VLSI ARCHITECTURE FOR NANO WIRE BASED ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) WITH THE EFFICIENT MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE UNIT

International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.8, No.6, December 2017
DOI : 10.5121/vlsic.2017.8602 15
VLSI ARCHITECTURE FOR NANO WIRE BASED
ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES)
WITH THE EFFICIENT MULTIPLICATIVE
INVERSE UNIT
K.Sandyarani1
and P. Nirmal Kumar2
1
Research Scholar, Department of ECE, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of ECE, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna
University, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm has been extensively applied in the present financial
applications. Sub-channel attacks are one of the main problems occurred n the AES Algorithm.
Asynchronous AES Architecture is one of the leading solutions of the sub-channel attacks due to its natural
properties. The AES architecture with the enhanced mix column to be proposed with reduced number of
transistor counts.. Then, the Verilog A modeling is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed AES
Architecture. Finally, the VLSI Implementations of the AES Processor is implemented with CMOS
technology 0.25 µm. By using the net list generations, the proposed AES Architecture is analyzed regarding
the VLSI design environment. The simulation results of the proposed structure are performed with the
minimum number of transistor counts as well as power utilizations. Moreover, the proposed CMOS
technology based AES Algorithm is integrated into the backend based chip technology.
KEYWORDS
Advanced Encryption Standard, Sub-Channel, Mix-Column, Verilog A, Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor, Nano-technology.
1. INTRODUCTION
Data security is one of the major concerns for the data communication systems. There is various
security algorithms are developed for protecting the information in the data communication
networks. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of the highly secured algorithms for data
protections. The AES Algorithm is used to encrypt and decrypt the data by the three sizes of bits
that are, 128,192 and 256The symmetric algorithm in AES and Asymmetric algorithm in RSA are
the two classes of encryption methods which are commonly used. The first algorithm uses the
same key for encrypting or decrypting data and is very fast due to its small key size but suffers
the exchange of this key. Whereas the next one is secure because it uses a pair of keys, one for
encrypting and another for decrypting, but suffers the encryption slowness due to complex
computations involved by large key size (1024 bits and more).The FIPS-197 specification, some
standard modes of operation. The Easiest and simplest is the electronic code book (ECB).

16
However, this may occur some security vulnerabilities. Additional resistance to attack may be
achieved using one o f the recognized feedback modes, for instance, cipher block chaining
(CBC).
However, the benefit of a feedback mode can limit the effectiveness of pipelining in a hardware
implementation. Feedback modes have concentrated on the patterns which only need the encipher
data path such as output feedback (OFB) mode. In recent years, the asynchronous circuit has been
giving the more requirements due to the security problems and power utilizations. The state of the
system and hand shake clock signals are observed by using the external and internal events of the
asynchronous circuits. These circuits are also described as the self-timed circuits due to the circuit
timing assumptions.
2. RELATED WORKS
Linearity and Non-Linearity technique based AES algorithms are required the Look-Up-Tables
(LUT) to register the substitution value of the given input data. [1] Described the reduction of the
complexity in the multiplicative inverse unit for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
algorithm. Multiplicative Inverse is one of the essential parts of the AES Structure. (Galois Field)
GF 24
based multiplicative inverse unit is used to overcome the disadvantage of the conventional
Linearity and Non-Linearity based AES algorithm. Composite S-Box based multiplicative inverse
unit offers the minimum number of logical elements counts as the well efficient computational
delay. Composite S-Box and a Multiplicative Inverse unit are used to provide the efficient
cryptographic techniques.
The proposed sub-bytes transformation eliminates the usage of the LUT. The proposed composite
field is used as the data path for the Sub-bytes and Inv-Sub-Bytes transformations. [2] Presented
the efficient Mix-column transformation for high-speed AES Architecture. The decompose the
inversion is mainly proposed in this work to provide the efficient structure with the minimized
area and smaller critical path. Non-LUT based algorithm can provide the further efficiency in
pipelining architecture. Mix-column transformations are designed by using simple logical ex-or
gates to reduce the logical elements counts as well as efficient power utilizations.
Counter mode based architecture is used to overcome the limitation compare than the ECB and
CBC modes. [3] Analyze the counter mode based AES algorithm with the nonlinearity based S-
box architecture. The Counter mode based AES has not encrypted the data directly like ECB and
CBC modes. The counter mode is first encrypting the counter, and then the values are XOR’ed.
At each successive block of the system, the counter value is incremented by one. The virtual s-
box is generated at the each input data. In the virtual S-Box, the input data are mapped by the
virtual s-box to provide the encrypted data. The proposed virtual s-box architecture is performed
with the efficient power utilizations as well as fewer area utilizations.
By using the CBC mode, the plaintext of the encrypted data is XOR’ed with the last cipher text of
the architecture. [4] Stated the eliminate the single event upsets (SEU) and composite s-box into
the AES modes of operations. Each cipher text is performed depend on the plain text in the CBC
mode. The counter mode is used to overcome the disadvantage of the CBC mode. The counter
mode is generating the arbitrary value for encryption and then performs the XOR operations. The
reductions of the ADP (Area-Delay Product) are highly achieved by the LUT fewer Field
transformations.

17
The proposed composite field arithmetic based S-Box transformations are providing better logical
elements utilizations. [5] Described Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
technology based Advanced Encryption and Decryption. The proposed composite S-Box design
is implemented by using the 250 nm CMOS technology. By implementing the backend design,
the power utilizations are highly achieved. Composite s-box unit is entirely designed by using the
simple ex-or gates. In inverse ISO technique, the logical gates are highly reduced compare than
the conventional ISO technique.
3. MEMORY ARCHITECTURE BASED AES COMPUTING
In general, the data stored in the memory cell is divided from the general processors and also that
data is connected to I/O’s. All the input data are required to mitigate, and the information is
rewrite. Due to the rewrite functions, the I/O congestion occurs and also the overall system
performance is affected due to the data mitigations. The power utilization of the system is also
highly increased by the storage of the large data. There are some more I/O's are included in the
data at high frequency is used to conquer the congestion problem in theoretical. This theoretical
solution is limited by the CMOS scalability. The data preprocessing is required only the perform
with a small amount of the intermediate results and also the data traffic is highly reduced by the
data pre processing. The Memory logic architecture has performed some pre processing stages at
locally.
Figure 1: Flow Diagram for Advanced Encryption Standard Architecture
The memory logic in the single cell causes the overhead of the higher data and also the
communication traffic is limited. Due to the memory array, there is possibility of unique data is
available at a given time sequence. Single data working process is also leading the wastage of the
additional resources and high power utilizations. One more disadvantage of the memory logic is,
the storage has required the ordering of the information.
4. PROPOSED NANO WIRE BASED AES ARCHITECTURE
In memory based architecture, the data encryption is performed openly on the cells. The
encryption data has required the model for simulating the algorithms. The domain wall can
perform the one input data at a given time. To separate the nano wires, the domain wall can
perform the multiple data at a time that is the concurrent operations are achieved. Each row of the
binary data is required to store in the domain wall Nano wire is develop the shift function of the
algorithm. For performing the storage purpose, there are four Nano wires are required. The
reduction of the circular left shift operations current is achieved by the redundant bits.

18
A) Sub-Bytes:
The S-Box design is implemented by using the general LUT that is; there are some memory based
logical elements are needed for the S-Box design. The conventional S-Box design is performed
with the highest number of the logical elements counts as well as the computational delay. To
reduce the logical elements counts, the S-Box architecture is implemented by using the Nano wire
based structure. By using the domain wall Nano wires, the power is reduced. The memory
elements and decoders are collective for reducing the logical elements counts as well as the
power utilizations.
Figure 2: Proposed S-Box Architecture based Nano-Wire
B) Shift Rows:
The shift rows are performed by using the general shift property in the conventional method. In
the proposed computations, the input data are shifted by using the unique domain wall Nano wire
based property. The input data are operated circularly by performing the left shift operations of
the binary data in the Nano wires. In the shift rows transformations, the second row of the matrix
is to be left shifted by cylindrically. The second rows of the matrix are shifted by the two bits, and
the third row of the matrix is shifted by the three bits. The virtual cycle on the Nano wire is
formed to eliminate the storage of MSB to LSB. The circular left shifted rows are used to
determine the Nano wire bits added in the system. In the Nano wire system, the various numbers
of input bits are performed concurrently, so the congestion occurrence is highly avoided by using
the Nano wire technology
C) Add-Round Key:
The Add round key stage is to be performing the bitwise XOR operations with the corresponding
bytes of the matrix. In general, the standard XOR gate is used for the add round key operations.

19
Figure 3: Nano wire based XOR Gate and Symbolic View of the XOR Gate
This Add-Round fundamental structure is performed with the highest number of area utilizations
as well as the power utilization is not efficient. Nano-Wire based X-OR gate is used to implement
the add-round key stage. In the proposed Nano wire based XOR gate, the output data are
measured by using the low or high resistance value of the Multiple Tunnel Junction (MTJ).
D) Mix-Column Transformations:
The proposed mix column transformations are implemented by using the Domain-Wall Nano
wire based EX-OR gate and Domain wall Nano wire LUT. In traditional mix column
transformations, the memory based architecture is used for the both mix and inverse mix column
matrix. In the proposed mix column design, the X-time multiplications and domain wall based
XOR gate. There are two x-time multiplications are required for the mix-column process. The X-
time 2 is slightly different from the general integer multiplications by left shift, and the bit is
XORed. The proposed mix column transformations utilize the domain wall based XOR gate and
domain wall based LUT, and also the xtime multiplications are used to generate the efficiency.
Figure 4: Proposed Mix-Column Transformations

20
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The validations of the proposed AES Encryption and Decryption by using CMOS technology is
implemented by using Tanner EDA and their synthesis results are carried out by using the T-
Spice. Verilog A Language is used to implement the proposed design in the spice simulator to
evaluate the performance characteristics. Nano-Wire based XOR Gate, and the Multiplicative
inverse unit is shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6.
Figure 5: Schematic Design of the proposed Multiplicative Inverse Unit
Figure 6: Proposed Nano-Wire based XOR gate

21
Figure 7: Synthesis Results for Number of MOSFET Counts
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the domain wall Nano-wire based Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Encryption and Decryption have been implemented with the Verilog A Language. By using
Verilog A Language, the proposed Nano-Wire based Multiplicative Inverse Unit is designed by
using the CMOS Technology with the help of Tanner EDA and Spice simulator. The proposed
schematic design is implemented in the S-Edit, and the synthesis results are carried out by using
the Spice simulations. In the traditional method, the AES Encryption and Decryption is
performed based on the Domino logic. The Domino logic is generating the high number of logical
elements counts due to the general blocks of the CMOS technology. To reduce the number of
logical elements counts, the AES Architecture is implemented by using the Domain wall Nano-
Wire Technology. By using the Domain wall Nano-wire technology, the transistor sizing is
highly reduced compare than the traditional logic.
REFERENCES
[1] Sandyarani, K. and Kumar, P.N., “Low Power and low CMOS Complexity Based Composite S-Box
for Aes Encryption and Aes Decryption”, Indian Journal of Applied Research, Vol. 5, No. 10, 2016.
[2] Sandyarani, K. and Kumar, P.N., 2014, Design of High-Speed AES – 128 using Novel MixColumn
Transformation & Sub Bytes. Journal of computer applications (JCA), 2014.
[3] Sandyarani, K. and Kumar, P.N., 2013, July. Design and analysis of AES-CM with nonlinearity S-
box architecture. In Current Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICCTET), 2013 International
Conference on (pp. 252-254). IEEE.

22
[4] Sandyarani, K. and Kumar, P.N., 2014. Incorporation of Composite Field S-box into AES-CBC and
AES-CM Modes to Avoid SEUs. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and
Technology, 8(12), pp.1424-1428.
[5] Sandyarani, K. and Kumar, P.N., Low Power and Low CMOS Complexity Based Composite S-Box
for AES Encryption and AES Decryption. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 2015.
[6] Su, C.P., Lin, T.F., Huang, C.T. and Wu, C.W., “A high-throughput low-cost AES processor”, IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 12, pp.86-91, 2003.
[7] Zhang, X. and Parhi, K.K., “High-speed VLSI architectures for the AES algorithm. IEEE transactions
on very large scale integration (VLSI) systems”, Vol. 12, No. 9, pp.957-967.
[8] Ahmad, N. and Hasan, S.R., “Low-power compact composite field AES S-Box/Inv S-Box design in
65nm CMOS using Novel XOR Gate. Integration”, the VLSI journal, Vol. 46, No.4, pp.333-344,
2013.
[9] Ahmad, N., Hasan, R. and Jubadi, W.M., “Design of AES S-Box using combinational logic
optimization. In Industrial Electronics & Applications (ISIEA)”, 2010 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 696-
699). IEEE,2010.
[10] Feldhofer, M., Dominikus, S. and Wolkerstorfer, J., “Strong authentication for RFID systems using
the AES algorithm”, In International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
(pp. 357-370). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.
[11] Good, T. and Benaissa, M., “Very small FPGA application-specific instruction processor for AES”,
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp.1477-1486, 2006.
[12] Irwin, J. and Page, D., “Using media processors for low-memory AES implementation”, In
Application-Specific Systems, Architectures, and Processors, 2003. Proceedings. IEEE International
Conference on (pp. 144-154). IEEE.
[13] Moradi, A., Poschmann, A., Ling, S., Paar, C. and Wang, H., “Pushing the limits: a very compact and
a threshold implementation of AES”, In Annual International Conference on the Theory and
Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (pp. 69-88). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

VLSI ARCHITECTURE FOR NANO WIRE BASED ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) WITH THE EFFICIENT MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE UNIT

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot (15)

Similar to VLSI ARCHITECTURE FOR NANO WIRE BASED ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) WITH THE EFFICIENT MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE UNIT (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

VLSI ARCHITECTURE FOR NANO WIRE BASED ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) WITH THE EFFICIENT MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE UNIT