Advanced computer network

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, Dwarka Institutional Area, New Delhi-75
Affiliated Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi
ADVANCED COMPUTER
NETWORK -20304
ACN

Affiliated Institution of G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi
Advanced computer network
ACN-20304

Network
• A network is a connected collection of devices
and end systems, such as computers and servers,
that can communicate with each other.
• Networks carry data in many types of
environments, including homes, small businesses,
and large enterprises. In a large enterprise, a
number of locations might need to communicate
with each other, and you can describe those
locations as follows

Locations
• Main office:
• Remote locations
• Branch offices:
• Home offices:
• Mobile users

Resource-Sharing Functions and
Benefits
• The main functions of computer networks in
business today are to simplify and streamline
business processes through the use of data and
application sharing. Networks enable end users
to share both information and hardware
resources. By providing this interconnection
between the users and common sets of data,
businesses can make more efficient use of their
resources. The major resources that are shared in
a computer network include the following:

Resource sharing
• Data and applications: When users are connected through a network,
they can share files and even software application programs, making data
more easily available and promoting more efficient collaboration on work
projects.
• Physical resources: The resources that can be shared include both input
devices, such as cameras, and output devices, such as printers.
• Network storage: Today the network makes storage available to users in
several ways. Direct attached storage (DAS) directly connects physical
storage to a PC or a shared server. Network attached storage (NAS) makes
storage available through a special network appliance. Finally, storage area
networks (SAN) provide a network of storage devices.
• Backup devices: A network can also include backup devices, such as tape
drives, that provide a central means to save files from multiple computers.
Network storage is also used to provide archive capability, business
continuance, and disaster recovery.

Network User Applications
• E-mail: E-mail is a valuable application for most network users. Users can communicate information (messages and
files) electronically in a timely manner, to not only other users in the same network but also other users outside the
network (suppliers, information resources, and customers, for example). Examples of e-mail programs include
Microsoft Outlook and Eudora by Qualcomm.
• Web browser: A web browser enables access to the Internet through a common interface. The Internet provides a
wealth of information and has become vital to the productivity of both home and business users. Communicating with
suppliers and customers, handling orders and fulfillment, and locating information are now routinely done
electronically over the Internet, which saves time and increases overall productivity. The most commonly used
browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, and Firefox.
• Instant messaging: Instant messaging started in the personal user-to-user space; however, it soon provided
considerable benefit in the corporate world. Now many instant messaging applications, such as those provided by AOL
and Yahoo!, provide data encryption and logging, features essential for corporate use.
• Collaboration: Working together as individuals or groups is greatly facilitated when the collaborators are on a
network. Individuals creating separate parts of an annual report or a business plan, for example, can either transmit
their data files to a central resource for compilation or use a workgroup software application to create and modify the
entire document, without any exchange of paper. One of the best-known traditional collaboration software programs is
Lotus Notes. A more modern web-based collaboration application is a wiki.
• Database: This type of application enables users on a network to store information in central locations (such as
storage devices) so that others on the network can easily retrieve selected information in the formats that are most
useful to them. Some of the most common databases used in enterprises today are Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server.

Characteristics of a Network
• Speed: Speed is a measure of how fast data is transmitted over the network. A more precise term would be data rate.
• Cost: Cost indicates the general cost of components, installation, and maintenance of the network.
• Security: Security indicates how secure the network is, including the data that is transmitted over the network. The
subject of security is important and constantly evolving. You should consider security whenever you take actions that affect
the network.
• Availability: Availability is a measure of the probability that the network will be available for use when required. For
networks that are meant to be used 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, availability is calculated by dividing the
time it is actually available by the total time in a year and then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage.
• Scalability: Scalability indicates how well the network can accommodate more users and data transmission
requirements. If a network is designed and optimized for just the current requirements, it can be very expensive and
difficult to meet new needs when the network grows.
• Reliability: Reliability indicates the dependability of the components (routers, switches, PCs, and so on) that make up
the network. Reliability is often measured as a probability of failure, or mean time between failures (MTBF).
• Topology: Networks have two types of topologies: the physical topology, which is the arrangement of the cable, network
devices, and end systems (PCs and servers), and the logical topology, which is the path that the data signals take through
the physical topology.

Unit – I
Foundation
• Building network
• framing error detection
In serial communications, a framing error is the result of reading a string of symbols which are grouped in blocks at
the wrong starting point.
• Reliable transmission
• Ethernet &MAC Internetworking
A networking interface allows a computer or mobile device to connect to a local area network
(LAN) using Ethernet as the transmission mechanism.
• Switching & Bridging
• Basic Internetworking
• Routing
Routing is usually performed by a dedicated device called a router. It provide best
and shortest path to data on the network

Unit-II
Advance Internetworking
• The global Internet
• Multicast
To transmit a single message to a select group of recipients.
• MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching)
MPLS gives network operators a great deal of flexibility to divert and route traffic
around link failures, congestion, and bottlenecks.
• Routing among mobile Devices
• Simple Demultiplexer
A multiplexer accepts two (or more) streams of data and combines them into one stream. The mixed data streams must be separated. This is
done by demultiplexers.
• Reliable Byte Stream (TCP)
A byte stream is a bit stream, in which data bits are grouped into units, called bytes.
Reliable delivery of byte stream by TCP.
• RPC(remote procedure call)
RPC is a powerful technique for constructing distributed, client-server based applications.
• RTP
The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over IP networks. RTP is used
extensively in communication and entertainment systems that involve streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference
applications, television services and web-based push-to-talk features.

UNIT III
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
• TCP CongestionControl Avoidance mechanisms
• Quality of Service.
• Multimedia Networking
Using networks different users on different machines can share image, sound,
video, voice and many other features and to communicate with each under these
tools.
• Multimedia networking applications
1) stored streaming
2) live streaming
3) interactive, real-time
• RTSP, RTCP, SIP, H.323

UNIT IV
Network Security
• Cryptographic Building Blocks
There are various techniques for encrypting messages, for securely exchanging keys, for maintaining the integrity of
messages, and for guaranteeing authenticity of a message. These tools can be thought of as building blocks to
construct protection against attack.
• Symmetric Key Encryption
An encryption system in which the sender and receiver of a message share a single, common key that is used to encrypt and
decrypt the message. Symmetric-key cryptography is sometimes called secret-key cryptography
• Public Key Encryption
A cryptographic system that uses two keys -- a public key known to everyone and a private or secret key known only
to the recipient of the message.
• Authentication protocols
An authentication protocol is a type of cryptographic protocol with the purpose of authenticating entities wishing
to communicate securely. Example Kerberos, Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
• PGP
• is a data encryption and decryption computer program that provides cryptographic
privacy and authentication for data communication.
• TLS, SSL
• Firewalls
• Intrusion Detection

• REFERENCE BOOKS:
• [R1] Computer Networking: A Top Down
Approach (Fifth Edition), James F. Kurose
• W. Stallings, Networks Security Essentials:
Application & Standards, Pearson Education,
2000

Advanced computer network

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Advanced computer network