These methods employ statistical metrics for normalization, the documents are fed to a Naïve Byes
feature evaluation, the most popular being Term Frequency- classifier. The authors have reported improvement in
Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), Chi-square and classification accuracy with semantic tagging. However
Information Gain[10]. Statistical techniques have been processing is almost entirely manual.
widely applied to web applications and harnessed to capacity. In [7], the authors locate the longest multiword expression
Their applicability in further improving the quality of TC leading to a concept. They derive concepts, synonyms and
seems to have reached a saturation point. They have some generalized concepts by utilizing ontology. Since concepts
inherent limitations, being unable to deal with synonyms, are predominantly noun phrases, a Part Of Speech (POS)
polysemous words and multi-word expressions. analyzer is used to reject unlikely concepts. The set of terms
On the other hand, Semantic or context-based feature and their lexically derived concepts is used to train and test
extraction offers a lot of scope to experiment on the relevancy a Ada-boost classifier. Using the Reuters-21578 [14],
among words in a document. Semantic features encapsulate OHSUMED [15] and FAODOC [16] corpora, the authors
the relationship between words and the concepts or the report that the combined feature set of terms and derived
mental signs they represent. Context can be interpreted in a concepts yield noticeable improvements over the classic term
variety of intuitively appealing ways such as: stem representation.
• Implicit correlation between words as expressed In [17] the authors select a set of likely positive examples
through Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) from an unlabeled dataset using co-training. They also
• Lexical cohesiveness as implied by synonyms, improve the positive examples with semantic features. The
hypernyms, hyponyms, meronyms or as sparse expanded positive dataset as well as the unlabeled negative
matrices of ordered words as described in [3] examples together train the SVM classifier, thus increasing
• Syntactic relation between words as reflected by its reliability. For the final classification, the TF-IDF of all
Parts-Of-Speech (POS) phrases the semantic features used in the positive data sets are
• Shallow semantic relationships as expressed by evaluated in test documents. The author’s experiments on
basic questions such as WHO did WHAT to Reuters-21578 [14] and Usenet articles [18] corpora reveal
WHOM, WHERE [2] that using positive and unlabeled negative datasets combined
• Enhancement of a word’s importance based on the with semantic features gives improved result.
influence of other salient words in its vicinity [11] Ernandes et al [11] propose a term weighting algorithm
• Domain based context features expressed by that recognizes words as social networks and enhances the
domain specific ontology [7]. default score of a word by using a context function that relates
With such a wide spectrum, different context-oriented it to neighboring high scoring words. Their work has been
features can be flexibly combined together to target different suitably applied for single word QA as demonstrated for
applications. The issue of real time performance can be crossword solving.
handled through efficient learning algorithms and compact
feature representation. IV. PROPOSED WORK
In this paper, we propose a scheme for incorporating
lexical, referential as well as latent semantics to produce Our proposal taps the potential of lexical and contextual
context enhanced text classification. semantics at two tiers:
A. Keyword extraction:
III. REVIEW OF CONTEXT BASED TC
Automatic keyword generation frees the user from the
Several authors have suggested the use of lexical cohesion encumbrance of inputting them manually. Our scheme
in different schemes to aid the process of classification. employs lexical references derived from wordnet[19],implicit
L. Barak et al have used a lexical reference scheme to context as derived from an LSA and vicinity based context
expand upon a given category name with the aim of as given the terms surrounding already known keywords.
automatically deriving a set of keywords for the category The three driving forces together yield a cohesive set of
[12]. A reference vector comprises lexical references derived keywords. The set of extracted keywords for each category
from wordnet and wikipedia for each category and a context serves as a template for identifying representative documents
vector is derived from the LSA space between categories for that category. These documents are utilized as supervisors
and input documents. Each vector is used to calculate two to train an SVM classifier.
cosine similarity scores between categories and documents.
B. Document representation:
These scores are multiplied to assign a final similarity score.
The final bootstrapping step uses the documents that are Once training documents are identified, these and
identified for each category to train its classifier. With their the remaining unlabeled test documents must be represented
combined reference plus context approach, the authors have by a compact feature set. As during the keyword extraction
reported improvement in precision with Reuters-10 corpus. phase, we use lexical relationships to identify generic

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concepts, synonyms and specialized versions of terms. the algorithm carries out a syntactic parsing of the
Taking a further step of refinement, we use anaphoric sentences containing keywords. Since concepts are
referential phrases and strong conjunctions to identify the usually represented by noun phrases, they are separated
length of cohesiveness or lexical chain of each salient out. The number of instances of each vicinity related pair
concept. These parameters are utilized to fine tune TF-IDF is counted. If this exceeds a pre-decided threshold τv ,
feature values. Only those features whose values cross a the keyword set is augmented with the new term. The
stipulated threshold finally represent the document. two augmented keyword sets are now AK lex(c) and
The algorithm Context-driven Text Classification CTC, AKimc(c).
is described in the pseudo-code in figure 1.
Step 3: Evaluate documents’ representative index:
Step1: Removal of stop words and stemming:
The first step is pre-processing of documents. Stop words,
i.e. those words that have negligible semantic significance
such as ‘the’ ‘an’ ‘a’ etc are removed. Weak conjunctions
such as ‘and’ are removed but strong conjunctions ‘therefore’
and ‘so’ are retained so that their contribution to lexical
chaining can be utilized. Next the system carries out The cosine similarity, which gives the cosine of the
stemming, viz. the process of reducing inflected words to a angle between two vectors has been used in [12,22] to match
root word form. The entire set of documents is partitioned documents with categories. However the keyword vectors
into one thrid training set and two third testing set. being equally weighted, the cosine similarity will bias
Step 2: Keyword extraction: documents with equal number of instances of each keyword
Words that bear a strong semantic connection with against others. Also, a document with more instances of a
category names are keywords. This concept can be extended keyword may receive the same similarity score as a document
to hypothesize that words strongly associated with identified with less instances of the keyword. An appropriate metric
keywords are themselves good candidates as keywords. We should reflect the fact that any document containing more
apply these principles to extract keywords from the following keywords from a category is more representative of it and a
sources. document with more instances of each keyword deals with
the category in greater detail. Given a keyword list AK(c)
Keyword Set- from lexical references:
and a document d we multiply two factors to derive its
Words that are lexically related to a category c are representative index ρ(AK(c),d): (1) fraction of the total
collected from the wordnet resource. Taking cue from number of category keywords present in d (2) Ratio of the
[12], we use only that sense that corresponds to the average numbers of keywords in d to the sum total of these
category’s meaning. First synonyms are extracted. Then averages for all documents. Thus:
hypernyms of each term are transitively located to allow
A K (d ) ∑ T F _ ID F ( w ∈ A K (d )
i

generalization. Hypernyms are collected up to a pre- ρ ( A K (c ), d ) = ⋅ i

A K (c ) ∑ ∑ T F _ ID F ( w ∈ A K (d
i k )
specified level k so that term meanings are not obfuscated k i

by excessive generalization. Next, hyponyms at Step 4: Assigning categories to documents:
immediate lower level are located. At the end of this The next step labels documents with categories. The
process, the system is armed with an initial set of document with the highest r-score for a category is assigned
keywords that explicitly refer to category names. to it. Thereafter, all documents whose r-scores for that
Keyword Set- from implicit context: category are within a preset category assignment factor F of
this maximum similarity score are also are assigned to it.
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a well known
technique to help identify the implicit contextual bonding Step 5: Document feature representation:
between category names and input documents. LSA uses The TC system utilizes contextual information to derive
the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to cull out the feature set values of documents in the following ways:
groups of words which have high vector similarity in the Generalization with lexical references:
LSA space [20]. This step generates a new set of
As a document is browsed, new terms encountered are
contextually related keywords AKimc(c) for each category
annotated with their synonyms, hypernyms for k-up levels
c.
and hyponyms k-down levels. A rescanning of the document
Augmented Keyword Sets from vicinity context: replaces any of the lexical references encountered with their
Words in the vicinity of keywords weave a semantic equivalent base words. Term counts are simultaneously
thread that correlates with the category. LSA does club updated. When all documents have been tagged, TF-IDF
together word co-occurring anywhere in a document but values are evaluated.
does not highlight semantics inherently present in Creating Lexical chains:
neighboring words. The idea is to locate those words
Vertical search engines focus on a particular topic or text
surrounding keywords that have a high potential for
segment only. They need TC methods with greater depth of
becoming keywords themselves. Given a keyword set,

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search. This is in contrast with generic Web search engines. capture their faithfulness to a given category. The r-score
Towards this goal, we recognize that the extent of coverage used here encodes the extent to which a document represents
of a concept is as important as its frequency of occurrence. a category. It encapsulates both parameters ; the fraction of
In our framework, we have introduced an optional step that the keywords present in a document and the weighted average
can be invoked for vertical categorization requirements. keywords frequency
Lexical chaining: Weighting TF-IDF with length of lexical chain:
Links consecutive sentences that are related though To allow categorization for applications that require a
repetition of a concept term or its lexical references vertical search based on a topic, we use lexical chaining that
(iteration), anaphoric references and strong conjunctions allows us to measure the extent of coverage on a concept.
[21]. Besides iteration, resolved anaphoric references also Being compute-intensive, we allow this feature as a user-
lead to the next link in the chain. Strong conjunctions such requested option.
as therefore or so serve as final links. When a gap of a few Tunable Guiding parameters:
sentences occurs, it indicates termination of a local chain.
Parameters such as maximum level of lexical referencing,
vicinity score threshold and category assignment factor can
be experimentally tuned. There is flexibility to adjust them
for different applications and input categories.

VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we have proposed a comprehensive
scheme for context based TC that starts its job with only
Step 6: Classifier Training: category names. A cohesive set of keywords is generated
by exploiting three kinds of semantic cohesion; lexical
The documents output by step 4 are positively labeled
references, implicit context and vicinity induced cohesion.
documents. They are used to train a set of binary SVM
Semantic cohesion is also utilized for representing documents
classifiers, one category. All documents labeled with a given
as context oriented feature sets. While lexical references
category are employed to train its classifier.
bring in generalization, an optional lexical chaining scheme
Step 7: Testing: allows the depth of coverage of concepts to influence the
The test documents are applied to the trained classifiers classification decision. The application of context at various
to be finally assigned their appropriate categories. levels gives a framework for more meaning-driven
classification which cannot be expected from a purely bag-
V.DISCUSSION of-words approach.
The TC system proposed above differs from reported REFERENCES
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Context Driven Technique for Document Classification

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