Computer architecture
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This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer architecture. It begins with some of the earliest computing devices like the abacus and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It then discusses the evolution of CPU and memory architecture from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The document outlines different bus architectures like ISA, EISA, MCA, PCI, and AGP that were used to connect components. It also reviews memory hierarchies and I/O interfaces like IDE, SCSI, serial ports, USB, and parallel ports. The presentation aims to trace the progression of computer hardware technology over time.
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Computer architecture
- 1. Welcome in the World of COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
- 2. Presentation Topics Computer Architecture History Single CPU Design GPU Design Memory Architecture Communications Architecture
- 3. HISTORY!!! One of the first computing devices to come about was . . The ABACUS!
- 4. The ENIAC : 1946 • Completed:1946 • Programmed: plug board and switches • Speed:5,000 operations per second • Input/output: cards, lights, switches, plugs • Floor space:1,000 square feet
- 5. The EDSAC(1949) • EDSAC • Technology: vacuum tubes
- 6. The UNIVAC I(1951) • Speed:1,905 operations per second • Input/output: magnetic tape, printer • Memory size:1,000 12-digit words in delay lines • Memory type: delay Memory:1K words First practical stored-program computer • Technology: serial vacuum tubes, delay lines, magnetic tape • Floor space:943 cubic feet • Cost: F.O.B. factory $750,000+
- 7. Progression of The Architecture • Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950 • Transistors -- 1950 – 1964 • Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971 • Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present
- 10. • Single Bus
- 11. • Example of Triple • Bus Architecture
- 12. Intel Pentium 1 Chip with MMX
- 13. Motherboards / Chipsets / Sockets •Chipset In charge of: •Memory Controller •IRDA Controller •EIDE Controller •Keyboard •PCI Bridge •Mouse •Real Time Clock •Secondary Cache •DMA Controller •Low-Power CMOS SRAM
- 14. Intel DX4 – 100 MHz processor & Motherboard
- 16. Main Memory
- 17. Memory Hierarchy
- 18. Shared Memory Network Cache Cache Cache Memory 1 Memory 2 Memory 3 processor processor processor 1 2 3
- 19. Read Operation •On a read the CPU will first try to find the data in the cache, if it is not there the cache will get updated from the main memory and then return the data to the CPU.
- 20. Write Operation • On a write the CPU will write the information into the cache and the main memory.
- 21. VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association 32 bit bus Found mostly on 486 machines Relied on the 486 processor to function People started to switch to the PCI bus because of this Otherwise known as VLB
- 22. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture Very old technology Bus speed 8mhz Speed of 42.4 Mb/s maximum Very few ISA ports are found in modern machines.
- 23. MCA - Micro Channel Bus IBM’s attempt to compete with the ISA bus 32 bit bus Automatically configured cards (Like Plug and Play) Not compatible with ISA
- 24. PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect Speeds up to 960 Mb/s Bus speed of 33mhz 16-bit architecture Developed by Intel in 1993 Synchronous or Asynchronous PCI popularized Plug and Play Runs at half of the system bus speed
- 25. PCI – X Up to 133 MHz bus speed 64-bit bandwidth 1GB/sec throughput Backwards compatible with all PCI Primarily developed for increased I/O demands of technologies such as Fiber Channel, Gigabit Ethernet and Ultra3 SCSI.
- 26. AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port Essentially a high speed PCI Port Capable of running at 4 times PCI bus speed. (133mhz) Used for High speed 3D graphics cards Considered a port not a bus Only two devices involved Is not expandable
- 27. IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics Tons of other names: ATA, ATA/ATAPI, EIDE, ATA-2, Fast ATA, ATA-3, Ultra ATA, Ultra DMA Good performance at a cheap cost Most widely used interface for hard disks
- 28. SCSI - Small Computer System Interface “skuzzy” Capable of handling internal/external peripherals Speed anywhere from 80 – 640 Mb/s Many types of SCSI
- 29. Serial Port Uses DB9 or DB25 connector Adheres to RS-232c spec Capable of speeds up to 115kb/sec
- 30. USB 1.0 hot plug-and-play Full speed USB devices signal at 12Mb/s Low speed devices use a 1.5Mb/s sub channel. Up to 127 devices chained together 2.0 data rate of 480 mega bits per second
- 31. USB On-The-Go For portable devices. Limited host capability to communicate with selected other USB peripherals A small USB connector to fit the mobile form factor
- 32. PS/2 Port Mini Din Plug with 6 pins Mouse port and keyboard port Developed by IBM
- 33. Parallel port i.e. “printer port” Old type Two “new” types ECP (extended capabilities port) and EPP (enhanced parallel port) Ten times faster than old parallel port Capable of bi-directional communication.
- 34. Game Port Uses a db15 port Used for joystick connection to the computer
- 35. THANKS
- 36. Any Question????