Optimizing Apache Spark SQL Joins
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Join operations in Apache Spark is often the biggest source of performance problems and even full-blown exceptions in Spark. After this talk, you will understand the two most basic methods Spark employs for joining DataFrames – to the level of detail of how Spark distributes the data within the cluster. You’ll also find out how to work out common errors and even handle the trickiest corner cases we’ve encountered! After this talk, you should be able to write performance joins in Spark SQL that scale and are zippy fast! This session will cover different ways of joining tables in Apache Spark. Speaker: Vida Ha This talk was originally presented at Spark Summit East 2017.
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Optimizing Apache Spark SQL Joins
- 1. Optimizing Apache Spark SQL Joins Vida Ha Solutions Architect
- 2. About Me 2005 Mobile Web & Voice Search 2
- 3. About Me 2005 Mobile Web & Voice Search 3 2012 Reporting & Analytics
- 4. About Me 2005 Mobile Web & Voice Search 4 2012 Reporting & Analytics 2014 Solutions Architect
- 5. Evolution of Spark… 5 2014: • Spark 1.x • RDD based API’s. • Everyday I’m Shufflin’ 2017: • Spark 2.x • Dataframes & Datasets • Adv SQL Catalyst • Optimizing Joins
- 6. 6 SELECT … FROM TABLE A JOIN TABLE B ON A.KEY1 = B.KEY2 Spark SQL Joins
- 7. Topics Covered Today 7 Basic Joins: • Shuffle Hash Join • Troubleshooting • Broadcast Hash Join • Cartesian Join Special Cases: • Theta Join • One to Many Join
- 8. Shuffle Hash Join 8 A Shuffle Hash Join is the most basic type of join, and goes back to Map Reduce Fundamentals. • Map through two different data frames/tables. • Use the fields in the join condition as the output key. • Shuffle both datasets by the output key. • In the reduce phase, join the two datasets now any rows of both tables with the same keys are on the same machine and are sorted.
- 9. Shuffle Hash Join 9 Table 1 Table 2MAP SHUFFLE REDUCE Output Output Output Output Output
- 10. join_rdd = sqlContext.sql(“select * FROM people_in_the_us JOIN states ON people_in_the_us.state = states.name”) Shuffle Hash Join Performance Works best when the DF’s: • Distribute evenly with the key you are joining on. • Have an adequate number of keys for parallelism.
- 11. US DF Partition 1 Problems: ● Uneven Sharding ● Limited parallelism w/ 50 output partitions US RDD Partition 2 US RDD Partition 2**All** the Data for CA **All** the Data for RI CA RI All the data for the US will be shuffled into only 50 keys for each of the states. Uneven Sharding & Limited Parallelism, US DF Partition 2 US DF Partition N Small State DF A larger Spark Cluster will not solve these problems!
- 12. US DF Partition 1 Problems: ● Uneven Sharding ● Limited parallelism w/ 50 output partitions US RDD Partition 2 US RDD Partition 2**All** the Data for CA **All** the Data for RI CA RI All the data for the US will be shuffled into only 50 keys for each of the states. Uneven Sharding & Limited Parallelism, US DF Partition 2 US DF Partition N Small State DF Broadcast Hash Join can address this problem if one DF is small enough to fit in memory.
- 13. join_rdd = sqlContext.sql(“select * FROM people_in_california LEFT JOIN all_the_people_in_the_world ON people_in_california.id = all_the_people_in_the_world.id”) More Performance Considerations Final output keys = # of people in CA, so don’t need a huge Spark cluster, right?
- 14. The Size of the Spark Cluster to run this job is limited by the Large table rather than the Medium Sized Table. Left Join - Shuffle Step Not a Problem: ● Even Sharding ● Good Parallelism Shuffles everything before dropping keys All CA DF All World DF All the Data from Both Tables Final Joined Output
- 15. A Better Solution Filter the World DF for only entries that match the CA ID Filter Transform Benefits: ● Less Data shuffled over the network and less shuffle space needed. ● More transforms, but still faster. Shuffle All CA DF All World DF Final Joined Output Partial World DF
- 16. ● Can’t tell you. ● There aren’t always strict rules for optimizing. ● If you were only considering two small columns from the World RDD in Parquet format, the filtering step may not be worth it. You should understand your data and it’s unique properties in order to best optimize your Spark Job. What’s the Tipping Point for Huge?
- 17. Things to Look for: ● Tasks that take much longer to run than others. ● Speculative tasks that are launching. ● Shards that have a lot more input or shuffle output. Check the Spark UI pages for task level detail about your Spark job. In Practice: Detecting Shuffle Problems
- 18. Broadcast Hash Join 18 Parallelism of the large DF is maintained (n output partitions), and shuffle is not even needed. Broadcast Large DF Partition N Large DF Partition 1 Large DF Partition 2 Optimization: When one of the DF’s is small enough to fit in memory on a single machine. Small DF Small DF Small DF Small DF
- 19. Broadcast Hash Join 19 • Often optimal over Shuffle Hash Join. • Use “explain” to determine if the Spark SQL catalyst hash chosen Broadcast Hash Join. • Should be automatic for many Spark SQL tables, may need to provide hints for other types.
- 20. Cartesian Join 20 • A cartesian join can easily explode the number of output rows. 100,000 X 100,000 = 10 Billion • Alternative to a full blown cartesian join: • Create an RDD of UID by UID. • Force a Broadcast of the rows of the table . • Call a UDF given the UID by UID to look up the table rows and perform your calculation. • Time your calculation on a sample set to size your cluster.
- 21. One To Many Join 21 • A single row on one table can map to many rows on the 2nd table. • Can explode the number of output rows. • Not a problem if you use parquet - the size of the output files is not that much since the duplicate data encodes well.
- 22. Theta Join 22 • Spark SQL consider each keyA against each keyB in the example above and loop to see if the theta condition is met. • Better Solution - create buckets for keyA and KeyB can be matched on. join_rdd = sqlContext.sql(“select * FROM tableA JOIN tableB ON (keyA < keyB + 10)”)
- 23. Thank you
- 24. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- #2: PRESENTER: Underline text added for extra emphasis