Internet architecture protocol
Download as pptx, pdf8 likes5,490 views
The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Similar to Internet architecture protocol (20)
Recently uploaded (20)
Internet architecture protocol
- 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Differentiate between internet and network? The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet.
- 2. • What do you mean by internetworking? • Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks are called an internetwork, or simply an internet.
- 3. • What is functioning of Internet? • The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
- 4. • What is functioning of Internet? • The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
- 5. • What is internet architecture? • The Internet's architecture is described in its name, a short from of the compound word "inter-networking". This architecture is based in the very specification of the standard TCP/IP protocol, designed to connect any two networks which may be very different in internal hardware, software, and technical design.
- 8. What is TCP/IP model?
- 9. • What is the TCP IP suite of protocols? • The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the original protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).
- 10. • What is ICMP? • The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached.
- 11. • How broadcast and point-to-point networks are different? • • Broadcast: A method of sending a signal where multiple parties may hear a single sender. • Radio stations are a good example of everyday life "Broadcast Network". • Point-to-point: A method of communication where one "point" (person or entity) speaks to another entity. • An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by one caller can only be heard by the other. • Another example of a simplex point-to-point communication could be a laser used to signal a message from one point to another
- 12. • What is a point to point protocol? • In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. • What is the point to point topology? • The simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints. Switched point-to-point topologies are the basic model of conventional telephony. The value of a permanent point-to- point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints
- 13. • What is peer-to-peer model in network, give example? • • Peer-to-peer architecture (P2P architecture) is a commonly used computer networking architecture in which each workstation, or node, has the same capabilities and responsibilities. It is often compared and contrasted to the classic client/server architecture, in which some computers are dedicated to serving others
- 15. • 12.Why internet architecture is based on tiers?(Important) • Multitier architecture (often referred to as n-tier architecture) or multilayered architecture is a client–server architecture in which presentation, application processing, and data management functions are physically separated. The most widespread use of multitier architecture is the three-tier architecture.
- 17. • What is internetworking ?give example • Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks are called an internetwork, or simply an internet
- 18. • Although there are many types of routing protocols, three major classes are in widespread use on IP networks: • Interior gateway protocols type • 1, link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS. • • Interior gateway protocols type • 2, distance-vector routing protocols, such as Routing Information Protocol, RIPv2, IGRP
- 19. • • Address Mapping (Address Resolution) • • Q no.1 what is address mapping? Which protocols are used for this purpose? • Address mapping is a process to correlate or translate one address to another.
- 20. • These operations are performed by variety of i.e. ARP, RARP, Proxy ARP, BOOTP and DHCP. • The most common operations performed with address resolution protocols are: the (a) correlation of a MAC address to an IP, and (b) the correlation of an IP address to a MAC. • Q no.2 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) • This protocol is used for address mapping Logical (IP) to Physical (MAC). • IP packets use logical (host-to-host) addresses. These packets however need to be encapsulated in a frame, which needs physical address (node-to-node).
- 21. • Working: • This means that the sender needs the physical address of the receiver. The host or the router sends an ARP query packet. The Packet includes the Physical and IP address of the sender and IP address of the receiver, because the sender does not know the physical address of the receiver, the query is broadcast over the network. • Every host or router receive the ARP query packet but only the intended recipient recognizes its IP address and sends back an ARP response packet. • ARP query packet will be broadcast and ARP response packet will be unicast
- 22. • Q no.3 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) • We sometimes need reverse mapping i.e. mapping a physical address to a logical address. • Working: • A RARP request is created and broadcast on the local network. Another machine on the local network that knows all the IP addresses will respond with a RARP reply. • The requesting machine must be running a ARP client program and the responding machine must be running a RARP server program.
- 23. • Q no. 4 what is Proxy ARP? • Proxy ARP is the technique in which one host, usually a router, answers ARP requests intended for another machine. By "faking" its identity, the router accepts responsibility for routing packets to the "real" destination
- 24. • Q no. 5 what is the use of proxy ARP? • • Proxy ARP is used to create subnetting effect. • It is a technique by which a device (router) on a given network answers the ARP queries for announcing its own physical MAC address. After router receive the actual packet, it sends it to the appropriate router or host
- 25. • Q no.6 what is the purpose of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol? • • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of numbers (i.e., a scope) configured for a given network.
- 26. • Q no.7 what is BOOTP? • The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a client /server protocol designed to provide physical to logical address mapping. It is a static configuration protocol.
- 27. • Working: • As BOOTP is an application layer protocol, BOOTP messages first encapsulate in UDP packet and UDP packet already in format of IP address. • Why protocols are required for exchange of data? • Network protocols made the modernization of the Internet possible. Such protocols allow computers to communicate with other computers without users having to know what is happening in the background
- 28. • 16.What is the role of DS bits in IP datagram? • • The third and fourth fields of the IPv4 header (second and third fields of the IPv6 header) are the Differentiated Services (called DS Field) and ECN fields, formerly called the ToS Byte or IPv6 Traffic Class. • Type of Service (TOS): A field designed to carry information to provide quality of service features, such as prioritized delivery, for IP datagrams. It was never widely used as originally defined, and its meaning has been subsequently redefined for use by a technique called Differentiated Services (DS).
- 29. • • An address space has a total of 1024 addresses, how many bits are needed te represent an address? • Log21,024 =10 • What is the DNS server? • A DNS server is any computer registered to join the Domain Name System. A DNS server runs special- purpose networking software, features a public IP address, and contains a database of network names and addresses for other Internet hosts
- 30. • What are DNS settings Windows 10? • Changing your DNS in Windows 10 • Firstly, open the Network and Sharing Centre by right-clicking on your network connections symbol in the bottom-right corner of the screen, then click on Open Network and Sharing Center. • Click on the connection type
- 31. • • What is the purpose of DNS? • Solution: • The Domain Name System (aka DNS) is used to resolve human-readable hostnames like www.Dyn.com into machine-readable IP addresses like 204.13.248.115. DNS also provides other information about domain names, such as mail services • What is CIDR? • CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, sometimes called supernetting) is a way to allow more flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses than was possible with the original system of IP address classes.
- 32. • What is the difference between Supernetting and subnetting? • When a large network is subnetted, the network is divided into at least two smaller subnetworks, with each subnetwork (subnet) having its own subnetwork address (subnetid). When supernetting is performed, several small Class C networks are combined to create one large network, or supernetwork.