Intrusion Detection System Using Machine Learning: An Overview

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 965
Intrusion Detection System Using Machine Learning: An Overview
Nidhi Kumari1, Vimmi Malhotra2
1Student,Master of Technology, Computer Science Engineering
2Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department, Dronacharya college of Engineering, Gurugram
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Abstract - Today's wireless networks are faced with rapid
expansions in errors, flaws, and attacks that threaten to
undermine their security. Since computer networks and
applications are built on multiple platforms, network security
is becoming increasingly important. Both complex and
expensive operating programs may have security
vulnerabilities. The term "intrusion" refers to attempts to
break security, completeness, and availability. Network
security vulnerabilities and abnormalities can be identified
using an IDS. The development of intrusion detection
technology has been a burgeoning field, despite being often
regarded as premature and not as an ultimately
comprehensive method of fighting intrusions. Securityexperts
and network administrators have also made it a priority task.
This means that more secure systems cannot replace it
completely. Using data mining to detect intrusion, IDS is able
to predict future intrusions based on detected intrusions. An
extensive review of literature on the use of data mining
methods for IDS is presented in this paper. First, wewillreview
data mining approaches for detecting intrusions using real-
time and benchmark datasets. This paper presents a
comparison of methods of detecting intrusions in the network
with their merits and demerits. In this paper, we propose
approaches to improve network intrusion detection.
Key Words: Intrusion detection, Security, Machine
Learning, Data mining.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the rapid increase in the number of applications and
organizations using computer networks, security is
becoming increasingly important. Most companies use
network security tools like antivirusandanti-spamsoftware
to protect themselves from network attacks. These tools
can't detect complex or new attacks, however.
An IDS [1] enables computer networks and computers
to detect and eliminate unwanted intrusions. Identifier
systems can collect and process information from various
sources within a network or computer, identifying threats
that can make people vulnerable, such as misuse and
intrusion. IDSs (Intrusion Detection Systems) [2] are
systems that continuously monitor and analyze events
occurring on a network to detect malicious activity. IDS are
now regarded as an important element of the security
infrastructure in most companies. By detecting intrusions,
companies can deter attacks on their networks. Security
professionals could use this method to reduce current
network security risks and thecomplexityofcurrentthreats.
The procedure of gaining extra approval by gaining
access to a database is how attackers to compromise
databases, approved users who abuse their assent are how
approved users gain access to databases. An IDS identifies
assaults that appear to be unusual or harmful inpurpose[3].
The existence of various types of intrusions has been
identified using different techniques, but there are no
heuristics to confirm their accuracy. The majority of
traditional IDS rely on human analysts to distinguish
between invasive and noninvasive network data. Becauseof
the considerable time frame necessary to notice an assault,
fast attacks are not practical. For network owners and
operators, access to the internet is a particularly delicate
topic. As the online world offers different hazards, several
solutions are designed to avoid internet assaults.
The data mining method is used to derive models from
massive data sets. The technology behind machine learning
and deep learning has enabled a wide range of data mining
techniques in recent years. Intrusiondetectionresearchuses
a variety of techniques, including classifiers, link
assessments, and sequence analysis.
Data mining is essential for detecting intrusions by
machine learning. It can provide insights into possible
behaviors based on prior experiences. The most common
data mining techniques are a hybrid association, clustering,
and classification. Grouping data based on results is called
clustering. Clustering is most commonly done using K-
means.
The most popular technique used by mining analysts is
classification and prediction, which creates models,
characterizes data and projects the future to extract
important insights. Extends the IDS by
categorizing outcomesasregularorabdominal usingmetric-
based categorization.Thetechniquesusedtomineauditdata
were questioned for consistency, which resulted to several
proposals for improvements to the present data mining
technologies.
A variety of data mining approaches have been
described in the literature as being useful in detecting
network breaches. This paper delves into how data mining
algorithms may be utilized for intrusion detection in great
depth. Advantages, restrictions, and effectiveness are also

discussed in the paper. With this extensiveinvestigation,IDS
functionality may be enhanced even further in the future.
As far as content is concerned, Section 2 of the paper
summarizes the previous literature studies on intrusion
detection based on data mining. Identifying the strengths,
and weaknesses, and evaluating their performance
efficiency, Section 3 summarizes these techniques, Section4
reviews prior studies, while Section 5 wraps up the debate
by outlining potential future improvements.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Based on fuzzy entropy, Varma et al. [4] proposed a features
technique for real-time intrusion detection datasets using
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) techniques. Both discrete
and continuous traffic characteristics could be extracted
using this technique. Inordertodeterminethemostvaluable
characteristic among the detected characteristics, ACO uses
the fuzzy entropy heuristic. Classifiers are therefore more
accurate at detecting intrusions. A real-time intrusionthreat
detection technology provided the bestsolutionforthistask.
Using a support vector machine, Thaseenn and Kumar
[5] describe an intrusion detection method which is based
on chi square properties. By calculating the largest variance
for each feature, we improved the parameters of SVM.
Reverse variance considerably reduces variance, which
improves kernel parameters. Using variance balancing, the
SVM parameters were improved in this intrusion detection
model. The results improved classification accuracy.
Khammassi & Krichen [6] derived the best sample of
characteristics from IDS using a featured selection method.
To reduce the dataset size, the pre-processed dataset was
first re-sampled, and then a wrapper method was used.
Genetic algorithms and logistic regression were used in the
method. The wrapping technique allows network intrusions
to be identified using NBTree, Random Forest (RF),andC4.5
classifiers.
An anomaly-based IDS has been proposed by
Aljawarneh et al.[7]. In order to determine which
characteristics were most important, a voting method led to
an information gain.Bydoingso,basic learners'probabilities
could be integrated. Several classifiers, including REPTree,
AdaBoostM1, Meta Paging, Na*ve Bayes, and Random Tree,
were implemented to identify network intrusions with the
given attributes.
Kabir et al. [8] developed LS-SVM (Least Square
Support Vector Machine). There were two stages to this
method. The dataset was divided based on arbitrary criteria
into preset subgroups. Thecharacteristicsthatdistinguished
these groups were then analyzed. They were listed together
in the same order. For determining the most efficient
allocation method, the variability of the data within
subgroups was examined. To extract samples from a
network, we used LS-SVM in phase two.
According to Khan et al. [9], intrusion detection should
be performed in two stages. First, network traffic was
categorised using likely score values. When determining if
the intrusion was a routine or an assault, deep learningused
this likelihood score value as a second measure. The
probability score in step two was applied to avoid
overfitting. By using this two-stage technique, it is possible
to handle large volumes of unlabeled data effectively and
automatically.
Based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and
feature reduction techniques, Xiao et al. [10] developed an
intrusion detection model. A step in the process of intrusion
detection is the reduction of dimensionality by eliminating
irrelevant or redundant characteristics. A CNN algorithm
was used to extract features from the reduced data. A
supervised learning approach was used to obtain the data
that are more successful in detecting intrusions.
Among the approaches presented byZhangetal.[11] to
detect network intrusion is a deep hierarchical network.
Spatial and temporal aspects of flow were studied using
LeNet-5 and LSTM. Various network cascade mechanisms
were used to train the deep hierarchical network instead of
two. It was also examined how the flow of informationinthe
network varies.
3. OBSERVATION
Comparative study of strengths and limitations of the
intrusion detection technologies discussed in the preceding
section. Each approach has advantages and downsides, as
illustrated in Table 1. The tabulated data makes it simple to
determine which strategy works best and provides themost
advantages. In this observation table, we can see how
current methods are flawed, and we can come up with new
ideas to solve them.
This observation table gives an idea about the study of IDS
using machine learningmethods. Fuzzyentropybasedwhich
gives 99.5% accuracy with time convergence of ACO. Chi-
square feature selection methods give 95.8% accuracy but
the selection of functions in SVM is difficult. The genetic
Algorithm with 99.9%, failed to obtain the optimal subset.
Hybrid model,99.2 % accuracy .and supported fully
distributed network. These types of algorithms used
especially in network-based IDS have higher accuracy
obtained during the learning process. Several approaches to
data mining were tested on two sets of intrusion data: NSL-
KDD and UNSV-NB15 to determine the effectiveness of
intrusion detection. The study provides information on
unbalanced data distributions, convergence times, normal
and abnormal traffic distributions, classification, and

detection rates. The combination of network intrusion
algorithms and deep learning algorithms such as OSS,
SMOTE, and BiLSTM, combined with a deep hierarchical
network and learning algorithm, provides superior
performance in terms of accuracy and precision.
4. METHODOLOGY
1.1 Machine Learning
The creation of analytical models is automated through the
use of machine learning, a data analysis tool. A type of
artificial intelligence that uses data analysis to detect
patterns, recognize trends, andtakeactionbasedonminimal
human involvement. When machines learn from sufficient
data and develop models capableofdetectingattack variants
and new attacks, intelligent intrusion detection systems are
able to achieve satisfactory detection levels. Our study is
primarily focused on identifying and summarizing IDSs that
have utilized machine learning in the past.
1.1.1 Decision Tree
Decision Trees are a class of SupervisedLearningalgorithms
that can be used for predicting categorical or continuous
variables. It works by breaking data from the root node into
smaller and smaller subsets while incrementallybuilding an
associated decision tree. Decision nodes create a rule and
leaf nodes deliver a result. In addition to CART, C4.5, and
ID3, there are numerous other DT models available. Multi-
decision tree methods such as RF and XGBoost are used to
build advanced learning algorithms.
1.1.2 K-Nearest Neighbors
In KNN, "feature similarity" is usedtopredicta data sample's
class based on its features. By calculating the distance
between it and its neighbors, it identifies samples based on
their neighbors. A parameter called k affects KNN algorithm
performance. The model can overfit with small values of k.
Karatas et al[12]. CSE-CIC-IDS2018 has been used as a
benchmark dataset to compare the performance of ML
algorithms. Selecting very large k values led to incorrect
classification of the sample instances. An improvement in
detection rate for minority class attacks resulted from using
Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) to
resolve dataset imbalance.
1.1.3 Support vector machine (SVM)
A supervised machine learning algorithm that consists of an
n-dimensional hyperplanewhoseelementsarespacedcloser
than the distance between them. Both linear and nonlinear
problems can be solved with SVM algorithms. A kernel
function is typically applied to nonlinear problems. Withthe
kernel function, an input vector is transformed into a high-
dimensional feature space first. After that, the support
vectors are used as a decision boundary to determine the
maximal marginal hyperplane. NIDS can be improved by
using the SVM algorithm to correctly identify normally
occurring and malicious traffic.
1.1.4 K- mean clustering
A cluster is a group of similar data that is grouped together.
K-Mean clustering is an unsupervised system for dividing
data into meaningful clusters using centroid based iterative
learning. Datasets consist of centroids (cluster centers), and
K is their number. To assign data points to clusters, a
distance calculation is usually used. During clustering,
reducing the distance between data points is the main
objective.
The clustering concept is used in the RF model in a
multilevel intrusion detection model framework, Yao et al.
[13]. Four modules were combined into the proposed
solution: clustering, pattern discovery, fine-grained
classification, and model updating. A potential attack that
isn't detected in one module will then be passed to the next
one. KDD Cup'99 dataset has been used in testing this
proposed methodology. The model still showed superiority
despite fewer attacks in our dataset.
1.1.5 Artificial neural network
A neural network simulates the way the brain works.Aspart
of the ANN output, there are hidden layers and data

layers. Layers within a layer are entirely connected to one
another. An ANN is one of the most popular Machine-
learning techniques andhasprovento bean efficientmethod
to detect different types of malware. The most frequently
used learning algorithm for supervised learning is
backpropagation (BP). To start with, weights are randomly
assigned at the start of training. A weight tuningalgorithmis
then implemented to specify which hidden unit
representation minimizes the misclassification error the
best. IDS based on ANN still requires improvement,
especially for less frequent attacks. Less frequent attacks
have a smaller training dataset than more common attacks,
meaning ANN has a harder time learning their
characteristics correctly.
1.1.6 Ensemble method
Ensemble methods' principal advantage is that they allow
you to take advantage of the different classifiers by using
them together. Classifiers differ in their behaviors, so their
use may not always be optimal. It may be that some types of
detection programs work well for detecting some types of
attacks but fail to detect others. Combining weak classifiers
is an ensemble approach, which involves training many
classifiers while selecting the best one through a voting
algorithm.
An ensemble method by Shen et al.[14] to propose an
IDS that utilized most of the ELM features. During the
ensemble pruning phase, our proposed methodology is
optimized using a BAToptimizationalgorithm.Data from the
KDD Cup'99, NSL-KDD, and Kyoto datasets were usedtotest
the model. Results of the experiments indicated that
combining multiple ELs in an ensemble manner
outperformed each EL individually.
Using the deep neural network (DNN)andDTasa base
classifier, Gao et al.[15] proposed an adaptive ensemble
model using and adaptive voting algorithm to pick the best
classifier. In experiments performed with the NSL-KDD
dataset, the proposed methodology has been verified. Other
models were compared to demonstrate its efficiency. For
weaker attack classes, it didn't perform well.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A detailed overview of data mining strategies based on IDS
mostly in network is offered in this study. The advantages
and disadvantages of these strategies are also examined in
order to offer future options for improving intrusion
detection performance and thereby improving IDS. The
findings of the comparison investigation revealed that
insider threat detection utilising deephierarchical networks
had greater accuracy, clarity, and recall. However, the
intrusion detection system algorithm's training period is
lengthy. Because the efficiency of the system of wireless
intrusion detection systems are poorly quantified in the
preceding comparisons, a machine learning-based network
detection model is presented. Machine learning capabilities
that automatically extract and select features reduce the
difficulty of calculating domain-specific,manuallygenerated
features and allow you to skip the traditional attribute
selection phase. Deep learning (DL) is also widely used in a
variety of fields and has proven to be effective.Therefore, for
the next few years, we will use machines and deep learning
algorithms to prevent overfitting with zero elements,
address model training issues with a limited percentage of
attack classifications, and avoid DNNs. Increases the
effectiveness of intrusion detection and prevention.
Misunderstandings due tocontroversial inputformationand
ultimately solving the problem of instabilityincyberattacks.
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