The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 11 of 189

Ring Documentation, Release 1.6
GLUT_BITMAP_HELVETICA_18
</constant>
5.13 Better Documentation Generator for Extensions
The documentation generator for extensions is updated to generate a list of constants in the generated documentation
The previous versions provides the functions prototype only, Now we have the list of constants too.
5.14 Ring VM - Tracing Functions
In Ring 1.5 the next functions are added to Ring VM
• RingVM_SetTrace(cCode)
• RingVM_TraceData() –> aDataList
• RingVM_TraceEvent() –> nTraceEvent
• RingVM_TraceFunc() –> cCode
• RingVM_ScopesCount() –> nScopes
• RingVM_EvalInScope(nScope,cCode)
• RingVM_PassError()
• RingVM_HideErrorMsg(lStatus)
• RingVM_CallFunc(cFuncName)
Example:
load "tracelib.ring"
ringvm_settrace("mytrace()")
see "Hello, world!" + nl
see "Welcome" + nl
see "How are you?" +nl
mytest()
new myclass { mymethod() }
func mytest
see "Message from mytest" + nl
func mytrace
see "====== The Trace function is Active ======" + nl +
"Trace Function Name : " + ringvm_TraceFunc() + nl +
"Trace Event : "
switch ringvm_TraceEvent()
on TRACEEVENT_NEWLINE see "New Line"
on TRACEEVENT_NEWFUNC see "New Function"
on TRACEEVENT_RETURN see "Return"
on TRACEEVENT_ERROR see "Error"
on TRACEEVENT_BEFORECFUNC see "Before C Function"
on TRACEEVENT_AFTERCFUNC see "After C Function"
off
5.13. Better Documentation Generator for Extensions 73

see nl +
"Line Number : " + ringvm_tracedata()[TRACEDATA_LINENUMBER] + nl +
"File Name : " + ringvm_tracedata()[TRACEDATA_FILENAME] + nl +
"Function Name : " + ringvm_tracedata()[TRACEDATA_FUNCNAME] + nl +
"Method or Function : "
if ringvm_tracedata()[TRACEDATA_METHODORFUNC] =
TRACEDATA_METHODORFUNC_METHOD
see "Method"
else
if ringvm_tracedata()[TRACEDATA_FUNCNAME] = NULL
see "Command"
else
see "Function"
ok
ok
see nl + Copy("=",42) + nl
class myclass
func mymethod
see "Message from mymethod" + nl
Output:
====== The Trace function is Active ======
Trace Function Name : mytrace()
Trace Event : After C Function
Line Number : 3
File Name : test1.ring
Function Name : ringvm_settrace
Method or Function : Function
==========================================
Trace Event : New Line
Line Number : 5
Function Name :
Method or Function : Command
==========================================
Hello, world!
Line Number : 6
Function Name :
==========================================
Welcome
Line Number : 7
Function Name :
==========================================
How are you?
5.14. Ring VM - Tracing Functions 74

Line Number : 8
Function Name :
==========================================
Trace Event : New Function
Line Number : 8
Function Name : mytest
==========================================
Line Number : 12
==========================================
Message from mytest
Line Number : 14
==========================================
Trace Event : Return
Line Number : 8
Function Name :
==========================================
Line Number : 9
Function Name :
==========================================
Line Number : 43
Function Name :
==========================================

Trace Event : Before C Function
Line Number : 9
Function Name : ismethod
==========================================
Line Number : 9
==========================================
Trace Event : New Function
Line Number : 9
Function Name : mymethod
Method or Function : Method
==========================================
Line Number : 44
Function Name : mymethod
Method or Function : Method
==========================================
Message from mymethod
Trace Event : Return
Line Number : 9
Function Name :
==========================================
Line Number : 9
==========================================
Line Number : 9
==========================================

Line Number : 9
==========================================
Line Number : 9
==========================================
Line Number : 11
Function Name :
==========================================
5.15 Trace Library and Interactive Debugger
Ring 1.5 comes with the Trace Library and the Interactive Debugger
Using this library we can trace events, execute programs line by line, open the Interactive Debugger when an error
happens or at breakpoints.
Example:
The next example uses a Breakpoint to open the Interactive Debugger!
load "tracelib.ring"
test1()
func test1
x = 10
see :test1 + nl
t = 12
BreakPoint()
see "After breakpoint!" +nl
see "t = " + t + nl
see "End of program!" + nl
Screen Shots:
We have the Interactive Debugger at the Breakpoint!
5.15. Trace Library and Interactive Debugger 77

We can print the variables values
We can change the variables values then continue execution
We can run the Interactive Debugger in the Output Window
5.15. Trace Library and Interactive Debugger 78

5.16 More Syntax Flexibility
• Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
import mypackage
new myclass {
myfunc()
}
package mypackage
{
class myclass
{
func myfunc
{
print("Hello, World!n")
}
}
}
• Using ‘end’ keyword after Packages/Classes/Functions
Example:
import mypackage
new myclass {
myfunc()
}
5.16. More Syntax Flexibility 79

package mypackage
class myclass
def myfunc
put "Hello, World!"
end
end
end
• Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Packages/Classes/Functions
Example:
import mypackage
new myclass { myfunc() }
package mypackage
class myclass
func myfunc
see "welcome" + nl
endfunc
endclass
endpackage
5.17 Type Hints Library
Ring 1.5 comes with the Type Hints library
Using this library we can add the type information to the source code which will be very useful for tools like
• Code Editors
• Static-Analysis
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
see sum(3,4) + nl ;
see sayHello("Mahmoud");
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
The library is very powerful and support the User types (Classes) automatically!
Example:
import mypackage
test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) }
5.17. Type Hints Library 80

myclass func test() {
see "Testing User Types!" + nl
return new myclass
}
package mypackage {
public class myclass {
public static void func main(list args) {
see "welcome" + nl
see args
}
}
}
Also You can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype)
Example:
int sum = sum(3,4)
string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud")
see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
Rules:
• To use the types in the function prototype, You must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters
• To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment).
Note: Ring is a dynamic language, No type checking will be done by the compiler.
5.18 Better Quality
Based on Ring usage every day in practical projects
Ring 1.5 is more stable and more productive!
We are adding features based on clear vision and practical needs.
Also the documentation is better.
5.19 What is new in Ring 1.5.1?
• Better Documentation
5.18. Better Quality 81

• StdLib - Factorial() function update
• RingVM - Better code for clearing the stack in the Class Region.
• Sample : 3D Cube (OpenGL) + Texture Image using GameLib (RingAllegro)
Source Code:
load "gamelib.ring"
load "opengl21lib.ring"
func main
new GraphicsApp {
start()
}
class GraphicsApp from GraphicsAppBase
TITLE = "Ring Cube"
bitmap texture
xrot = 0.0
yrot = 0.0
zrot = 0.0
func loadresources
bitmap = al_load_bitmap("ring.bmp")
texture = al_get_opengl_texture(bitmap)
func destroyResources
al_destroy_bitmap(bitmap)
func drawScene
w = 800 h = 600
ratio = w / h
glViewport(0, 0, w, h)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
gluPerspective(45,ratio,1,100)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH)
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5)
glClearDepth(1.0)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE)
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)
glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
5.19. What is new in Ring 1.5.1? 82

The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 11 of 189

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The Ring programming language version 1.6 book - Part 11 of 189