Unleashing Real-World Simulations: A Python Tutorial by Avjinder KalerAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Simulation, a key tool in understanding complex systems, offers a dynamic representation to analyze and enhance resource allocation, preventing issues like congestion and delays.
DBSCAN stands for Density-Based Spatial Clustering for Applications with Noise. This is an unsupervised clustering algorithm which is used to find high-density base samples to extend the clusters
Python Code for Classification Supervised Machine Learning.pdfAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This document provides a tutorial on classification machine learning using Python. It defines classification as categorizing input data into predefined classes or labels. It discusses several common classification algorithms like logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, decision trees, random forests, gradient boosting machines, Gaussian naive Bayes, and multinomial naive Bayes. It also covers key evaluation metrics, applications, challenges, and future trends in classification machine learning. Code examples are provided for implementing various classification models in Python and R.
Sql tutorial for select, where, order by, null, insert functionsAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Sql tutorial for select, where, order by, null, insert functions. SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases.
This document describes a study that used association mapping to identify genomic regions associated with canopy temperature (CT) in soybeans under drought conditions. The study evaluated 345 soybean accessions in three environments, measuring CT using aerial infrared imaging. 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with normalized CT (nCT), tagging 34 genomic regions. Several of the identified regions contained genes related to drought tolerance functions like transpiration, water acquisition, and response to abscisic acid. Fifteen SNPs associated with nCT were also associated with canopy wilting. The study aims to identify genotypes and alleles that can be used in breeding programs to improve soybean drought tolerance.
Association mapping identifies loci for canopy coverage in diverse soybean ge...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
Rapid establishment of canopy coverage decreases
soil evaporation relative to transpiration improves
water use efficiency and light interception, and increases
soybean competitiveness against weeds.
Genome-wide association mapping of canopy wilting in diverse soybean genotypesAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
Genome-wide association analysis identified 61 SNP markers for canopy wilting, which likely tagged 51 different loci. Based on the allelic effects of the significant SNPs, the slowest and fastest wilting genotypes were identified.
Tutorial for Estimating Broad and Narrow Sense Heritability using RAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This tutorial document provides steps to estimate broad and narrow sense heritability using R. It explains how to format phenotype and genotype data files, load required packages, set the working directory, import data files into R, calculate broad sense heritability using only phenotype data, and calculate narrow sense heritability using both phenotype and genotype data. The document also provides contact information for questions and links to additional tutorials.
This tutorial provides instructions for creating Manhattan plots from genome-wide association study (GWAS) results in circular and rectangular forms using the R package CMplot. It describes how to format and import a GWAS data file, install and load the CMplot package, generate Manhattan plots with different parameters, and find additional tutorials. The key steps are to format the GWAS data as a CSV file with SNPs, chromosomes, positions and p-values, read in the file using R, and run the CMplot function to produce circular, rectangular and QQ plots.
Genomic Selection with Bayesian Generalized Linear Regression model using RAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This document provides a tutorial for performing genomic prediction using Bayesian Generalized Linear Regression (BGLR) models in R. It describes downloading and installing necessary software, formatting genotype, phenotype, and kinship matrix files as inputs, and provides the R code to run BGLR for genomic prediction. The tutorial explains fitting the BGLR model, making predictions, and evaluating goodness of fit and variance components. Users are instructed to check prediction accuracy by correlating predictive and actual phenotypic values.
Genome-wide association mapping identifies genomic regions associated with phenotypes by analyzing phenotypic and genotypic data. Phenotypic data includes traits like flowering time and yield, while genotypic data consists of genetic markers spanning the genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly used markers. Association mapping fits statistical models to test for association between each SNP and the phenotype. Accounting for population structure and relatedness through mixed models reduces false positives. Significant associations between SNPs and traits suggest the SNP directly affects the trait or is linked to a causal variant. Results are visualized through Manhattan plots and QQ-plots.
Nutrient availability response to sulfur amendment in histosols having variab...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
This study examined the effects of sulfur amendment on soil pH and nutrient availability in organic soils with varying levels of calcium carbonates in the Everglades Agricultural Area of Florida. The study included four rates of elemental sulfur (0, 90, 224, 448 kg/ha) and three levels of added calcium carbonate (0%, 12.5%, 50% by volume) in a greenhouse pot experiment with sugarcane. The results showed that sulfur amendment had little effect on soil pH across all calcium carbonate levels due to the strong buffering capacity of the soils. Higher calcium carbonate levels significantly increased soil pH. While sulfur increased sulfate levels in the soil, it did not enhance other nutrient availability, possibly due to the inability
Sugarcane yield and plant nutrient response to sulfur amended everglades hist...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
This study evaluated the effects of elemental sulfur application rates and calcium carbonate levels on sugarcane yield, plant nutrients, and soil pH in Everglades Histosols. Four sulfur rates and three calcium carbonate levels were tested in a factorial experiment. Leaf samples were taken twice during the growing season and analyzed for nutrient concentrations. At harvest, sugarcane yield components were measured. Results showed that sulfur amendment and calcium carbonate levels had limited effects on yield, leaf nutrients, and soil pH. Most leaf nutrients were within optimum ranges except for nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and manganese. Soil pH, phosphorus, and manganese concentrations were important predictors of sugarcane yield.
R code descriptive statistics of phenotypic data by Avjinder KalerAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This document provides code examples for conducting descriptive statistics and modeling of phenotypic data in R. It covers reading data into R, calculating summary statistics like means and standard deviations, exploring data distributions through histograms and QQ plots, transforming data, fitting and comparing linear and logistic regression models, and assessing model diagnostics. The goal is to analyze phenotypic data, identify appropriate transformations and models, and check assumptions.
Population genetics focuses on the frequencies and distribution of genes in populations. It combines Darwin's theory of evolution with Mendelian genetics and molecular biology. There are several forces that can change allelic and genotypic frequencies in a population over time, including mutation, natural selection, migration between populations, and genetic drift. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes the relationship between gene and genotypic frequencies in a population, where the frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation if these evolutionary forces are not present.
1) Quantitative genetics focuses on inheritance of quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes and influenced by the environment.
2) A basic single-gene model is used to explain quantitative genetic theory, including calculations of population mean, genetic effects, and variance components.
3) More complex multi-gene models and analyses like ANOVA and heritability are then introduced to better capture quantitative traits controlled by numerous genes and environmental influences.
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies can stress plants. It explains how plants acclimate and adapt to stress through physiological and morphological changes. The document outlines various stress sensing, signaling pathways and hormonal responses in plants, as well as developmental and antioxidant mechanisms that help protect plants from abiotic stress. Developing crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance is an important goal.
This document provides two methods for calculating seed rates for experiments: by plot and by row.
The method for calculating by plot uses the formula of seed density per acre x plot size. An example is shown for a soybean experiment with a seed density of 150,000 seeds per acre and a plot size of 75 square feet, resulting in a seed rate of 259 seeds per plot.
The method for calculating by row uses the formula of seed density per acre x row length x row spacing. An example is shown for soybeans with a seed density of 150,000 seeds per acre, row length of 18 feet, and row spacing of 18 inches, resulting in a seed rate of 93 seeds per row. The total
This R code document contains code for implementing the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian mixture models with 1, 2, and 3 clusters of data. The code includes functions for the EM steps, starting values, and plotting the results. It applies the EM algorithm to real datasets with 1 and 2 dimensions and to a simulated 3 cluster dataset.
R code can be used for various data manipulation tasks such as creating, recoding, and renaming variables; sorting and merging datasets; aggregating and reshaping data; and subsetting datasets. Specific R functions and operations allow users to efficiently manipulate data frames through actions like transposing data, calculating summary statistics, and selecting subsets of observations and variables.
R code can be used for various data manipulation tasks such as creating, recoding, and renaming variables; sorting and merging datasets; aggregating and reshaping data; and subsetting datasets. Specific R functions and operations allow users to efficiently manipulate data frames through actions like transposing data, calculating summary statistics, and selecting subsets of observations and variables.
This document discusses multiple linear regression analysis. It begins by defining a multiple regression equation that describes the relationship between a response variable and two or more explanatory variables. It notes that multiple regression allows prediction of a response using more than one predictor variable. The document outlines key elements of multiple regression including visualization of relationships, statistical significance testing, and evaluating model fit. It provides examples of interpreting multiple regression output and using the technique to predict outcomes.
This document discusses correlation and linear regression. It defines correlation as the association between two variables, which can be positive, negative, or non-existent. Linear correlation exists when plotted points approximate a straight line. The correlation coefficient r measures the strength of a linear relationship between -1 and 1. Linear regression finds the linear relationship that best fits the data using a regression equation to predict y values from x. Multiple linear regression extends this to use multiple explanatory variables.
The document discusses simple linear regression. It defines key terms like regression equation, regression line, slope, intercept, residuals, and residual plot. It provides examples of using sample data to generate a regression equation and evaluating that regression model. Specifically, it shows generating a regression equation from bivariate data, checking assumptions visually through scatter plots and residual plots, and interpreting the slope as the marginal change in the response variable from a one unit change in the explanatory variable.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques, including one-way and two-way ANOVA. It defines key terms like factors, interactions, F distribution, and multiple comparison tests. For one-way ANOVA, it explains how to test if three or more population means are equal. For two-way ANOVA, it notes you must first test for interactions between two factors before testing their individual effects. The Tukey test is introduced for identifying specifically which group means differ following rejection of a one-way ANOVA null hypothesis.
- The sample mean is the best estimate of the population mean and can be used to construct confidence intervals to estimate the true population mean.
- There are two situations when estimating a population mean: when the population standard deviation (σ) is known, and when σ is unknown.
- When σ is known, a z-test is used. When σ is unknown, a t-test is used since the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation.
The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and statistical graphs, including measures of center such as mean, median, and mode, measures of variation such as range and standard deviation, and different types of statistical graphs like histograms, boxplots, and normal distributions. It discusses key concepts like outliers, percentiles, quartiles, sampling distributions, and the central limit theorem. The document is intended to describe important statistical tools and concepts for summarizing and describing the characteristics of data sets.
The history of a.s.r. begins 1720 in “Stad Rotterdam”, which as the oldest insurance company on the European continent was specialized in insuring ocean-going vessels — not a surprising choice in a port city like Rotterdam. Today, a.s.r. is a major Dutch insurance group based in Utrecht.
Nelleke Smits is part of the Analytics lab in the Digital Innovation team. Because a.s.r. is a decentralized organization, she worked together with different business units for her process mining projects in the Medical Report, Complaints, and Life Product Expiration areas. During these projects, she realized that different organizational approaches are needed for different situations.
For example, in some situations, a report with recommendations can be created by the process mining analyst after an intake and a few interactions with the business unit. In other situations, interactive process mining workshops are necessary to align all the stakeholders. And there are also situations, where the process mining analysis can be carried out by analysts in the business unit themselves in a continuous manner. Nelleke shares her criteria to determine when which approach is most suitable.
Tutorial for Estimating Broad and Narrow Sense Heritability using RAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This tutorial document provides steps to estimate broad and narrow sense heritability using R. It explains how to format phenotype and genotype data files, load required packages, set the working directory, import data files into R, calculate broad sense heritability using only phenotype data, and calculate narrow sense heritability using both phenotype and genotype data. The document also provides contact information for questions and links to additional tutorials.
This tutorial provides instructions for creating Manhattan plots from genome-wide association study (GWAS) results in circular and rectangular forms using the R package CMplot. It describes how to format and import a GWAS data file, install and load the CMplot package, generate Manhattan plots with different parameters, and find additional tutorials. The key steps are to format the GWAS data as a CSV file with SNPs, chromosomes, positions and p-values, read in the file using R, and run the CMplot function to produce circular, rectangular and QQ plots.
Genomic Selection with Bayesian Generalized Linear Regression model using RAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This document provides a tutorial for performing genomic prediction using Bayesian Generalized Linear Regression (BGLR) models in R. It describes downloading and installing necessary software, formatting genotype, phenotype, and kinship matrix files as inputs, and provides the R code to run BGLR for genomic prediction. The tutorial explains fitting the BGLR model, making predictions, and evaluating goodness of fit and variance components. Users are instructed to check prediction accuracy by correlating predictive and actual phenotypic values.
Genome-wide association mapping identifies genomic regions associated with phenotypes by analyzing phenotypic and genotypic data. Phenotypic data includes traits like flowering time and yield, while genotypic data consists of genetic markers spanning the genome. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly used markers. Association mapping fits statistical models to test for association between each SNP and the phenotype. Accounting for population structure and relatedness through mixed models reduces false positives. Significant associations between SNPs and traits suggest the SNP directly affects the trait or is linked to a causal variant. Results are visualized through Manhattan plots and QQ-plots.
Nutrient availability response to sulfur amendment in histosols having variab...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
This study examined the effects of sulfur amendment on soil pH and nutrient availability in organic soils with varying levels of calcium carbonates in the Everglades Agricultural Area of Florida. The study included four rates of elemental sulfur (0, 90, 224, 448 kg/ha) and three levels of added calcium carbonate (0%, 12.5%, 50% by volume) in a greenhouse pot experiment with sugarcane. The results showed that sulfur amendment had little effect on soil pH across all calcium carbonate levels due to the strong buffering capacity of the soils. Higher calcium carbonate levels significantly increased soil pH. While sulfur increased sulfate levels in the soil, it did not enhance other nutrient availability, possibly due to the inability
Sugarcane yield and plant nutrient response to sulfur amended everglades hist...Avjinder (Avi) Kaler
This study evaluated the effects of elemental sulfur application rates and calcium carbonate levels on sugarcane yield, plant nutrients, and soil pH in Everglades Histosols. Four sulfur rates and three calcium carbonate levels were tested in a factorial experiment. Leaf samples were taken twice during the growing season and analyzed for nutrient concentrations. At harvest, sugarcane yield components were measured. Results showed that sulfur amendment and calcium carbonate levels had limited effects on yield, leaf nutrients, and soil pH. Most leaf nutrients were within optimum ranges except for nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and manganese. Soil pH, phosphorus, and manganese concentrations were important predictors of sugarcane yield.
R code descriptive statistics of phenotypic data by Avjinder KalerAvjinder (Avi) Kaler
This document provides code examples for conducting descriptive statistics and modeling of phenotypic data in R. It covers reading data into R, calculating summary statistics like means and standard deviations, exploring data distributions through histograms and QQ plots, transforming data, fitting and comparing linear and logistic regression models, and assessing model diagnostics. The goal is to analyze phenotypic data, identify appropriate transformations and models, and check assumptions.
Population genetics focuses on the frequencies and distribution of genes in populations. It combines Darwin's theory of evolution with Mendelian genetics and molecular biology. There are several forces that can change allelic and genotypic frequencies in a population over time, including mutation, natural selection, migration between populations, and genetic drift. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes the relationship between gene and genotypic frequencies in a population, where the frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation if these evolutionary forces are not present.
1) Quantitative genetics focuses on inheritance of quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes and influenced by the environment.
2) A basic single-gene model is used to explain quantitative genetic theory, including calculations of population mean, genetic effects, and variance components.
3) More complex multi-gene models and analyses like ANOVA and heritability are then introduced to better capture quantitative traits controlled by numerous genes and environmental influences.
This document discusses abiotic stress in plants. It defines plant stress and describes how environmental factors like water deficit, salinity, temperature extremes, and mineral deficiencies can stress plants. It explains how plants acclimate and adapt to stress through physiological and morphological changes. The document outlines various stress sensing, signaling pathways and hormonal responses in plants, as well as developmental and antioxidant mechanisms that help protect plants from abiotic stress. Developing crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance is an important goal.
This document provides two methods for calculating seed rates for experiments: by plot and by row.
The method for calculating by plot uses the formula of seed density per acre x plot size. An example is shown for a soybean experiment with a seed density of 150,000 seeds per acre and a plot size of 75 square feet, resulting in a seed rate of 259 seeds per plot.
The method for calculating by row uses the formula of seed density per acre x row length x row spacing. An example is shown for soybeans with a seed density of 150,000 seeds per acre, row length of 18 feet, and row spacing of 18 inches, resulting in a seed rate of 93 seeds per row. The total
This R code document contains code for implementing the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian mixture models with 1, 2, and 3 clusters of data. The code includes functions for the EM steps, starting values, and plotting the results. It applies the EM algorithm to real datasets with 1 and 2 dimensions and to a simulated 3 cluster dataset.
R code can be used for various data manipulation tasks such as creating, recoding, and renaming variables; sorting and merging datasets; aggregating and reshaping data; and subsetting datasets. Specific R functions and operations allow users to efficiently manipulate data frames through actions like transposing data, calculating summary statistics, and selecting subsets of observations and variables.
R code can be used for various data manipulation tasks such as creating, recoding, and renaming variables; sorting and merging datasets; aggregating and reshaping data; and subsetting datasets. Specific R functions and operations allow users to efficiently manipulate data frames through actions like transposing data, calculating summary statistics, and selecting subsets of observations and variables.
This document discusses multiple linear regression analysis. It begins by defining a multiple regression equation that describes the relationship between a response variable and two or more explanatory variables. It notes that multiple regression allows prediction of a response using more than one predictor variable. The document outlines key elements of multiple regression including visualization of relationships, statistical significance testing, and evaluating model fit. It provides examples of interpreting multiple regression output and using the technique to predict outcomes.
This document discusses correlation and linear regression. It defines correlation as the association between two variables, which can be positive, negative, or non-existent. Linear correlation exists when plotted points approximate a straight line. The correlation coefficient r measures the strength of a linear relationship between -1 and 1. Linear regression finds the linear relationship that best fits the data using a regression equation to predict y values from x. Multiple linear regression extends this to use multiple explanatory variables.
The document discusses simple linear regression. It defines key terms like regression equation, regression line, slope, intercept, residuals, and residual plot. It provides examples of using sample data to generate a regression equation and evaluating that regression model. Specifically, it shows generating a regression equation from bivariate data, checking assumptions visually through scatter plots and residual plots, and interpreting the slope as the marginal change in the response variable from a one unit change in the explanatory variable.
This document provides an overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques, including one-way and two-way ANOVA. It defines key terms like factors, interactions, F distribution, and multiple comparison tests. For one-way ANOVA, it explains how to test if three or more population means are equal. For two-way ANOVA, it notes you must first test for interactions between two factors before testing their individual effects. The Tukey test is introduced for identifying specifically which group means differ following rejection of a one-way ANOVA null hypothesis.
- The sample mean is the best estimate of the population mean and can be used to construct confidence intervals to estimate the true population mean.
- There are two situations when estimating a population mean: when the population standard deviation (σ) is known, and when σ is unknown.
- When σ is known, a z-test is used. When σ is unknown, a t-test is used since the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation.
The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and statistical graphs, including measures of center such as mean, median, and mode, measures of variation such as range and standard deviation, and different types of statistical graphs like histograms, boxplots, and normal distributions. It discusses key concepts like outliers, percentiles, quartiles, sampling distributions, and the central limit theorem. The document is intended to describe important statistical tools and concepts for summarizing and describing the characteristics of data sets.
The history of a.s.r. begins 1720 in “Stad Rotterdam”, which as the oldest insurance company on the European continent was specialized in insuring ocean-going vessels — not a surprising choice in a port city like Rotterdam. Today, a.s.r. is a major Dutch insurance group based in Utrecht.
Nelleke Smits is part of the Analytics lab in the Digital Innovation team. Because a.s.r. is a decentralized organization, she worked together with different business units for her process mining projects in the Medical Report, Complaints, and Life Product Expiration areas. During these projects, she realized that different organizational approaches are needed for different situations.
For example, in some situations, a report with recommendations can be created by the process mining analyst after an intake and a few interactions with the business unit. In other situations, interactive process mining workshops are necessary to align all the stakeholders. And there are also situations, where the process mining analysis can be carried out by analysts in the business unit themselves in a continuous manner. Nelleke shares her criteria to determine when which approach is most suitable.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a leading science and technology laboratory under the direction of the Department of Energy.
Hilda Klasky is part of the R&D Staff of the Systems Modeling Group in the Computational Sciences & Engineering Division at ORNL. To prepare the data of the radiology process from the Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse for her process mining analysis, Hilda had to condense and pre-process the data in various ways. Step by step she shows the strategies that have worked for her to simplify the data to the level that was required to be able to analyze the process with domain experts.
Wil van der Aalst gave the closing keynote at camp. He started with giving an overview of the progress that has been made in the process mining field over the past 20 years. Process mining unlocks great potential but also comes with a huge responsibility. Responsible data science focuses on positive technological breakthroughs and aims to prevent “pollution” by “bad data science”.
Wil gave us a sneak peek at current responsible process mining research from the area of ‘fairness’ (how to draw conclusions from data that are fair without sacrificing accuracy too much) and ‘confidentiality’ (how to analyze data without revealing secrets). While research can provide some solutions by developing new techniques, understanding these risks is a responsibility of the process miner.
Snowflake training | Snowflake online courseAccentfuture
Kickstart your cloud data journey with our Snowflake online course. This online Snowflake training is perfect for beginners eager to learn Snowflake. Enroll in the best Snowflake online training to master cloud data warehousing through hands-on labs and expert-led sessions.
Ann Naser Nabil- Data Scientist Portfolio.pdfআন্ নাসের নাবিল
I am a data scientist with a strong foundation in economics and a deep passion for AI-driven problem-solving. My academic journey includes a B.Sc. in Economics from Jahangirnagar University and a year of Physics study at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, providing me with a solid interdisciplinary background and a sharp analytical mindset.
I have practical experience in developing and deploying machine learning and deep learning models across a range of real-world applications. Key projects include:
AI-Powered Disease Prediction & Drug Recommendation System – Deployed on Render, delivering real-time health insights through predictive analytics.
Mood-Based Movie Recommendation Engine – Uses genre preferences, sentiment, and user behavior to generate personalized film suggestions.
Medical Image Segmentation with GANs (Ongoing) – Developing generative adversarial models for cancer and tumor detection in radiology.
In addition, I have developed three Python packages focused on:
Data Visualization
Preprocessing Pipelines
Automated Benchmarking of Machine Learning Models
My technical toolkit includes Python, NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, Keras, Matplotlib, and Seaborn. I am also proficient in feature engineering, model optimization, and storytelling with data.
Beyond data science, my background as a freelance writer for Earki and Prothom Alo has refined my ability to communicate complex technical ideas to diverse audiences.
Peeling the onion: How to move through multiple discovery and analysis cyclesProcess mining Evangelist
AGCO Finance is a joint venture between the global financial solutions partner DLL and AGCO, an agricultural equipment manufacturer. Sjoerd is working in AGCO Finance’s operations function. He focuses on improving efficiency and service levels.
At first, Sjoerd was reluctant to do the process mining analysis himself. He is grateful that he did so because learning the process mining part is easy if you have the process and domain knowledge.
Process mining has given him a fresh perspective on the different paths and steps in his processes. However, he needed to apply his domain knowledge to iterate through discovery, questions, and analysis cycles. With every new iteration, you will get more of the necessary insights that enable you to take steps to improve your business.
From Data to Insight: How News Aggregator APIs Deliver Contextual IntelligenceContify
Turning raw headlines into actionable insights, businesses rely on smart tools to stay ahead. News aggregator API collects and enriches content from multiple sources, adding sentiment, relevance, and context. This intelligence helps organizations track trends, monitor competition, and respond swiftly to change—transforming data into strategic advantage.
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