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Ambitlick Solutions
        Computing Localized Power-Efficient Data Aggregation Trees


                              For Sensor Networks


Abstract:

      We propose localized, self organizing, robust, and energy-efficient data

aggregation tree approaches for sensor networks, which we call Localized Power-

Efficient Data Aggregation Protocols (L-PEDAPs). They are based on topologies,

such as LMST and RNG, that can approximate minimum spanning tree and can be

efficiently computed using only position or distance information of one-hop

neighbors. The actual routing tree is constructed over these topologies. We also

consider different parent selection strategies while constructing a routing tree. We

compare each topology and parent selection strategy and conclude that the best

among them is the shortest path strategy over LMST structure. Our solution also

involves route maintenance procedures that will be executed when a sensor node

fails or a new node is added to the network. The proposed solution is also adapted

to consider the remaining power levels of nodes in order to increase the network

lifetime. Our simulation results show that by using our power-aware localized

approach, we can almost have the same performance of a centralized solution in

terms of network lifetime, and close to 90 percent of an upper bound derived here.
Ambitlick Solutions
SYSTEM ANALYSES :


Problem Definition:

       The problem is to find an energy-efficient routing plan which maximizes the

network lifetime. The routing plan determines for each node the incoming and

outgoing neighbors for data forwarding and aggregation. In other words, a tree

spanning all the nodes must be found as the routing plan. The routing scheme

should also include mechanisms to handle node failures and support new node

arrivals.


Existing System:

       The minimum spanning tree (MST)-based routing provides good

performance in terms of lifetime when the data are gathered using aggregation in

centralized manner alone.


Proposed System:

   1. Localized Power-Efficient Data Aggregation Protocols (L-PEDAPs)

   2. The routing tree is constructed over LMST and RNG topologies.

   3. Route maintenance.

   4. Data aggregation protocol (LEACH protocol-Self-configuring Clusters)

   5. To minimize Setup cost and maintenance cost
Ambitlick Solutions
Literature Review:


1. A QoS Routing for Maximum Bandwidth in Ad Hoc Networks:

      Ad hoc networks have characteristics such as flexibility, fast and easy

deployment, robustness which make them an interesting technology for various

applications. Ad hoc networks are considered as the most promising terminal

networks in future mobile communications. Providing sufficient bandwidth for

multimedia applications in ad hoc networks is an urgent task because of the rising

popularity of multimedia applications and potential commercial usage of ad hoc

networks. Bandwidth is more difficult to guarantee in ad hoc networks than in

other types of networks, and providing end-to-end bandwidth guarantee is a critical

and challenging problem in ad hoc networks because of multihop, mutual radio

interference and node mobility. A bandwidth-aware routing protocol of BARP,

which is based on the existing Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR), is

proposed in this paper in order to find a route of approximately maximum

bandwidth for a flow from a source node to a destination node in a wireless ad hoc

network. BARP is a novel bandwidth-aware routing protocol by which a route of

largest bandwidth can be found. This routing protocol takes advantage of larger

bandwidth than the existing work, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by some
Ambitlick Solutions
simulations. It will be a great contribution to end-to-end QoS support research in

wireless ad hoc networks.




2. Power Efficient Data Gathering and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks:


      Energy efficiency is an important design criterion for the development of

sensor networking protocols involving data dissemination and gathering. In-

network processing of sensor data, aggregation, transmission power control in

radios, and periodic cycling of node wake-up schedules are some techniques that

have been proposed in the sensor networking literature for achieving energy

efficiency. Owing to the broadcast nature of the wireless channel many nodes in

the vicinity of a sender node may overhear its packet transmissions even if they are

not the intended recipients of these transmissions. Reception of these transmissions

can result in unnecessary expenditure of battery energy of the recipients. We

investigate the impact of overhearing transmissions on total energy costs during

data gathering and dissemination and attempt to minimize them systematically. We

model the minimum energy data gathering problem as a directed minimum energy

spanning tree problem where the energy cost of each edge in the wireless

connectivity graph is augmented by the overhearing cost of the corresponding

transmission. We observe that in dense sensor networks, overhearing costs
Ambitlick Solutions
constitute a significant fraction of the total energy cost and that computing the

minimum spanning tree on the augmented cost metric results in energy savings,

especially in networks with non-uniform spatial node distribution. We also study

the impact of this new metric on the well known energy-efficient dissemination

(also called broadcasting) algorithms for multihop wireless networks. We show via

simulation that through this augmented cost metric, gains in energy efficiency of

10% or more are possible without additional hardware and minimal additional

complexity.




3. Establishment of survivable connections in WDM networks using partial path

protection:


      As a generalization of the traditional path protection scheme in WDM

networks where a backup path is needed for each active path, the partial path

protection scheme uses a collection of backup paths to protect an active path,

where each backup path in the collection protects one or more links on the active

path such that every link on the active path is protected by one of the backup paths.

While there is no known polynomial time algorithm for computing an active path

and a corresponding backup path using the path protection scheme for a source-

destination node pair, we show that an active path and a corresponding collection
Ambitlick Solutions
of backup paths using the partial path protection scheme can be computed in

polynomial time, whenever they exist, under each of the following two network

models: (a) dedicated protection in WDM networks without wavelength

converters; and (b) shared protection in WDM networks without wavelength

converters. Under each of the two models, we prove, that for any given source s

and destination d in the network, if one candidate active path connecting s and d is

protectable using partial path protection, then any candidate active path connecting

s and d is also protectable using partial path protection. This fundamental property

leads to efficient shortest active path algorithms that can find an active path and its

corresponding partial path protections whenever they exist. Simulation results

show that shared partial path protection outperforms shared path protection in

terms of blocking probability.
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Computing localized power efficient data

  • 1. Ambitlick Solutions Computing Localized Power-Efficient Data Aggregation Trees For Sensor Networks Abstract: We propose localized, self organizing, robust, and energy-efficient data aggregation tree approaches for sensor networks, which we call Localized Power- Efficient Data Aggregation Protocols (L-PEDAPs). They are based on topologies, such as LMST and RNG, that can approximate minimum spanning tree and can be efficiently computed using only position or distance information of one-hop neighbors. The actual routing tree is constructed over these topologies. We also consider different parent selection strategies while constructing a routing tree. We compare each topology and parent selection strategy and conclude that the best among them is the shortest path strategy over LMST structure. Our solution also involves route maintenance procedures that will be executed when a sensor node fails or a new node is added to the network. The proposed solution is also adapted to consider the remaining power levels of nodes in order to increase the network lifetime. Our simulation results show that by using our power-aware localized approach, we can almost have the same performance of a centralized solution in terms of network lifetime, and close to 90 percent of an upper bound derived here.
  • 2. Ambitlick Solutions SYSTEM ANALYSES : Problem Definition: The problem is to find an energy-efficient routing plan which maximizes the network lifetime. The routing plan determines for each node the incoming and outgoing neighbors for data forwarding and aggregation. In other words, a tree spanning all the nodes must be found as the routing plan. The routing scheme should also include mechanisms to handle node failures and support new node arrivals. Existing System: The minimum spanning tree (MST)-based routing provides good performance in terms of lifetime when the data are gathered using aggregation in centralized manner alone. Proposed System: 1. Localized Power-Efficient Data Aggregation Protocols (L-PEDAPs) 2. The routing tree is constructed over LMST and RNG topologies. 3. Route maintenance. 4. Data aggregation protocol (LEACH protocol-Self-configuring Clusters) 5. To minimize Setup cost and maintenance cost
  • 3. Ambitlick Solutions Literature Review: 1. A QoS Routing for Maximum Bandwidth in Ad Hoc Networks: Ad hoc networks have characteristics such as flexibility, fast and easy deployment, robustness which make them an interesting technology for various applications. Ad hoc networks are considered as the most promising terminal networks in future mobile communications. Providing sufficient bandwidth for multimedia applications in ad hoc networks is an urgent task because of the rising popularity of multimedia applications and potential commercial usage of ad hoc networks. Bandwidth is more difficult to guarantee in ad hoc networks than in other types of networks, and providing end-to-end bandwidth guarantee is a critical and challenging problem in ad hoc networks because of multihop, mutual radio interference and node mobility. A bandwidth-aware routing protocol of BARP, which is based on the existing Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR), is proposed in this paper in order to find a route of approximately maximum bandwidth for a flow from a source node to a destination node in a wireless ad hoc network. BARP is a novel bandwidth-aware routing protocol by which a route of largest bandwidth can be found. This routing protocol takes advantage of larger bandwidth than the existing work, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by some
  • 4. Ambitlick Solutions simulations. It will be a great contribution to end-to-end QoS support research in wireless ad hoc networks. 2. Power Efficient Data Gathering and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: Energy efficiency is an important design criterion for the development of sensor networking protocols involving data dissemination and gathering. In- network processing of sensor data, aggregation, transmission power control in radios, and periodic cycling of node wake-up schedules are some techniques that have been proposed in the sensor networking literature for achieving energy efficiency. Owing to the broadcast nature of the wireless channel many nodes in the vicinity of a sender node may overhear its packet transmissions even if they are not the intended recipients of these transmissions. Reception of these transmissions can result in unnecessary expenditure of battery energy of the recipients. We investigate the impact of overhearing transmissions on total energy costs during data gathering and dissemination and attempt to minimize them systematically. We model the minimum energy data gathering problem as a directed minimum energy spanning tree problem where the energy cost of each edge in the wireless connectivity graph is augmented by the overhearing cost of the corresponding transmission. We observe that in dense sensor networks, overhearing costs
  • 5. Ambitlick Solutions constitute a significant fraction of the total energy cost and that computing the minimum spanning tree on the augmented cost metric results in energy savings, especially in networks with non-uniform spatial node distribution. We also study the impact of this new metric on the well known energy-efficient dissemination (also called broadcasting) algorithms for multihop wireless networks. We show via simulation that through this augmented cost metric, gains in energy efficiency of 10% or more are possible without additional hardware and minimal additional complexity. 3. Establishment of survivable connections in WDM networks using partial path protection: As a generalization of the traditional path protection scheme in WDM networks where a backup path is needed for each active path, the partial path protection scheme uses a collection of backup paths to protect an active path, where each backup path in the collection protects one or more links on the active path such that every link on the active path is protected by one of the backup paths. While there is no known polynomial time algorithm for computing an active path and a corresponding backup path using the path protection scheme for a source- destination node pair, we show that an active path and a corresponding collection
  • 6. Ambitlick Solutions of backup paths using the partial path protection scheme can be computed in polynomial time, whenever they exist, under each of the following two network models: (a) dedicated protection in WDM networks without wavelength converters; and (b) shared protection in WDM networks without wavelength converters. Under each of the two models, we prove, that for any given source s and destination d in the network, if one candidate active path connecting s and d is protectable using partial path protection, then any candidate active path connecting s and d is also protectable using partial path protection. This fundamental property leads to efficient shortest active path algorithms that can find an active path and its corresponding partial path protections whenever they exist. Simulation results show that shared partial path protection outperforms shared path protection in terms of blocking probability.
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