Algorithm
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An algorithm is a well-defined procedure for solving a problem through a series of unambiguous instructions. The word derives from the name of mathematician Mohammad Ibn-Musa-al-Khwarizmi. An algorithm must have specified input and output, be definitive, effective, and finite. Common algorithm types include recursive, backtracking, divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, greedy, branch-and-bound, brute force, and randomized algorithms. Examples provided include algorithms for making brownies and calculating student grades.
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Natural language like English:
When this way is chooses, care should be taken, we
should ensure that each & every statement is definite.
(no ambiguity)
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3. Pseudo-code Method:
In this method, we should typically describe algorithms as
program, which resembles language like Pascal & Algol
(Algorithmic Language).
4.Programming Language:
we have to use programming language to write algorithms like
C, C++,JAVA etc.Comments begin with // and continue until the end of line.
Blocks are indicated with matching braces { and }.
An identifier begins with a letter. The data types of variables are not explicitly declared.
node= record
{
data type 1 data 1;
data type n data n;
node *link;
}
4. There are two Boolean values TRUE and FALSE.
Logical Operators
AND, OR, NOT
Relational Operators
<, <=,>,>=, =, !=
1.How to create an algorithm: To create an algorithm we have following design technique
a) Divide & Conquer
b) Greedy method
c) Dynamic Programming
d) Branch & Bound
e) Backtracking
2.How to validate an algorithm:
Once an algorithm is created it is necessary to show that it computes the correct Pr
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Algorithm
- 2. Algorithm o BY : IHTISHAM UL HAQ
- 3. What is Algorithm? An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve a problem. An algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous instructions. ...
- 4. Histroy of Algorithm An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a procedure or formula for solving a problem. The word derives from the name of the mathematician , Mohammad Ibn-Musa-al-Khwarizmi, who was part of the royal court in Baghdad and who lived from about 780 to 850. Al Khwarizmi’s work is the likely source for the word algebra as well.
- 5. How to write an algorithm? Keep in mind that algorithm is a step-by-step process. Depending upon programming language, include syntax where necessary. Include variables and their usage. If they are any loops, try to give sub number lists. Try to give go back to step number if loop or condition fails. Use jump statement to jump from one statement to another.
- 6. How to write an algorithm? Try to avoid unwanted raw data in algorithm. Use break and stop to terminate the process.
- 7. Characteristics of Algorithm The characteristics of a good algorithm are: Precision – the steps are precisely stated(defined). Uniqueness – results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of the preceding steps. Finiteness – the algorithm stops after a finite number of instructions are executed.
- 8. Properties of Algorithm An algorithm must have five properties: Input specified. Output specified. Definiteness. Effectiveness. Finiteness.
- 9. Types of Algorithm Algorithm types we will consider include: Simple recursive algorithms. Backtracking algorithms. Divide and conquer algorithms. Dynamic programming algorithms. Greedy algorithms. Branch and bound algorithms. Brute force algorithms. Randomized algorithms.
- 10. Example Algorithm in daily life. Algorithm for making a Brownies Ingredients: ½ cup butter or margarine. 1 tea spoon vanilla extract . 1 cup sugar. ½ cup cocoa. 2 eggs . ½ cup flour. Cont…
- 11. Example Procedure: 1. If butter not soft, then melt butter . 2. Blend melted butter and sugar until mixture has creamy consistency. 3. Add eggs and vanilla; stir . 4. Add cocoa and flour; mix until well blended . 5. Pour into greased round glass cake pan. 6. Microwave for 8-9 minutes. 7.Brownies are ready.
- 12. Example Algorithm in Programming. Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final grade is calculated as the average of four marks. Pseudocode: Input a set of 4 marks . Calculate their average by summing and dividing by 4. if average is below 50 Print “FAIL” else Print “PASS”
- 13. Example Detailed Algorithm : Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4 . Step 2: GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 . Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then Print “FAIL” else Print “PASS” End if
- 14. Example Pseudocode: Input the length in feet (Lft). Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30. Print length in cm (LCM).
- 15. Example Algorithm : Step 1: Input Lft. Step 2: Lcm Lft x 30. Step 3: Print Lcm.
- 16. Thanks