Shashank hardware workshop final

1. PC ExplorerCourse Content Central Processing UnitInput DevicesOutput Devices

2. History of the Computer

3. How the Computer Evolved1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machineEarly 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine1890 Herman Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the CensusHollerith’s Tabulating Machine

4. ENIAC ComputerMiles of wiring18,000 vacuum tubesThousands of resistors and switchesNo monitor3,000 blinking lightsCost $486,000100,000 additions per secondWeighed 30 tonsFilled a 30x50 foot roomCould be replaced today by one fingernail-size silicon chip

6. Finish vacuum tube computer

7. Evolution (continued)1910 Charles Watson Sr. – International Business Machines1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at U. of Pennsylvania1970’s – Integrated circuits and silicon chips lead to smaller microprocessors

8. CPU Cabinet

9. Motherboard

10. Processor

11. RAM

12. Hard disk

13. Floppy disk

14. Optical Drive

15. Expansion Boards

16. SMPS (Switched-mode power supply) Cabinet The cabinet is the outer casing of a PC

17. It is available either as Desktop or Tower Type

18. Whenever you open a PC, be sure to use a properly grounded anti-static wrist strap

19. If you do not have an anti-static wrist strap handy, you can discharge yourself on the PC’s metal chassis

20. Average sized cabinet typically offer for room for motherboard with 2 to 4 expansion slots, and provide space for 3 or 4 drivesCabinet

21. Motherboard The Motherboard (also known as the main board, system board, planar board)holds the majority of a computer’s processing power

22. It is a thin, flat piece of circuit board which contains the system CPU, Clock/Timer Circuit, Memory slots, Memory, Bios ROM, Chipsets, Ports, and Expansion slots

23. It has chips and other components soldered and connected by tiny copper wires or tracks which look like a network of streets across a city. These tracks are the connections that enable the chips, resistors and capacitors to talk to one another Motherboard Manufactures Intel

24. Asus

25. VIA

26. Mercury

27. Giga Byte

28. MSIMotherboards

29. Motherboard Components CPU Socket

30. Chipsets

31. Bios

32. CMOS Cell

33. Chips

34. RAM Slot

35. Ports

36. Connectors

37. Expansion SlotsHDD, FDD ConnectorsBIOSPCI SLOTAGP SlotPowerConnectorChipsetsRAM slotAudio Socketss LAN PortSocket for cpuCOM, LPT PortsPS2 K/B & MouseVGA PortUSB

38. CPU Sockets Each generation of CPU uses a different number of pins(and pin assignment), so a different physical socket must be used on the motherboard to accommodate each new generation of processor

39. Early CPUs were not readily interchangeable, and upgrading a CPU meant upgrading the motherboard

40. As CPUs advanced, socket types proliferated to support an ever-growing selection of compatible processorsSLOT TYPESOCKET TYPE

41. SocketsPGAPGAmPGALGA

42. CPU SocketsSocket 1 - 80486

43. Socket 2 - 80486

44. Socket 3 - 80486 (3.3V and 5V) and Compatibles

45. Socket 4 - Intel Pentium 60/66 MHz

46. Socket 5 - Intel Pentium 75-133 MHz, AMD K5

47. Socket 6 - 80486CPU Sockets Socket 7 – Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX; AMD K6

48. Super Socket 7 – AMD K6-2, AMD K6-III

49. Socket 8 – Intel Pentium Pro

50. Socket 370 – Intel Pentium III, Celeron; Cyrix III; VIA C3

51. Socket 423 – Intel Pentium 4

52. Socket 463 – (also known as Socket NexGen) – NexGen Nx586

53. Socket 478 – Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium 4 Extreme EditionCPU SocketsSocket 479 – Intel Pentium M, Celeron M, Core Due & Core Solo

54. Socket 486 - 80486

55. Socket 563 – AMD low Power Mobile Athlon XP-M

56. Socket 603 – Intel Xeon

57. Socket 604 – Intel Xeon

58. Socket 754 – AMD Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion 64

59. Socket 771 – (also known as LGA 771) Intel XeonCPU Sockets Socket 775 – (also known as Socket T) Intel Pentium 4, D, Celeron, Core 2 Due, Core 2 Extreme

60. Socket 939 – AMD Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2 Opteron 100-series

61. Socket 940 – AMD multi Processor systemChipset A chipset is a set of highly optimized, tightly inter- related ICs which, taken together, handle virtually all of them

62. As new CPUs and hardware support functions for a motherboard. Features are crammed into a PC, new chipsets must be developed to implement those function

63. For example, the Intel 810e chipset support the Pentium III CPU and SDRAM, the Universal Serial Bus, The Intel 945GV chipset supports Pentium 4 and DDR2,3 RAM, USB2,PCI Express and many more features ChipsetSet of chips on the motherboard Controls memory cache, external buses, peripheralsIntel dominates the market for chipsetsExample: i800 series of chipsetsIntel 800 series Accelerated Hub Architecture All I/O buses connect to a hub interfaceThe hub connects to the system busNorth Bridge: contains graphics and memory controllerSouth Bridge: contains I/O controller hubEach bridge is controlled by a separate chipset

64. Chipset Manufacture Intel

65. AMD/ATI

66. VIA

67. SIS

68. NIVDIAChipsets

69. Usage of Chipsets

70. AMD Chipset

71. Memory ChipROM– Read Only Memory. ROM can typically be written once, but read many times. It is used to store BIOS (Basic Input/Output System-helps to load and locate an operating system), external to microprocessor, and computer instruction sets, internal to microprocessorPROM(Programmable Read Only Memory)EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)Flash ROM

72. EPROMs(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) is a variation of PROM, and is rewritable. It can be erased by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light. It can then be programmed with an EPROM programmer

73. Flashmemoryis a type of PROM that can be easily altered by the user. They are also called EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory) because they can be electrically erased then written on to (flashed) without having to take them out of the computer, and without using ultraviolet light.

74. Since RAM can be read faster than most ROMs, the frequently used content of the ROM is sometimes copied to RAM (shadowed)BIOS

75. CMOS BatteryAll AT, ATX computers require a small battery on the system board that provides power to the complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor chip, even while the computer is turned off. This chip contains information about the system configuration (e.g., hard disk type, floppy drive types, date and time, and the order in which the computer will look for bootable disks). The CMOS battery allows the CMOS to preserve these settings

76. CMOS Battery

77. ChipsSound ChipInput Output ChipNetwork ChipClock Chip

78. ChipsSound ChipInput Output Chip

80. RAM SlotsSIMM (Single in line Memory Module)DIMM (Dual in Line Memory Module)RIMM (Rambus in Line Memory Module)SODIMM(

81. RAM Slots

82. PortsVGA (Video Graphic Adaptor)LPT (Local Printer Terminal)COM (Serial Port)USB (Universal Serial Port)LAN (RJ 45)MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)PS2 (Personal System 2)

83. SERIAL PORTConsidered to be one of the most basic external connections to a computer, the serial port has been an integral part of most computers for more than 20 years. Although many of the newer systems have done away with the serial port completely in favor of USB connections, most modems still use the serial port, as do some printers, PDAs and digital cameras. Few computers have more than two serial ports.

84. Parallel PortsIf you have a printer connected to your computer, there is a good chance that it uses the parallel port. While USB is becoming increasingly popular, the parallel port is still a commonly used interface for printers. Parallel ports can be used to connect a host of popular computer peripherals: PrintersScannersCD burners External hard drives Iomega Zip removable drivesNetwork adapters Tape backup drives

85. Universal Serial Bus (USB) PortsThe goal of USB is to end all of these headaches. The Universal Serial Bus gives you a single, standardized, easy-to-use way to connect up to 127 devices to a computer. Just about every peripheral made now comes in a USB version. A sample list of USB devices that you can buy today includes: PrintersScannersMiceJoysticks Flight yokes Digital camerasWebcams Scientific data acquisition devices ModemsSpeakersTelephones Video phones Storage devices such as Zip drives Network connectionsConnecting a USB device to a computer is simple -- you find the USB connector on the back of your machine and plug the USB connector into it.

86. A typical "B" connectionThe rectangular socket is a typical USB socket on the back of a PC.A typical USB connector, called an "A" connection

87. PortsVGAMIDIUSBCOMPS/2

88. InterfacePower Hard diskFloppy disk

89. Interface

90. Expansion SlotsISAPCIAGPPCI Express

91. Expansion Slots

92. CPU Manufactures Intel

93. AMD

94. Cyrix

95. VIACPU The Central Processing Unit is also called a CPU, microprocessor, or simply a processor

96. A typical CPU only performs three general function: mathematical calculation, logical comparisons, and data manipulation.

97. To deal with high-performance floating-point math in hardware

98. The CPU is closely related to the overall speed and performance of personal computerHistory(of Intel microprocessors)The 4-bit processors4004, 4040The 8-bit processors 8008, 8080, 8085The 16-bit processors: Origin of x86 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, 80286The 32-bit processors: Non x86 iAPX 432, 80960, 80860, XScaleThe 32-bit processors: The 80386 Range 80386DX, 80386SX, 80376, 80386SL, 80386EXThe 32-bit processors: The 80486 Range80486DX, 80486SX, 80486DX2, 80486SL, 80486DX4

99. History(of Intel microprocessors) The 32-bit processors: The Pentium (“I”)Pentium, Pentium MMX The 32-bit processors: P6/Pentium MPentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium III, PII and III Xeon Celeron(PIII), Pentium M, Celeron M, Intel Core, Dual Core Xeon LV The 32-bit processors: NetBurst microarchitecturePentium 4, Xeon, Pentium 4 EE The 64-bit processors: IA-64 Itanium, Itanium 2 The 64-bit processors: EM64T-NetBurstPentium D, Pentium Extreme Edition, Xeon The 64-bit processors: EM64T- Core microarchitectureXeon, Intel Core 2

100. Silicon Chip

101. Intel Processors

102. Laser Etching

103. AMD Processors

104. Structure of the CPUstorageinput/outputmemorycontrol unitALUregistersregisterscachememoryflags

105. Microprocessor System BusesRAMROMControl BusMicroprocessor(CPU)Data BusInput/Output(I/O)Address Bus

106. System BusesABUS is an internal communications path consisting of a number of lines connecting the system components

107. Controlbus–The control bus synchronizes system events like memory access, system interrupts, I/O, etc.

108. Addressbus– Source and destination addresses are sent over the address bus to identify a particular location in memory or input/output port.

109. Databus– two way path for transferring data and instructions in and out of the microprocessor Intel Core 2 modelsAllendale, Conroe- 65 nm process technologyDesktop CPUIntroduced on July 27, 2006Number of Transistors 291 Million on 4 MB ModelsNumber of Transistors 167 Million on 2 MB ModelsVariants Core 2 Duo E6700 - 2.67 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6600 - 2.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6400 - 2.13 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6300 - 1.86 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E4200 - 1.60 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB)

110. Intel Core 2 modelsWoodcrest- 65 nm process technologyServer optimized CPUIntroduced on July 26, 2006Same features as ConroeVariants Xeon 5160 - 3.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 80 W) Xeon 5150 - 2.66 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 65 W) Xeon 5140 - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 65 W) Xeon 5130 - 2.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 1333 MHz FSB, 65 W) Xeon 5120 - 1.86 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 65 W) Xeon 5110 - 1.60 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB, 65 W) Xeon 5148LV - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2,1333 MHz FSB,40 W)

111. Intel Core 2 modelsMerom- 65 nm process technologyMobile CPUIntroduced on July 27, 2006Same features as ConroeVariants Core 2 Duo T7600 - 2.33 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo T7400 - 2.16 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo T7200 - 2.00 GHz (4 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo T5600 - 1.83 GHz (2 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo T5500 - 1.66 GHz (2 MB L2, 667 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo T5200 - 1.60 GHz (2 MB L2, 533 MHz FSB)

112. Intel Core 2 Duo

113. 45nm Qardcore

114. MemoryPrimary MemorySecondary Memory

115. Primary Memory A collection of cells

116. Each cell has an address and a value

117. Random Access Memory (RAM) Cells can be accessed randomly Ram is volatile Memory

118. All data stored in binary format

119. Bit, byte and word are the unit of data Main MemoryRAM – Random Access Memory. Temporary read/write memory. Applications are typically loaded into RAM during computer use. Types of RAM include:

120. SRAM (static)

121. DRAM (dynamic )

122. EDO RAM (extended data out)

123. SDRAM (synchronous dynamic)

124. RDRAM (Ram Bus Dynamic)

125. DDR 1, 2, 3 (Double Data Rate synchronous dynamic)Vacuum Tube Memory Module

126. Types of RAM

127. Secondary Storage Magnetic disk

128. Hard disk (80 GB to 500 GB)

129. Floppy disks (1.44 MB, 2.88 MB)

130. Zip disks (100 MB, 200 MB)

131. Optical media

132. CD (700 MB)

133. DVD (4.7 GB, 8.5 GB)

134. BD ROM (25 GB, 50 GB)

135. Magnetic tape (used primarily for long term archive)Hard Disk Drive Basics

136. The ATA Interface Standards Parallel ATA

137. Allows two connectors for two 40-pin data cables

138. Ribbon cables can accommodate one or two drives

139. Four parallel ATA devices can attach with two cables

140. Serial ATA (SATA) cabling

141. Use a serial data path rather than a parallel data path

142. Types of SATA cabling: internal and external ATA Standard

143. IDE Interface

144. SATA Interface

145. HDD and Cables

146. Floppy Drive

147. FDD Interface

149. Optical Drive and Disk

150. CD DRIVE

151. Optical DriveVHS: analogDVD: digitalBD: high-definition

152. Enables recording, rewriting, and playback of high-definition video

153. Capable of storing information that the DVD and CD are not capable of holdingDisc CharacteristicsSingle layer: 25 GBDual layer: 50 GB

154. Diameter: 120 mm

155. Thickness: 1.2 mm

156. Center hole diameter: 15 mm

157. Uses GaN laser of wavelength 400 nm

158. The smaller laser, compared to the DVD and CD, keeps the process more efficient (~5 mW)Disc Characteristics

159. EnhancementsError rates increased in reading and writing after the original BD suffered scratches and fingerprints

160. For protection, the prototype BD was enclosed in a case

161. The case increased the size of the disc driveExpansion BoardsGraphic CardSound CardLAN CardModemTV Tuner CardSCSI Card

162. Expansion Boards

163. SMPS

164. Input Devices Keyboard

165. Mouse

166. Joystick

167. Scanner

168. Web CamKeyboardIn computing, a keyboard is an input deviceThe keyboard is used to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other program Standard keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboard 104-key Windows keyboards

169. Keyboard

170. MouseIn computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface The first marketed integrated mouse – shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation – came with the Xerox 8010 Star Information System in 1981

171. Mouse

172. JoystickA joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones

173. Joystick

174. Scanner Scanner is a input device

175. Scanner

176. Web CamWebcam is a input device

177. Webcam

178. Output Devices Monitor

179. Printer

180. SpeakersMonitorMonitor is a out put device

181. Monitor

182. PrinterPrinter is a out put device

183. Printer

184. SpeakerSpeaker is a output Device

185. Speaker

Shashank hardware workshop final

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Shashank hardware workshop final