IRJET- Image to Text Conversion using Tesseract

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 02 | Feb 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 516
Image to Text Conversion Using Tesseract
Nisha Pawar1, Zainab Shaikh2, Poonam Shinde3, Prof. Y.P. Warke4
1,2,3,4Dept. of Computer Engineering, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - In the current world, there isagreatincreaseinthe
utilization of digital technology and various methods are
available for the people to capture images. Such images may
contain important textual data that the user may need to edit
or store digitally. This can be done using Optical Character
Recognition with the help of Tesseract OCR Engine. OCR is a
branch of artificial intelligence that is used in applications to
recognize text from scanned documents or images. The
recognized text can also be converted to audio format to help
visually impaired people hear the information that they wish
to know.
Key Words: Artificial Intelligence, Optical Character
Recognition, Tesseract, text-to-speech
1. INTRODUCTION
Textual information is available in many resources such as
documents, newspapers, faxes, printed information, written
notes, etc. Many people simply scan the document to store
the data in the computers. When a documentisscannedwith
a scanner, it is stored in the form of images. Buttheseimages
are not editable and it is very difficult to find what the user
requires as they will have to go through the whole image,
reading each line and word to determine if it is relevant to
their need. Images also take up morespacethanwordfilesin
the computer. It is essential to be able to store this
information in such a way so that it becomeseasiertosearch
and edit the data. There is a growing demand for
applications that can recognize characters from scanned
documents or captured images and make them editable and
easily accessible.
Artificial intelligence is an area of computer science where a
machine is trained to think and behave like intelligent
human beings. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a
branch of artificial intelligence. It is used to detect and
extract characters from scanned documents or images and
convert them to editable form. Earlier methods of OCR used
convolutional neural networks but theyarecomplicatedand
usually best suitable for single characters. These methods
also had a higher error rate. Tesseract OCR Engine makes
use of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) which is a part of
Recurrent Neural Networks. It is open-source and is more
suitable for handwritten texts. It is also suitable at
recognizing larger portion of text data instead of single
characters. Tesseract OCR Engine significantly reduces
errors created in the process of character recognition.
Tesseract assumes that the input image is a binary image
and processing takes place step-by-step. The first step is to
recognize connected components. Outlines are nested into
blobs. These blobs are organized into text lines. Text lines
are broken according to the pitching. If there is a fixed pitch
between the characters then recognition of text takes place
which is a two-pass process.
An adaptive classifier is used here. Words that are
recognized in the first pass are given to the classifier so that
it can learn from the data and use that information for the
second pass to recognize the words that were left out in the
previous pass. Words that are joined arechoppedand words
that are broken are recognized with the help of A* algorithm
that maintains a priority queue which contains the best
suitable characters. Then, the usercanstorethisinformation
in their computers by saving them in word documents or
notepads that can be edited any time they want.
It is difficult for visually impaired people to read textual
information. Blind people havetomakeuseofBrailletoread.
It would be easier for them to simply listen to theaudioform
of the data. This application can be used to convert textual
data to audio format so that it is easier for people to hear the
information. Google Text-To-Speech API is used to convert
the text information into audio form.
2. EXISTING SYSTEM
There are various methods for OCR. Some of them are:
2.1 Connected components based method
It is a well known method used for text detection from
images. The connected components are extracted with help
of algorithm. The resulting components are thenpartitioned
into clusters. This approach detects pixel differences
between the text and the backgroundofthetextimage.It can
extract and recognize the characters too.
2.2 Sliding window based method
This method is also known as text binarisation process. It
classifies individual pixels as text or background in the
textual images. The method acts as bridge between
localization and recognization by OCR.

Fig -1: Sliding window based method
2.3 Hybrid method
Hybrid method is used for text classification. This approach
detects and recognizes texts in CAPTCHA images. The
strength of CAPTCHAcanbe checked.Thismethod efficiently
detects and recognizes the text with a low false positive.
Fig -2: Captcha
2.4 Edge based method
This method is also known as image processing technique,
which finds boundaries of the images or any other objects
within the images. It works by detecting discontinuities in
brightness. This approach is also used for image
segmentation and data extraction in areas such as image
processing, machine vision and computer vision.
Fig -3: Edge-based method
2.5 Color based method
Color based approach is used for clustering. It consists of
two phases: text detection phase and text extraction phase.
In text detection phase, two features are considered –
homogeneous color and sharp edges, and color based
clustering is used to decompose color edge map of image to
several edge maps, which makes text detection more
accurate. In text extractionphase,thedifference betweenthe
text and background in image is considered.
2.6 Texture based method
It is another approach used for detecting texts in images.
This approach uses Support Vector Machine (SVM) to
analyze the textural properties of texts. This method also
uses continuously adaptive mean shift algorithm
(CAMSHIFT) that results in texture analysis. It combines
both SVM and CAMSHIFT to provide robustand efficienttext
detection.
2.7 Corner based method
Corner based method is used for text extraction method. It
has three stages - a) Computing corner response in multi-
scale space and thresholding it to get the candidate region of
text; b)verifying candidate region by combining color and
size range features and; c) locating the text line using
bounding box. It is two-dimensional feature point whichhas
high curvature in region boundary.
2.8 Stroke based method
This approach is used to detect and recognize text from the
video. It uses text confidence using an edge orientation
variance and oppositeedgepairfeature.Thecomponents are
extracted and grouped into text lines based on text
confidence maps. It can detect multilingual texts in video
with high accuracy.
Fig -4: Stroke-based method
2.9 Semi automatic ground truth generation method
This approach is also used for detecting and recognizingtext
from the videos. It can detect English and Chinese text of
different orientations. It has attributes like: line index, word
index, script type, area, content, type of text and many more.
It is most efficient method to detect texts from the videos.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Text detection from images is useful in many real world
applications. The data that is stored in text is huge and there
is need to store this data in such a manner that can be
searched easily whenever required. Eliminationoftheuseof
paper is one of the steps to progress towards a world of
electronics. Also, data that can be converted to audio form is
a way to ease the lives of visually impaired people.
In [2007] Ray Smith published anoverviewofTesseractOCR
Engine. It stated that Tesseract started as a PhD project
sponsored by HP in 1984. In 1987, a second person was
assigned to help build it better. In 1988, HPLabs joint with
Scanner Division project. In 1990, the scanner product was
cancelled and fouryearsaheadHPLabsprojectwascancelled
too. From the year 1995 till the year 2005, Tesseract was in
its dark ages. But in the year 2005, it was open sourced by
HP. In 2006, Google took over it. In 2008, Tesseract
expanded to support six languages. By the year 2016, it was
developed further to makes use of LSTM for the purpose of
OCR.
In [2015] Pratik Madhukar Manwatkar and Dr. Kavita R.
Singh published a technical review on text recognition from
images. It emphasizes on the growing demand of OCR
applications as it necessary in today’s world to store
information digitally so that it can be edited whenever
required. This information can later be searched easily as it
is in digital format. The system takes image as an input,
processes on the image and the output is in the form of
textual data.
In [2016] Akhilesh A. Panchal, Shrugal Varde and M.S. Panse
proposed a character detection and recognition system for
visually impaired people. Theyfocusedon the needof people
that are visually impaired as it is difficult for them to read
text data. This system can be used to extract text data from
shop boards or direction boardsandconveythisinformation
to the user in audio form. The main challenges are the
different fonts of the texts on the natural scene images.
In [2017] Nada Farhani, Naim Terbeh and Mounir Zrigui
published a paper that stated the conversion of different
modalities. Human beings have different modalities such as
gesture, sound, touch and images. It is vital that they can
convert the information between these modalities. The
paper focuses on conversion of image to text and also on
text-to-speech so that the user can hear the information
whenever required.
In [2017] Azmi Can Özgen, Mandana Fasounaki and Hazım
Kemal Ekenel published a paper that stated how text data
can be extracted from both natural scene images and
computer generated images. They make use of Maximally
Stable Extermal Regions for the purpose of text detection
and recognition. This method eliminatedthenon-textpartof
the image so that OCR can be done more efficiently.
In [2018] Sandeep Musale and Vikram Ghiye proposed a
system that is a smart reader for visually impaired people.
Using this system, they can convert the text information to
audio format. This system has an audio interface that the
people with visual problems can use easily. It uses a
combination of OTSU and Canny algorithms for the purpose
for character recognition.
In [2018] Christian Reul, Uwe Springmann, Christoph Wick
and Frank Puppe proposed a method to reduce the errors
generated during OCR process. It includescrossfoldtraining
and voting to recognize the words more accurately.AsLSTM
is introduced now, it is easier to recognize words of old
printed books, handwritten words, blurry or uneven words
with high accuracy. A combination of ground truths and
confidence values are used in this method for optimal
recognition of the characters.
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In this age of technology, there is a huge amount of data and
it keeps on increasing day by day. Even though much of the
data is digital, people still prefer to make use of written
transcripts. However, it is necessary to store this data in
digital format in computers so that it can be accessed and
edited easily by the user. This system can be used for
character recognition from scanned documents so that data
can be digitalized. Also, the data can be converted to audio
form so as to help visually impaired people obtain the data
easily.
In the future, we can expand the system to that is can
recognize more languages, different fonts and also
handwritten notes. Various accents can also be added for
audio data.
REFERENCES
[1] Ray Smith, “An overview of the tesseract OCR engine,”
2005.
[2] Pratik Madhukar Manwatkar, Dr. Kavita R. Singh, “A
technical review on text recognition from images,” IEEE
Sponsored 9th International Conference on Intelligent
Systems and Control (ISCO), 2015.
[3] Akhilesh A. Panchal, Shrugal Varde, M.S. Panse,
“Character detection and recognitionsystemforvisually
impaired people,” IEEE International Conference On
Recent Trends In Electronics Information
Communication Technology, May 20-21, 2016.
[4] Nada Farhani, Naim Terbeh, Mounir Zrigui, “Image to
text conversion: state of the art and extended work,”
IEEE/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer
Systems and Applications, 2017.

[5] Azmi Can Özgen, Mandana Fasounaki, Hazım Kemal
Ekenel, “Text detection in natural and computer-
generated images,” 2017.
[6] Sandeep Musale, Vikram Ghiye, “Smart reader for
visually impaired,” Proceedings of the Second
International Conference on Inventive Systems and
Control (ICISC 2018) IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part
Number:CFP18J06-ART,ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4;DVD
Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7.
[7] Christian Reul, Uwe Springmann, ChristophWick,Frank
Puppe, “Improving OCR accuracy onearlyprintedbooks
by utilizing cross fold training and voting,” 13th IAPR
International Workshopon DocumentAnalysisSystems,
2018.
[8] U. Springmann and A. Ludeling, “OCR of historical ¨
printings with an application to building diachronic
corpora: A case study using the RIDGES herbal corpus,”
Digital Humanities Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 2, 2017.
[9] J. C. Handley, “Improving OCR accuracy through
combination: A survey,” in Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, IEEE, 1998.
[10] F. Boschetti, M. Romanello, A. Babeu, D. Bamman, and G.
Crane, “Improving OCR accuracy for classical critical
editions,” ResearchandAdvancedTechnologyforDigital
Libraries, pp. 156–167, 2009.
[11] Vinyals, Oriol, Toshev, Alexander, Bengio, Samy, and
Erhan, Dumitru, ”Show and tell: A neural image caption
generator”, In CVPR, 2015.
[12] Rafeal C. Ginzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image
Processing”, Pearson Education, Second Edtition, 2005.

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