Implementation of optimal solution for network lifetime and energy consumption metrics using improved energy efficient LEACH protocol in MANET

TELKOMNIKA, Vol.17, No.4, August 2019, pp.1758~1766
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i4.12004  1758
Received February 9, 2018; Revised March 12, 2019; Accepted April 2, 2019
Implementation of optimal solution for network lifetime
and energy consumption metrics using
improved energy efficient LEACH protocol in MANET
Prasad A. Y.*1
, R. Balakrishna2
1
Dept. CSE, Rajarajeshwari College of Engineering, Bangalore 560074, India
2
Principal, Rajarajeshwari College of Engineering, Bangalore 560074, India
*Corresponding author, e-mail: ayprasad26@gmail.com1
, rayankibala@yahoo.com2
Abstract
In current scenarios MANET mainly focus on low power battery operated devices. Moreover in a
MANET transmission of large data consumes more energy that affects the performance of network, energy
consumption, throughput, end to end delay, and packet overhead. The sum of these parameter metrics
measure must be taken into account to increase the life-time and network energy efficiency. The main
constraint in WSN is due to the restricted power in a node, which cannot be substituted. The node senses
the data and it is moved towards the sink. This action of data movement needs to be efficient and the
usage of battery in the sensor node requires to be efficiently employed to improve the network lifetime.
The development of the energy efficient algorithms is of primary concern in the research arena of MANET.
In any network, most of the routing protocols are focused directly to collect and bifurcate the large data for
long distance communication. The prime goal of this research focused to identifies and survey more
suitable routing protocol for MANET. That consumed less energy and increase life time of network. In this
paper the author made on attempt on improved energy efficient LEACH protocol for MANET to reduce
the energy dissipation that to life time of the network during the data transmission between source nodes
and destination nodes.
Keywords: alive nodes, cluster head, energy consumption, lnetwork lifetime, MANET
Copyright © 2019 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
With the rapid growth of new technologies and advent of low power wireless sensors in
wireless communication, large numbers of sensors are used in each application with low cost,
low power consumption and large data transmission with short distance. The MANET mainly
contains mobile nodes, sensor node along with a base station (BS). The WSN ad-hoc nature
makes its applications in control of air traffic, military, physical security, automation process,
monitoring of environment, health care and hospital monitoring and others [1-6]. The major
benefits of WSN are low cost of installation, simple in positioning, scattering over an extensive
area and large fault tolerance [7].
The sensor nodes in the MANET are driven by the batteries. The energy used may be
very costlier and quite difficult to exchange the battery. The main constraint in MANET is the life
network time. The sensor nodes energy is driven away due to the message processing,
transferring and receiving. The sensor node needs energy during the stages of overhearing,
collision; idle listening and interference. The sensor nodes efficiency is reduced due to
the redundancy of data. Due to the constraints of the wireless nodes several techniques are
designed for efficient usage of the energy by reducing the consumption to enhance the network
lifetime [8]. The routing based on the hierarchy, the cluster is created and special task is allotted
for sensor node selection in the cluster named as cluster head (CH). The node clustering
effectively conserves the energy [9, 10].
Day by day development in technologies more efforts are made in wireless
communications that could help the people to observing and segregate the data. Many routing
protocol able to collect and transmit the data more efficiently with improved performance factors
such as packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, routing overhead, energy
consumption, with power consumption techniques, more advanced efficient algorithms and

TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 
Implementation of optimal solution for network lifetime … (Prasad A.Y.)
1759
compressed technique that data can communicated between sensor node and the base station
more efficiently.
More protocol is available based on hierarchy cluster based approaches on the type of
information communicated among the cluster head, cluster nodes then base station.
The performance of MANET is evaluated based on sum of performance measurement metrics
are throughput, end to end delay, energy consumption, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio
and etc. By analyzing the sum of parameter that are more efficient performance metrics used in
LEACH algorithm that are found in the literature survey of MANET and the author made to
attempt to advance the performance of MANETs in terms of measurements like life time to
improve and consume less energy. The continuing research work is ordered as follows.
Related work is presented in section 2. The section 3 is the objective of the proposed work.
Section 4 details the proposed energy efficient LEACH protocol to select cluster head.
The proposed improved energy efficient leach protocol simulation results are presented and
deliberated in section 5. Section 6 concludes the work.
2. Related Work
The collection of same data or objects is known as clustering. It reduces the nodes
number which plays important part in transmission of data to the BS over a lengthier
distance [9]. It minimizes the data transmission through combination of same type nodes as well
as selecting the one node named as CH. The data collection is done to evade the data
redundancy as well as the communication load due to several neighbouring nodes.
The combined data is sent to the subsequent CH or BS for further processing, storage and
retrieval. The routing based on cluster proficiently preserves the sensor node energy usage by
multi-hop communication under the specific cluster. The basic hierarchical protocol is the
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) that was presented in [11]. Several other
hierarchical protocols developed due to LEACH [12].
The LEACH works on the cluster formation via the sensor nodes grounded on
the strength of signal received and the CH as router towards the sink. It increases
the consumption of the energy because the CH carries out the transmission instead of every
node. The clustering technique minimizes the transmission number with in the network.
The main benefit of the cluster head is the data’s combinations form all the members of
the cluster which helps in the minimization of the transmission duplication and enhances
the performance of the network.
2.1. Leach Protocol
The Leach protocol architecture is presented in the Figure 1. Heinzelman [13] proposed
the LEACH protocol for WSN. Its process is biforcated into rounds. Every round starts with a
new setup-phase in which the organization of the clusters is done. In the phase of steady state,
many data frames get transferred to the CH by the nodes and towards the station of the base.
Its core objectives are increase in network life time, decreased energy consumption; use data
aggregation to decrease the communication massages number.
Figure 1. Leach protocol architecture

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 4, August 2019: 1758-1766
1760
𝑇(𝑛) =
𝑝
1−𝑝∗(𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑑
1
𝑝
)
; If n Ɛ G (1)
T (n) = 0; Otherwise, in the (1).
p = possibility of the node being nominated as a cluster-head node
r = total number of rounds-passed
G = ordinary nodes collected
mod = modulo operator
T (n) = cluster head selected threshold value in every round
The CH formed based on the equation in which sensor node create the random
number from 0 to 1. If the created number is less than the T (n) threshold, then the node is
chosen as the CH. From the Figure 1, the higher energy node becomes the CH if its energy is
greater in comparison with the remaining nodes energy. It gives the joining bid to remaining
nodes in the cluster. The remaining node takes decision either to be with the CH or not.
The assignment of the TDMA to the nodes is done after obtaining the acknowledgement.
The CH after collecting the information from other nodes, it is sent to the BS. So it requires
larger quantity of energy in comparison with the other nodes. The choice of the CH is based on
the nodes possessing more energy. Whenever the CH is made as fixed, it takes more energy
and perishes at the earliest. Whenever the CH becomes failure in the network the entire cluster
is not reachable. In the LEACH protocol [14], the CH is changed amongst the nodes in
the network. The energy consumption by every node is consistently scattered. It enhances
the network lifetime. By using the TDMA technique, the allocation of time is done to every node
in the CH. The CH groups the collected data from all the remaining nodes [15-22]. The LEACH
protocol flow chart Figure 2 is shown for CH selection.
Figure 2. CH selection flow chart
3. Proposed Improved Energy Efficient LEACH Protocol
The Improved Energy Efficient (IEE) LEACH algorithm is proposed for MANET.
The selection of the CH is to lengthen lifetime of the network. From the literature survey, most of
the papers mainly focused on sum of the performance metrics used in MANET, Euclidian
distance between the BS and node, residual energy, quantity of neighbor node in a cluster and
threshold value to overcome the overhead of data transmission to minimize between the nodes
and BS Euclidian distance to be considered. This research work mainly concentrated to
overcome this data transmission overhead or to be minimal. This work highlights some of

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the features taken into consideration [23-26] for the selection of CH that consumes high residual
energy, shorted distance.
LEACH protocol randomly selects cluster heads and major drawbacks are no limits on
their scattering and energy level distributions as per the (1). In this scenario in a bounded region
with limited number of nodes, each node is assigned initially with predefined residual energies,
at initial stage any one of the cluster head randomly is selected with 10 Joules residual energy.
Here, the problem may arise that during data transmission cluster head energy may become
either lower or higher than the chosen cluster head. If the cluster head with lower energies
cause the problem of decreasing the lifetime of the network. During the higher residual energy
cluster node data is transmitted as usual. This is a major disadvantage in Leach protocol
using (1). The author proposes an innovative protocol Improved Energy Efficient Leach Protocol
(IEE-LEACH) to overcome this by selecting best possible Cluster head with highest residual
Energy recursively. During the data transmission the energy value may change and it repeats
again in selecting the cluster head and continues till it reaches to obtain a stable data
transmission so that life time of the network may increase or stable.
In the MANET, the CH selection is centered on residual energy as well as definite
threshold rate of the relevant nodes T(i). Threshold value T(i) is obtained with IEE-LEACH
protocol is given by (2).
𝑇(𝑖) {
𝑃 𝑖
1− 𝑃 𝑖×(𝑟×𝑚𝑜𝑑(
1
𝑃 𝑖
))
× 𝑐(𝑖), 𝑁 ∈ 𝐺
0
(2)
Where Pi is the desired percentage of cluster heads,
𝑃𝑖 =
(𝐸 𝑖−𝐸 𝑟)2
𝐸 𝑅
(3)
Ei- Each node residual energy of in 1 round;
Er- Rest nodes average energy of in the 1 round;
ER- Rest nodes Total residual energy of in the 1 round;
Computing formula for average energy of rest nodes E_r
𝐸𝑟 = 𝐸 𝑅 ×
( 1−
𝑟 𝑖
𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥
)
𝑁
(4)
ri: The current round;
rmax: The Maximum rounds of network simulation,
Cost function can be said as:
𝑐(𝑖) = 𝑎
𝐸 𝑟𝑒(𝑖)
𝐸 𝑖
+ b
Nn(i)
Na
+ c
DB(i)−DBmin
DBmax− DBmin
(5)
where,
Ere(i) : node iremaining energy,
Ei: initial energy,
Nn(i): quantity of neighbors of node i,
Na: quantity of active nodes,
DB(i): node i and the BSdistance,
DBmin: the closest node to the BS and the BSdistance between,
DBmax: the maximum distance to the BS.
In these (2) and (3), if there is much residual energy of each node and its value of Pi will
increase, which establishes that this node has a great amount of energy in the rest energy.
With the rise of Pi, T(i) will raise too, therefore the likelihood of this node being a cluster head is
enlarged too. Therefore, in the view of the nodes residual energy, allowing the nodes having
higher remaining energy as cluster heads, it avoids early close of network lifetime and also
enhances the lifetime of network. After choosing CHs, for the left behind nodes also able to
decide their formation cluster in successive operation have to choose its cluster by performing
the performance factor p(i) in each round. The selection of nodes belongs to cluster head by

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measuring the distance amongst the node and the CH. Thus all the nodes are closed by
distance create their individual clusters which in turn decide the network life time for effective
utilization during data transfer. This in turn increases the network life time without any
performance degradation. The values of parameters a, b and c are between 0 and 1 that are
found by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The energy weight parameter should
be bigger than b and c. In reality, the node becoming CH should have the extreme energy level
that influences results. Then, the node neighbours factor is more real than the distance amongst
the node and the base station, so b>c.
4. Simulation Results
Simulation settings for LEACH protocol implementation are shown Table 1.
The simulation parameters for the evaluation of the energy efficient cluster head selection
shown in Table 1. By considering the fixed network size of 1000x1000 m2 and 150 nodes are
created. The initial energy of every node was set to 10 Joules. Energy for data aggregation
is 2nJ. The data packet size is 780 bits and data transmission time is 10 msecs.
Table 1. Simulation Parameter of IEELEACH Protocol
Type of Parameter Value
Propagation Two ray ground
Field size- m x m 1000 x 1000
Number of nodes 150
Channel Type Wireless Channel
Antenna Type Omni
Link Type LL
Initial energy of MANET node- Joules 10
Data packet size- 780
Simulation time–ms 50
Transmission time–ms 10 to 50
Observation Parameters
Packet Delivery Ratio, End to End Delay, Routing Overhead,
Throughput, Alive Nodes, Energy Consumption,
4.1. Simulation Results of IEE-LEACH Protocol
In this research work, the author made an attempt to improve the performance of
the networks by measuring some of the related and reliable characteristics that are taken in to
consideration. The performance factors are measured by analyzing and simulating
the experimental setup using IEE-LEACH protocol. The author tabulated the simulations results
that obtained using this protocol and associated with the results of LEACH protocol. Here,
the simulation results are obtained for the performance parameters end to end delay, rounding
overhead, packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, number of alive nodes,
number of dead nodes, from the obtained simulation results, improved version of LEACH
protocol is IEE-LEACH protocol performs in a better way associated to LEACH protocol.
4.1.1. Packet Delivery Ratio
Figure 3 (a) shows comparison of the performance factor the packet delivery ratio
against the number of nodes for the proposed IEE-LEACH and LEACH protocols.
The Simulation results illustrates that Packet Delivery Ratio is high in IEE-LEACH protocol
compared to LEACH protocol. The packet delivery ratio is measured with different nodes by
simulating by considering different number of uneven nodes (10, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150) with
different pause times. From the obtained simulation results, the work performs that at minimum
number of nodes the PDR variation is slightly varying between LEACH and IEE-LEACH
protocols where as the amount of nodes improved the PDR tends to increase. IEE-LEACH
protocol performance improves approximately by 1.317%. By increase in the number of nodes
and reducing the time slots the possibility of the data loss may occur. This is overcome by
partially in terms of PDR by IEE-LEACH protocol than LEACH protocol.
4.1.2. End to End Delay
The simulation results for end to end delay parameter are shown in the Figure 3 (b)
assigned to the number of nodes. In the beginning the end to end delay is less in both
the protocols as number of nodes increases the delay also increased up to certain nodes then

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remains same as in both the cases. Even though IEE-LEACH protocol performs better
compared to LEACH protocol with an improvement of 6.48% end to end delay. This factor again
progresses the network performance in terms of energy consumption and network life time due
to reduce in end to end delay.
4.1.3. Routing Overhead
Routing discovery places a main role in deciding the routing performance in MANET.
The simulation results of Routing overhead using NS2 tool are shown in Figure 3 (c).
For example when nodes number increases from 10 to 150 randomly the routing overhead
parameter decreases in this proposed method IEE-LEACH protocol. The percentage of
improvement in IEE-LEACH protocol is 7.027% compared to LEACH protocol. This enhances
the performance of network life time and energy consumption which place major
advantage in MANET.
4.1.4. Throughput
Figure 3 (d) shows simulation results obtained for throughput using NS2 tool from 10
to 150 numbers of nodes. Initially throughput remains till 75 numbers of nodes beyond that
the throughput drastically increases by an averages of 17.482% in the proposed IEE-LEACH
protocol compared to LEACH protocol. Throughput of IEE-LEACH protocol is increased up to
35.12 as a number of nodes reaches to 150.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3. (a) Comparison of packet delivery ratio vs Number of nodes
(b) End to end delay vs number of nodes (c) Routing overhead vs number of nodes
(d) Throughput vs number of nodes

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4.1.5. Energy Consumption
The simulation results of energy consumption using NS2 tool from 10 to 100 numbers of
nodes are shown in Figure 4 (a). Initially energy consumption gradually increases as the nodes
number increases from 10 to 150. The energy consumption of IEE-LEACH protocol is
decreased up to 72.10. So, the results show that energy consumption is improved in this
proposed IEE-LEACH protocol by 5.03% compared to LEACH protocol. Measures of packet
delivery ratio, end to end delay, routing overhead, and throughput in LEACH vs IEE-LEACH
protocols as shown in Tables 2-5. Measure of energy consumption LEACH vs IEE-LEACH
protocols as shown in Table 6.
Table 2. Measures of Packet Delivery Ratio
LEACH vs IEE-LEACH Protocols
Number of
Nodes
Packet Delivery Ratio
LEACH IEE-LEACH
10 0.7214 0.7244
25 0.7121 0.7256
50 0.7302 0.7398
75 0.7403 0.7416
100 0.7412 0.7423
150 0.7592 0.7602
Table 3. Measures of end to end Delay
Number of
Nodes
End to end delay-ms
LEACH IEE-LEACH
10 10.01 9.68
25 11.11 9.72
50 13.43 11.38
75 14.55 12.12
100 15.03 14.13
150 15.12 14.14
Table 4. Measures of Routing Overhead
Number of
Nodes
Routing overhead
LEACH IEE-LEACH
10 1.01 1.01
25 1.19 1.11
50 1.35 1.28
75 1.44 1.38
100 1.78 1.73
150 1.85 1.72
Table 5. Measures of Throughput
Number of
Nodes
Throughput
LEACH IEE-LEACH
10 25.01 27.17
25 26.12 27.19
50 26.20 28.45
75 26.35 28.43
100 28.11 32.03
150 28.98 35.12
4.1.6. Number of Alive Nodes
Figure 4 (b) is shows expresses of the number of alive nodes in LEACH and and
IEE-LEACH Protocol for routing protocol. The obtained results of number of alive nodes
obtained from simulation results using NS2 is tabulated in Table 7. It clearly states that
improvement in number of alive nodes rises the functionalities of the network and also energy
consumption and network life time in MANETs. The performance is improved in this proposed
method by 7.03% compared to LEACH protocol.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) Energy consumption vs number of nodes,
(b) Number of alive nodes vs number of nodes

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Table 6. Measure of Energy Consumption
Number of
Nodes
Energy consumption (joules)
LEACH IEE-LEACH
10 58.01 56.12
25 61.11 60.03
50 62.35 61.11
75 68.90 67.12
100 72.11 68.98
150 75.92 72.10
Table 7. Measure of Number of Alive Nodes
Number of
Nodes
Energy consumption (joules)
LEACH IEE-LEACH
10 10 10
25 21 23
50 35 37
75 38 40
100 78 80
150 119 128
5. Conclusion
From the literature survey it was found that LEACH protocol shown better performance
and emanate features are obtained in terms of performance factors like delay, energy
consumption, throughput and etc. the major short coming of LEACH protocol is selecting CH.
This drawback is eliminated by proposing an improved protocol IEE-LEACH by considering the
number of nodes up to 150. From the obtained simulation results using NS2 tool the
performance factors PDR, End to end delay, throughput, routing overhead, energy
consumption, number of dead nodes, number of alive nodes shows better performance in terms
of energy consumption, life time of the network and location of the cluster with shortest distance.
In this proposed method improvement occurred in terms of PDR by 1.317%, end to end delay
by 6.48%, throughput by 17.482%, routing overhead by 7.027%, energy consumption by 5.03%,
number of alive nodes by 7.03% and number of dead nodes by 9.6% compared to LEACH
protocol. The short comings of performance measures may be improved in feature by
incorporating fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm concept during data transmission in MANET.
With overall results the proposed methodology IEE-LEACH protocol reduces overall energy
consumption and network life time.
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