An intrusion detection algorithm for ami

International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2014
AN INTRUSION DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR AMI
SYSTEMS BASED ON SVM AND PCA
Sara Pourfallah1, Amir H. Jafari2, Hadi S. Shahhoseini3, Mitra oleyaeyan4
1,4Elearning Center, Iran University of science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
2,3Electrical Engineering Department, Iran University of science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, using the smart metering devices for energy users to manage a wide variety of subscribers,
reading devices for measuring, billing, disconnection and connection of subscribers’ connection
management is an important issue. The performance of these intelligent systems is based on information
transfer in the context of information technology, so reported data from network should be managed to
avoid the malicious activities that including the issues that could affect the quality of service the system. In
this paper for control of the reported data and to ensure the veracity of the obtained information, using
intrusion detection system is proposed based on the support vector machine and principle component
analysis (PCA) to recognize and identify the intrusions and attacks in the smart grid. Here, the operation of
intrusion detection systems for different kernel of SVM when using support vector machine (SVM) and PCA
simultaneously is studied. To evaluate the algorithm, based on data KDD99, numerical simulation is done
on five different kernels for an intrusion detection system using support vector machine with PCA
simultaneously. Also comparison analysis is investigated for presented intrusion detection algorithm in
terms of time - response, rate of increase network efficiency and increase system error and differences in
the use or lack of use PCA. The results indicate that correct detection rate and the rate of attack error
detection have best value when PCA is used, and when the core of algorithm is radial type, in SVM
algorithm reduces the time for data analysis and enhances performance of intrusion detection.
KEYWORDS
Intelligent System AMI, intrusion detection systems, support vector machines, PCA
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, the management of energy networks, including control activities, customer invoice and
management at peak hours, the use of smart grid power distribution network is of utmost
importance. For this purpose Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and integrated systems
including hardware, software, network and designed communication platform by considering
information such as consumption, demand, voltage, current will help to better manage the
network. This system creates two-way communication platform capable to reading, tuning,
monitoring and remote control of the meters, collect, manage, process and analyse the collected
data and produce graphs and reports required. Automatically perform all the processes [1-2].
This project done in France and Italy, according to research and engineering consulting institute
Zpryme, the number of smart meters installed in the United States of America from 2.47 million
in 2007 to 37.29 million in 2011, has grown that large part by corporations leading such as Pacific
gas and Electric (PGE), Florida power and light (FPL) and southern California Edison company
DOI: 10.5121/ijci.2014.3401 1

International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2014
installed. Installing smart meters with a 97% annual growth is predicted this amount will reach at
the end of 2013 to 61.77 million meters [3].
2
Figure 1: Structure of IDS in the AMI
As can be seen in Figure 1 smart networks using telecommunications equipment and the context
of information technology Star, that this area efficiently monitoring and control to complete
protective measures and maintain security infrastructure is a critical need. Security in smart
system throughout the measurement process from meter and DC to CAS, which are consists many
of hardware and software systems must considered and all factors such as manufacturers,
suppliers and regulators to increase awareness and ensure security measurement systems will
participate together in the future. The following elements can be considered for AMI [4-6]:
Sensor: hardware or software components or systems for the analysis of network
activity. In the case of AMI, sensors should be located at the head-end termination. The
sensor head-end termination processes large volumes of traffic; sensors in the meters
shall have minimum computing requirements.
Server management: management of data generated by sensors needs to be sent to one or
several servers.
Database server: store for events information recorded by sensors and server
management. A combination of management server and database server that is often
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is called.
Console: Interface that security managers can use to 1) configure intrusion detection
systems, 2) to monitor the security situation in AMI 3) to visualize and explore the alert,
and 4) to perform forensic activities
One of the things that can contributed to the security of these systems is the use of intrusion
detection systems in AMI In order to control the traffic these networks be prevented of potential
attacks that can be achieved through mesh networks in addition backhaul IP-based networks,
imposing to system. This system can be used to identify and deal with these types of attacks that
may happen in AMI network. In works [7-9], support vector machine and PCA is proposed but
base on our knowledge effect of different SVM kernels in performance of an intrusion detection
algorithm when using SVM and PCA simultaneously is not studied. So, in this paper, five kernels
of SVM in intrusion detection algorithm that can be used in intelligent network structure such as
AMI, by taking advantage of the PCA is explored and assessed by exploiting standard data
KDD99 attacks.

International Journal on Cybernetics Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2014
In the next section introduces the IDS and its use in identification of attacks would be considered,
in the third part, after pre-processing methods, and how to use the support vector machine is
presented. The fourth section the proposed is evaluated for standard attack data and the
conclusions are presented in Section Five.
3
2. INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is responsible for identifying and detecting any unauthorized
use of the system, Abuse or damage by both internal and external users [10]. Intrusion detection
systems have been created as software and hardware systems and each has its own advantages
and disadvantages. Speed and accuracy are the benefits of hardware systems and the lack of
security breach by hackers is another the capability of such systems. But the ease of use of the
software, the ability to adapt the software requirements and between different operating systems,
software systems will be more common and generally these systems have better selection [11].
Generally, three main functions(IDS)are: 1)Monitoring and Evaluation 2) Discovered 3)
Reactions ,Thus each IDS can be classified based on intrusion detection techniques, architecture
and the response to intrusion and several methods have been designed as intrusion detection
techniques to act monitor events occurring in a computer system or network assume.
3. PRE-PROCESSING
To make the data comparable and to be without unit is applied of linear transformation. Also,
since the number of attack data features was large and the processing time takes much time is
used of PCA to reduce dimension. Principal component analysis (PCA), is a method of reduction
dimension, that is based on the work of Pearson. The main goal is, feature extraction has been
representing the data in a lower dimensional space with relatively less attention of feature
selection. Geometry can be said to PCA, the new vertical axes of the original coordinate axes to
be sorted out if the initial variance. Facts do PCA, in Fig2 Is shown. Because of the limitations of
the paper is avoid describes the algorithm and reference [12] is presented.
4. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES ALGORITHM
During the designing with training data imposed the test set to the model and with calculated
error of model in training and testing input, to do pay adjustments the model or training
methodology. After designing model and reaching a model with an appropriate accurately
according to input training and testing, if the answer models proper estimation to data, the model
is ready for practical use. Otherwise should correct the design process [13-14].
Enhancing task SVM classification of data is based linear. The linear dividing data has tried to
select the line that to be more reliable margin. In general, solve the equation to find optimal line
for data by QP methods that methods are known in solving problem that is limited [15-16].
For a detailed study of the SVM algorithm: suppose, an optimal separating screen which is
completely separate, with hyper plane with a maximum margin linear boundary exists. The
training data is include N pair ( x , y ),...,( x , y ),( x , y ), x Î R m
and y Î{−1,1} ,
n n 2 2 1 1 i i
Due to this we want profile pages to define a separator between two floors of 1 and -1, where the
largest bond between two clouds parallel plates on each side of the cloud separator page, to

4
Figure2. PCA algorithm for Pre-processing
be there. For optimized separating Page the two classes are separated as with d with the nearest
points of each class will have a maximum distance. Not only does this create a separator page to
select a unique solution, but also with maximizing the bond between the two floors, shows a
better performance in the separation of test data. In simple terms separator designed to extend the
capabilities of a better whole. Then we discuss the optimization problem [17-18]:
max c
0 =
w,w , w 1
(1)
Where the constraint i = 1,...,n and y x w w C T
i ( + ) ³ 0 . These adverbs are subject beyond
ensuring a minimum distance of C in all parts of the boundary decision that w and 0 w are
determined not to violate. For this context, we are looking for the largest C and related parameters
that provide the conditions for us.
i x
In fact did not possible implementation SVM, such that the line can be completely separated the
data into distinct categories. In fact, data always have some flat of boundary Separator categories.
This little flat is shown with the covariates x = ( x , x ,......, x ) . Classification error occurs when
1 2 n have x 1, by limiting n
to value of K we obtain the optimization problem [16].
i i =
1 On the other hand, to resolve all needs and also satisfy the KKT conditions for this equation to
equation (2) write.
1
min w
w w
2
, 2
0
(2)
T
y x w+ w ³ −x with condition ³ 0, £ K i i x x .
that for each i, ( ) (1 ) 0 i
i
From this equation, it is well known that the points have been well side its class do not very
important role in shaping the boundaries and this is a feature of this method [20-21].

5
The following equation is used to map the input space:
i f ( x ) = a y ( ( x ), ( x )) + w
i i 0
n
=
i 1
j j (3)
Moreover should have relation of kernel functions (the inner product in has converted
space) an individual. Nuclear equation, with formula k ( x , x ' ) = m
j ( x )j ( x
' ) , to
j =
1
j j rewrite the formula (3) we use the following:
i f ( x ) = aˆ y ( x, x )+ wˆ
i i 0
n
=
i 1
(4)
The four core functions that are commonly used in SVM is, Linear function, polynomial function
of degree d, the radial basis function (RBF) and MLP function (perception).[22-23] Steps in the
algorithm in Fig2is shown. This flowchart symbolically are depicted the process performed on
simulation algorithm based on support vector machines and analysis the main elements.

Start
Normalization
PCA
Normal data
Feature i in Threshold level Y N
Total data
Updates the class attribute
Randomly selected for training and testing data
Save in file *.mat
Input data format *.xlsx
Attack type
End
Figure 3. Flowchart of used algorithm for intrusion detection system

6
5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
In this simulation, presented algorithms is studied for total of 10% the initial data with different
kernel and based on the dimension reduction method and the result is studied in term of response
time, increase network efficiency, system error rate and sensitivity. KDD99 data set used in this
simulation that main reason for using it the complete data set of all currently known attacks
compared to other dataset used in the simulation experiments that have 41 attributes, which 21
kinds of abnormalities have in their place. This 21 anomaly in four total categories are named
DOS, Prob, U2R and R2L.In simulation support vector machine algorithm method to analyze the
main elements with help of Principal Component Analysis to reduce the number of features and
increase system performance; Of 41 features used in KDD99 selected 17 features, for increase
response time and system performance. In this experiment, the number of features is less than the
response time will be faster.
The main reason for using PCA 52.7% improve response time and the increasing algorithm
performance in intrusion detection from 99.40 to 99.84 and the error rate dropped to 26.6%.
In the simulations performed, the algorithm will be trained and then tested. During training, each
group individual anomaly is compared with normative data but ultimately all abnormalities are
placed a group. For training is used the radio labelled data, but during the test data are unlabelled.
Ratio Data of each class to the total number of data in the data set are giveninTable1.
Table 1. Selected data distribution in data collection
R2L data U2R data Probe data DOS data Normal data Total number
452.6123 21.45658 1591.43 158551.6 39398.33 200015
The simulation results of the PCA and support vector machine algorithm described in Table2.
Table 2. Numerical results for diagnostic tests
Algorithm is used Correct Rate Error Rate
SVM 99.4 0.6
PCA + SVM 99.84 0.16
The result of the simulation support vector machine Algorithm and impact of PCA on it with 41
features, 21 different types of abnormalities and different kernel is described below.
This simulations have 40, 000 Number of Observations, two Control Classes, one Target Classes,
Inconclusive Rate 0,Classified Rate1 and Prevalence 0.8034.The results of RBF kernel when
using PCA with different in Table 3 listed.
Table 3. Numerical results for different
Correct Rate Error Rate Sensitivity
0.1 0.9698 0.0302 0.9625
0.5 0.9926 0.0074 0.9909
4.5 0.9973 0.0027 0.9968

Sigmoid kernel in case of using PCA is further tested for different and and the results are
showninTable4. According to the table 4 can be found that, Change in the range of [ ] in
manner that increases and decreases, Increases the error rate and increase the negative
likelihood And therefore it be more possible to negative predictive value.
7
Table 4. Numerical results for different and
Correct Rate Error Rate Sensitivity
0.1 -0.6 0.9605 0.0395 0.9609
1.5 -0.6 0.9071 0.0929 0.9189
1.5 -1.6 0.8154 0.1846 0.9976
4.5 -0.6 0.8970 0.1030 0.9668
Result of the simulation with polynomial kernel and power3 can be seeninTable5.
Table 5. Numerical results for polynomial kernel with power 3
p Correct Rate Error Rate Sensitivity
3 0.9771 0.0029 0.9991
Because the data in experiment are not consisted linearly and regular distribution, algorithm
simulation with the PCA algorithm could not able to classify the data with a straight line .So we
are unable to use of linearly kernel function in this simulation.
Evaluate the impact of using PCA algorithm for intrusion detection, the algorithm error will be
have during the detection when using the PCA and not using it Figure 4 and 5 are shown. to be
seen correct rate and error rate when principal component analysis is used for selected features in
the kernel RBF and when principal component analysis is not used in quadratic kernel and linear
kernel the best value have, according to compared correct rate, RBF kernel that chosen features
with principal component analysis of the other kernel is better.

Figure 4. Numerical results for correct rate and impact of using PCA

8
Figure 5. Numerical results for error rates and the impact of using PCA

6. CONCLUSION
Given the widespread use of smart metering devices in the context of information technology in
the field of energy to manage user accounts that use networks for transferring data of readers’
measurement devices causes an increasing topic for attackers. Systems must be designed to
prevented manage data traffic over the network from attacks and sabotage activities in the field of
information technology. In this paper, effect of different kernels of used SVM in the attacks
classification algorithm i.e. intrusion detection systems exploiting support vector machine and
PCA as pre-processing for separating the normal activity of network attacks is assessed. Because
of the large number of features detected attacks and takes the vast amount of the computation,
principal component analysis is used widely to reduce dimension. To explore effect of different
kernel in intrusion detection system based on support vector machine and PCA, standard data
KDD99 is applied in the algorithm and different kernel support vector machines have been
evaluated. The results show that the correct detection rate and the rate of attack error detection
when using principal component analysis in all cores radial, quadratic and linear of the lack of
main components analysis have best value and total Radial Kernel accurate rate using the
principal component analysis of all cores is better.
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