Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traffic Program) in Korea

Lee, Jonghak Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 5) January 2016, pp.65-70
www.ijera.com 65 | P a g e
Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using
Big Data (Traffic Program) in Korea
Lee, Jonghak*
*(Position: Senior Researcher / Company: WISE Institute, / Address: 11F Centennial Complex, Hankuk Univ.
of Foreign Studies, 81 Oedae-ro, Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-791, Republic of
Korea)
ABSTRACT
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic
violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the
effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator’s data during ten-year period were used. This
study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic
safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety
education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even
though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is
made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic
violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Keywords - Traffic Safety Education Program, Traffic Violators, Traffic Accident, Social Benefits.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, Korea has been devoting to focus on
prevention of traffic accidents through traffic safety
facilities improvement and enforcement. However,
the driver's road safety awareness is equally as
important as the improvement of traffic safety
facilities. In traffic accidents, 95% of all accidents are
known as human factors (Sabey & Taylor, 1980).
Among human factors, the driver who does not have
a good driving habits can cause a traffic accident
through failure of safe driving. Since traffic accidents
are primarily caused by the negligence of the driver,
driver's safety awareness will be able to cultivate
with education for factors such as drunk driving and
failure of traffic light which could cause a traffic
accident. Therefore, the role of road safety education
which can prevent the car accident in advance can be
so important.
So far, even emphasizing traffic safety
education, the case demonstrating a quantitative level
of the education effect is insufficient, because there
are significant difficulties to show the effects of
transportation safety training visibly. Training effects
are not response immediately right after training, but
gradually changing and because changes in the level
of traffic safety is different for each individual,
changes in attitudes and behavior by individuals
occurring after a period of time are difficult to
investigate.
However, recognizing the importance of safety
and doing efforts to reduce accidents are sympathetic
to the people. Thus, through quantifying research
about the effect of education to persuade members of
society and the attempt to pull up traffic safety
culture in Korea to the level of developed countries is
needed. With these background and purpose, this
study has tracked drivers' changes who were educated
by traffic violations during the past 10 years
(2003~2012). Comparison of the lead-time by each
education, comparison of educational reasons,
analysis of re-violation within 10 years after
completion of education, and accident occurrence
likelihood were analyzed.
II. LITERATURE LIVIEW
2.1 Human Factors of Drivers
1) Mental Load and Stress
Load means the outward force exerted on the
structure and thus, psychological load refers to forces
outside environment applied to mental abilities such
as cognition, memory, and judgement. And stress is
defined as the following three methods by the load.
- Physiological responses such as blood pressure
rises, the heart beats, and the headache (stress is
response)
- External stimuli such as testing, closure, war, and
natural disasters (stress is stimulation)
- By the definition of stress in terms of an
inappropriate relationship between the individual and
the environment, threat to their welfare and well-
being to be assessed and burden on their resources or
the rated condition to exceed the resource, and the
inappropriate relationship among person
According to Kim H. T, et al (2003),
experiencing stress results to the following negative
consequences. First of all, cognitive function and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

normal social relationship can be damaged, and
psychological problems and mental disorders often
cause and the resulting impacts on traffic violations
and accidents. However, stress is not necessarily
result in negative consequences only. Some degree of
stress caters our needs and with stress experience, the
personal growth can be promoted, and today's stress
can raise immune system about tomorrow 's similar
stress. Küting (1976) concluded that the factors of
load/burden on the driving activity refers to the
load/burden from traffic conditions (traffic density,
running speed), situation (overtaking, curves,
diverging, and intersections), driving duration time,
driving with drugs. In particular, actions-cell phone
calls, food intake, smoking which are not related with
driving, results in the dispersion of caution and the
increasing psychological load which affect traffic
violations and accidents.
2) Factors which affect the Violation of Drivers
According to Road Traffic Safety Association
(1998), maturity, patience, impulse control
characteristics, attention concentration, driving
attitude, and integrity are defined as human factors
which affect to driver violations and accidents.
Maladaptive aspects of the drivers that human factors
explains are represented by antipathy for institutions,
desire satisfy and the lack of social adaptation. In
Park. J. H., et al. (1997) research, characteristics of
schizophrenia, paranoia, scleronychia were highly
related with psychological factors involved in a
traffic accident by bus drivers among integrity,
compliance attitude, responsibility. Moreover, in the
same study, drivers who have low levels of integrity
and responsibility and negative thinking to driving
rules had more accident experiences relatively. In
addition, drivers with the high score in schizophrenia,
paranoia and hypomania scales were identified to
have more violations. Specially, in terms of drinking
and driving behavior, Chae. G. M, et al. (2002)
reported drivers who had high levels of impulsivity,
lack of ability to discriminate the objectivity risk, and
social resentment had tried a lot of drinking and
driving resulting to accident experiences. Choi. S. J.
et al. (2001) showed that overly driving confidence,
low risk sensitivity level and characteristics of short-
term profit made drivers drunk driving. Human
factors related with drunk driving by Choi. M. H. et
al. (2004) were identified as impulsivity, non-
compliance, lack of patience for the frustration, rule
ignoring preference and indifference to their action.
In other words, a number of researchers concluded
the common factors to drunk driving attempts were
low levels of impulse control ability, risk sensitivity,
and a spirit of obeying laws.
With respect to speeding and reckless driving,
Song. H. S. et al. (2005) suggested driver's anger
level was presented as an important cause. That is,
drivers with high levels of driving anger attempted to
leave the roadway to escape road congestion which
leads to increase the likelihood of intervention of car
crashes. Based on the simulation results, drivers with
high level of anxiety relative to other drivers showed
a faster traveling speed and in congestion situation,
plenty of attempts of leaving roadway to escape the
situation from the result of the large steering wheel
deviation and speed deviation. Vingilis, Stoduto, et
al. (1994) reported that the level of anger and
neurotic of drivers experienced drunk driving
accidents was higher than that of drivers experienced
no accidents, so that anger and neurotic were the
major factors to explain the drunk driving behavior.
In terms of certain psychological factors related with
dangerous driving behavior in Miles, Johnson
(2003)'s research, low level of patience and potential
aggression called Type A personality and drivers
with strong Type A showed the driving pattern
characteristic that 'driving as fast as possible if he/she
has a fixed destination or passengers need to calm
driver often, or speed of his/her driveway is the
slowest'
3) Relation between Violation of Drivers and Human
Factors
Lee. S. C. (2006) showed on his research that if
age is increasing, levels of violation behavior reduced
dramatically. However, the level of errors and error
behavior is decreasing and the confidence level of
their driving skills and behaviors the elderly thinking
was lower than those of young people. Based on the
result about elderly driver confidence level by Lee. S.
C. et al. (2006), older drivers were confirmed that
subjective confidence level was relatively low in
terms of physical external environmental (poor
weather, the lighting condition driving at night,
traffic volume increase, etc.). On the other hands,
Parker, et al. (1995) argued that when there was a
problem at thoroughness of decision making state,
the likelihood of accident increased, and explained
that mistaking action was increasing when drivers
had no plan or logical thinking.
4) Cause of Accident and Risky Driving Behavior
According to Rotter (1966)'s concept, locus of
controls means causal beliefs which individuals
percept on the result of their actions and causes and
this could be divided by internal control and external
control. Abramowitz (1969) showed according to the
consequences of the act over control person
perceived, generally, people-oriented internal locus
of control appeared to be favorable in terms of mental
health and stress.
2.2 Traffic Safety Education Program
1) South Korea

South Korea's traffic safety education (in charge
of Road Transport Corporation) applies segmental
education courses depending on the education target
and each course has a different education time and
educational contents. When training is completed,
certain benefits such as reducing license suspension
period and demerit are given, however, education to
drivers with license cancellation is a required course
to re-acquire the license, which is composed of
lecture and audio-visual education. Education time of
special traffic safety education consists of at least
4hrs (16hrs at most) and as the reason for education
is worsen, education strength is harder. Especially, in
the case of 3times drunk driving, lecture and audio-
visual education are needed at first and then 12hrs
another education including driving simulator will be
planed.
2) USA
Driver's education in USA is carried out by
Highway Safety Program Manual which is different
in each state. In Massachusetts, an education called
ASAP (Alcohol & Substance Abuse Program) is
proceeded to a first offender. This program is
composed of various treatment plans and 32hrs
psycho-educational session for a first offender and
for two times loser, additional outpatient treatment
and probation process are added. In California, laws
offender needs to complete specific training in
Traffic Violator School instead of monetary penalty
and as occasion demands, practical education process
is conducted at the facility where the department of
motor vehicles set. In addition, a variety of license
cancellation education programs such as CRASH in
Vermont, DWI program in Texas, and NCADD in
North Carolina exist.
3) Germany
Transportation Safety Board carries out
improvement programs for young drivers with illegal
career in terms of driving. According to the related
laws, drivers need to prove their driving abilities
through the fact that they are not relevant to accidents
and violations during 2years grace periods.
Beginning drivers who experienced accidents or
violations are assessed with highly dangerous
likelihood of accidents.
Group of driver's improvement program consists
of 6~12 people and includes debates about 4 subjects
and 1-time driving practice, which supports the
opportunity for participants to observe their driving
behaviors. Especially, inexperienced drivers with
DUI are allowed to attend special alcohol safety
program to prevent the future DUI.
4) Japan
Japan has a total of 13-segment driver training
courses under Road Traffic Act 108. Among courses,
traffic safety educations are divided by a short course
(6hrs), a middle course (10hrs), and a long course
(12hrs) for drivers with suspension from violations or
accidents.
2.3 Summary
According to the literature reviews, there are
characteristics as follows. In most countries,
educations for drivers with accident or violation are
not for a punishment, but for a responsibility that
drivers could feel about what they did. This way
allows them to predict the future consequences of
their actions objectively, and is focused on the
prevention of accidents. In addition, most of traffic
safety training program includes volunteer
motivations such as lecture and audio-visual
education, and small group discussion and counseling
for behavior change. Also, in most developed
countries, control of hazard driving behavior is not
affected by not only traffic-related knowledge and
rational judgment, but also emotional state of drivers.
On this basis, we can know the research results
related to 'human factors' previously described. Since
the greater part of driver's dangerous behavior and
violations is related with human factors, systematic
approach in terms of human factors is necessary for
the traffic safety education. Therefore, the traffic
safety education for accident prevention needs to
develop diverse programs for drivers to understand
the traffic situation correctly and to prepare
countermeasures to correct drivers' hazard actions in
variety circumstances.
III. DATA ANAYSIS
3.1 Summary of Analysis
To analyze the impact of special traffic safety
education supported by Road Transport Corporation
for drivers with suspension and cancellation, drivers'
data who completed the educations from 2003 to
2012.
Among 3,712,479 cases of education from 2003 to
2012, 20,000 cases were extracted randomly and
through the process deleting the case of same driver,
total 14,059 cases were chosen as the final dataset,
enough for the sample number to represent the
number of drivers with completing traffic safety
training courses.
Based on the extracted data, a variety of analyses
such as personal characteristics, reason for training
(violation), and re-education were performed.
3.2 Analysis
1) Persons of Different Sexes
In data used in the analysis, male drivers account
for 89.6% (12,591cases) and female drivers do for
10.4% (1,468cases) out of 14,059 cases mentioned
previously (Table 1).

Table1.GenderofTrafficSafetyEducationProgramParticipants
Gender Frequency percentage
Men 12,591 89.6
Women 1,468 10.4
Total 14,059 100
2) Percentage of Age
In terms of the age distribution, the mean age
based on the 1st special traffic safety training is 40.86
years (S.D=10.36) and all ages are distributed from
min. 18 to max 82.
The 30s and 40s drivers have the highest rates of
31.3% and 32.3%, respectively, and 20s and 50s
show a similar percentage as 15.0% and 16.9%. In
case of over 60s, 4.3% is shown (Table 2).
Table2.AgeofParticipants
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
10 64 0.5
20 2,111 15.0
30 4,369 31.1
40 4,538 32.3
50 2,371 16.9
60 553 3.9
More than
70
53 0.4
Total 14,059 100.0
3) Educational Experience (Past 10Year)
According to the past 10 years education experie
nce, the number of people with one time education ex
perience is 13,665 (97.2%), those with two-times edu
cation experience is 370 (2.6%), those with three-tim
es is 17 (0.1%).
4) Reasons of Traffic Safety Education Program
The result of 1st special traffic safety education a
nalysis shows that the largest proportion of reason for
violation is drinking and driving (34.09%) with bloo
d alcohol content 0.05~0.1%. The second largest reas
on is drunk driving over 0.1% BAC, and signal violat
ion (7.71%), violation of safe driving duties (5.33%),
midline involvement (4.95%) in a row (Table 3).
Table3.ReasonsofTrafficSafetyEducationProgram(First)Participation
Reasons Frequency percentage
Drunk Driving
(0.05%~0.1%)
5,108 34.09
DIW (more than 0.1) 3,747 25.01
Traffic Signal 1,155 7.71
Violation
Traffic Safety
Obligation Violation
799 5.33
Central line
Violation
741 4.95
Drunk Driving
Offenders
580 3.87
Non-Renewal of
Regular Aptitude
Test
572 3.82
The Others 2,280 15.22
Total 14,982 100.00
The result of two-times special traffic safety educatio
n analysis shows the similar distribution with the one
-time's case. The largest proportion of reason for viol
ation is drinking and driving (36.41%) with blood alc
ohol content 0.05~0.1%. The second largest reason is
signal violation (22.79%), violation of safe driving d
uties (12.73%), midline involvement (10.06%) in a ro
w. The largest proportion of reason for violation in th
ree-times special traffic safety education distribution
is signal violation 35.14%), violation of safe driving
duties (21.62%), and midline involvement(21.62%),
which are similar violation pattern except drinking dr
iving behavior. Finally, in case of four times educatio
n, although cases are rare, signal violation (41.67%),
and violation of safe driving duties (16.67%) have a h
igher rate than others, which is similar with the other
cases. Based on the results above, the biggest reason f
or special traffic safety education is drunk driving an
d the violation rate is decreasing as the education rep
eats. On the other hands, the frequency of signal viola
tion, violation of safe driving duties, midline involve
ment are reducing, however, continuous small occurr
ence happens.
3.3 Analysis of Traffic Violation and Traffic
Accident Recurrence
In order to examine the ratio of violations again
after the previous education, cross analysis was
conducted. In this analysis, traffic violation, drunk
driving, and accident offend were divided in terms of
classes, because many details existed in violations.
First of all, the result between 1st and 2nd education
shows out of 394 people, 104 people undergo
retraining with the same violations, 144 does with
drunk driving, and 8 does with accident offend (Table
4). That is, out of 394 people in 2nd education, 64%
of people (256) undergo training again with the
previous violations.
Table4.Cross-sectionAnalysisofReasonsofTrafficSafetyEducationProgram
Participation(First-Second)
Type Second Total

Traffic
Violati
on
Drunk
Drivi
ng
Accide
nt
Offend
First
Traffic
Violation
104 38 20 162
Drunk
Driving
43 144 7 194
Accident
Offend
20 10 8 38
Total 167 192 35 394
3.4 Traffic Violationafter Traffic Safety Education
Programwithin 10 Years
The data used in this analysis are the education i
nformation from 2003 to 2012 so that there was a diff
iculty to analyze the inhibitory effect of recurrent in a
ccordance with education due to different time of viol
ation happening. Therefore, to analyze the likelihood
of re-violation/accident after 10 years of education, d
river’s data who completed the 1st traffic safety educ
ation in 2003 only were used. Out of 1,057 drivers, 9
50 (89.9%) were male drivers and others (107, 10.1%
) were female drivers, and 39.47years was the averag
e age with standard deviation of 10.11. All data were
from min. 18 to max. 72.
The average period between initial licensure and
1st education was 10.4 years (3808.9 days, s.d=2409.
32) and between 1st and 2nd education was 6.1 years
(2241.69 days, s.d=4413.70), and between 2nd and 3r
d was 2.9 years (1065.75 days, s.d=798.66), finally, a
round 1.8 years (653 days) were spent between 3rd a
nd 4th education. Similar average value is shown wit
h those who completed the entire training during 10 y
ears (2003~2012). Status of education completed is 9
72 (96.2%) at 1st education, 74 (7.0%) at 2nd educati
on, 3 (0.3%) at 3rd education, and 1 (0.1%) at 4th edu
cation.
Figure 1 Fig. 1 Number of Traffic Safety Education
Program Completion from 2003 to 2012 Year
Based on this result, effect of violation/accident
again after 1st special traffic safety education explore
s that among 1,057 drivers, 78 drivers (7.3%) underg
o retraining after 1st education, and others (92.6%) ar
e shown they did not experience violations or acciden
ts which would be the reason of education.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
In summary of the analysis on the special traffic
safety education effect by Road Transport
Corporation during 10 years (2003~2012), prevention
effect of re-violations or accidents is around 92.6%.
When prevention effect is equivalent to accident cost,
huge effect could take place. However, when
considering the size of the driver is relatively
constant in each year and total accidents in Korea is
declined, new influx into special traffic safety
education will be continues by dangerous behaviors
of those who did not complete the educations
That is, although special traffic safety education
is excellent to prevent violation and accident, this
program is for drivers who violated rules or
committed accidents. On the other hands, those who
do not have an experience of this program have a
potential danger on the road. Consequently, road
traffic corporation should be prepared for the
effectiveness of accident prevention through
education. Further studies can be needed to evaluate
how traffic violators change their attitudes about
traffic law abidance based on weather conditions,
which is known for severity of car accidents, but very
little is known of psychology reasons how affect
driver’s behavior in weather conditions.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Weather
Information System Service Engine Program of the
Korea Meteorological Administration under Grant
KMIPA-2012-0001-1
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[7] Road Transport Corporation, Status of
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Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traffic Program) in Korea

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