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PURPOSE 1. To introduce the concept of scope
2. To understand the difference between static, local and global variables
3. To introduce the concept of functions that return a value
4. To introduce the concept of overloading functions
PROCEDURE 1. Students should read the Pre-lab Reading Assignment before coming to lab.
2. Students should complete the Pre-lab Writing Assignment before coming to lab.
3. In the lab, students should complete labs assigned to them by the instructor.
L E S S O N S E T
6.2 Functions that
Return aValue
Contents Pre-requisites
Approximate
completion
time
Page
number
Check
when
done
Pre-lab Reading Assignment 20 min. 92
Pre-lab Writing Assignment Pre-lab reading 10 min. 101
LESSON 6.2A
Lab 6.5
Scope of Variables Basic understanding of 15 min. 101
scope rules and
parameter passing
Lab 6.6
Parameters and Local Basic understanding of 35 min. 104
Variables formal and actual
parameters and local
variables
LESSON 6.2B
Lab 6.7
Value Returning and Understanding of value 30 min. 106
Overloading Functions returning functions and
overloaded functions
Lab 6.8
Student Generated Code Basic understanding of 30 min. 110
Assignments pass by reference and
value.
91

92 LESSON SET 6.2 Functions that Return a Value
PRE-LAB READING ASSIGNMENT
Scope
As mentioned in Lesson Set 6.1, the scope of an identifier (variable, constant, func-
tion, etc.) is an indication of where it can be accessed in a program. There can
be certain portions of a program where a variable or other identifier can not be
accessed for use. Such areas are considered out of the scope for that particular
identifier. The header (the portion of the program before main) has often been
referred to as the global section. Any identifier defined or declared in this area
is said to have global scope, meaning it can be accessed at any time during the
execution of the program. Any identifier defined outside the bounds of all the func-
tions have global scope. Although most constants and all functions are defined
globally, variables should almost never be defined in this manner.
Local scope refers to identifiers defined within a block. They are active only
within the bounds of that particular block. In C++ a block begins with a left
brace { and ends with a right brace }. Since all functions (including main) begin
and end with a pair of braces, the body of a function is a block. Variables defined
within functions are called local variables (as opposed to global variables
which have global scope). Local variables can normally be accessed anywhere
within the function from the point where they are defined. However, blocks can
be defined within other blocks, and the scope of an identifier defined in such an
inner block would be limited to that inner block. A function’s formal parameters
(Lesson Set 6.1) have the same scope as local variables defined in the outmost
block of the function. This means that the scope of a formal parameter is the entire
function. The following sample program illustrates some of these scope rules.
Sample Program 6.2a:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const PI = 3.14;
void printHeading();
int main()
{
float circle;
cout << "circle has local scope that extends the entire main function"
<< endl;
{
float square;
cout << "square has local scope active for only a portion of main."
<< endl;
cout << "Both square and circle can be accessed here "
<< "as well as the global constant PI." << endl;
}

Pre-lab Reading Assignment 93
cout << "circle is active here, but square is not." << endl;
printHeading();
return 0;
}
void printHeading()
{
int triangle;
cout << "The global constant PI is active here "
<< "as well as the local variable triangle." << endl;
}
Notice that the nested braces within the outer braces of main()indicate another
block in which square is defined. square is active only within the bounds of the
inner braces while circle is active for the entire main function. Neither of
these are active when the function printHeading is called. triangle is a local
variable of the function printHeading and is active only when that function is
active. PI, being a global identifier, is active everywhere.
Formal parameters (Lesson Set 6.1) have the same scope as local variables
defined in the outmost block of the function. That means that the scope of for-
mal parameters of a function is the entire function. The question may arise about
variables with the same name. For example, could a local variable in the func-
tion printHeading of the above example have the name circle? The answer is
yes, but it would be a different memory location than the one defined in the
main function. There are rules of name precedence which determine which
memory location is active among a group of two or more variables with the
same name. The most recently defined variable has precedence over any other
variable with the same name. In the above example, if circle had been defined
in the printHeading function, then the memory location assigned with that def-
inition would take precedence over the location defined in main() as long as the
function printHeading was active.
Lifetime is similar but not exactly the same as scope. It refers to the time dur-
ing a program that an identifier has storage assigned to it.
Scope Rules
1. The scope of a global identifier, any identifier declared or defined outside
all functions, is the entire program.
2. Functions are defined globally. That means any function can call any other
function at any time.
3. The scope of a local identifier is from the point of its definition to the end
of the block in which it is defined. This includes any nested blocks that
may be contained within, unless the nested block has a variable defined in
it with the same name.
4. The scope of formal parameters is the same as the scope of local variables
defined at the beginning of the function.

Why are variables almost never defined globally? Good structured programming
assures that all communication between functions will be explicit through the use
of parameters. Global variables can be changed by any function. In large projects,
where more than one programmer may be working on the same program, glob-
al variables are unreliable since their values can be changed by any function or
any programmer. The inadvertent changing of global variables in a particular
function can cause unwanted side effects.
Static Local Variables
One of the biggest advantages of a function is the fact that it can be called mul-
tiple times to perform a job. This saves programming time and memory space.
The values of local variables do not remain between multiple function calls.
What this means is that the value assigned to a local variable of a function is lost
once the function is finished executing. If the same function is called again that
value will not necessarily be present for the local variable. Local variables start
“fresh,” in terms of their value, each time the function is called. There may be times
when a function needs to retain the value of a variable between calls. This can
be done by defining the variable to be static, which means it is initialized at
most once and its memory space is retained even after the function in which it
is defined has finished executing. Thus the lifetime of a static variable is differ-
ent than a normal local variable. Static variables are defined by placing the word
static before the data type and name of the variable as shown below.
static int totalPay = 0;
static float interestRate;
Default Arguments
Actual parameters (parameters used in the call to a function) are often called
arguments. Normally the number of actual parameters or arguments must equal
the number of formal parameters, and it is good programming practice to use this
one-to-one correspondence between actual and formal parameters. It is possible,
however, to assign default values to all formal parameters so that the calling
instruction does not have to pass values for all the arguments. Although these
default values can be specified in the function heading, they are usually defined
in the prototype. Certain actual parameters can be left out; however, if an actu-
al parameter is left out, then all the following parameters must also be left out.
For this reason, pass by reference arguments should be placed first (since by
their very nature they must be included in the call).
Sample Program 6.2b:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
void calNetPay(float& net, int hours=40, float rate=6.00);
// function prototype with default arguments specified
int main()
{

int hoursWorked = 20;
float payRate = 5.00;
float pay; // net pay calculated by the calNetPay function
cout << setprecision(2) << fixed << showpoint;
calNetPay(pay); // call to the function with only 1 parameter
cout << "The net pay is $" << pay << endl;
return 0;
}
//
**********************************************************************************
// calNetPay
//
// task: This function takes rate and hours and multiples them to
// get net pay (no deductions in this pay check!!!). It has two
// default parameters. If the third argument is missing from the
// call, 6.00 will be passed as the rate to this function. If the
// second and third arguments are missing from the call, 40 will be
// passed as the hours and 6.00 will be passed as the rate.
//
// data in: pay rate and time in hours worked
// data out: net pay (alters the corresponding actual parameter)
//
//
********************************************************************************
void calNetPay(float& net, int hours, float rate)
{
net = hours * rate;
}
What will happen if pay is not listed in the calling instruction? An error will occur
stating that the function can not take 0 arguments. The reason for this is that the
net formal parameter does not have a default value and so the call must have at
least one argument. In general there must be as many actual arguments as for-
mal parameters that do not have default values. Of course some or all default val-
ues can be overridden.
The following calls are all legal in the example program. Fill in the values that
the calNetpay function receives for hours and rate in each case. Also fill in the
value that you expect net pay to have for each call.
calNetPay(pay); The net pay is $
calNetPay receives the value of for hours and for rate.

calNetPay(pay,hoursWorked); The net pay is $
calNetPay(pay, hoursWorked, payRate); The net pay is $
The following are not correct. List what you think causes the error in each case.
calNetPay(pay, payRate);
calNetPay(hoursWorked, payRate);
calNetPay(payRate);
calNetPay();
Functions that Return a Value
The functions discussed in the previous lesson set are not “true functions” because
they do not return a value to the calling function. They are often referred to as
procedures in computer science jargon. True functions, or value returning func-
tions, are modules that return exactly one value to the calling routine. In C++ they
do this with a return statement. This is illustrated by the cubeIt function shown
in sample program 6.2c.
Sample Program 6.2c:
#include <iostream>
int cubeIt(int x); // prototype for a user defined function
// that returns the cube of the value passed
// to it.
int main()
{
int x = 2;
int cube;
cube = cubeIt(x); // This is the call to the cubeIt function.
cout << "The cube of " << x << " is " << cube << endl;
return 0;
}
//******************************************************************
// cubeIt
//
// task: This function takes a value and returns its cube
// data in: some value x
// data returned: the cube of x
//
//******************************************************************
int cubeIt(int x) // Notice that the function type is int
// rather than void
{

int num;
num = x * x * x;
return num;
}
The function cubeIt receives the value of x, which in this case is 2, and finds its
cube which is placed in the local variable num. The function then returns the val-
ue stored in num to the function call cubeIt(x). The value 8 replaces the entire
function call and is assigned to cube. That is, cube = cubeIt(x) is replaced with
cube = 8. It is not actually necessary to place the value to be returned in a local
variable before returning it. The entire cubeIt function could be written as follows:
int cubeIt(int x)
{
return x * x * x;
}
For value returning functions we replace the word void with the data type
of the value that is returned. Since these functions return one value, there should
be no effect on any parameters that are passed from the call. This means that all
parameters of value returning functions should be pass by value, NOT pass by
reference. Nothing in C++ prevents the programmer from using pass by reference
in value returning functions; however, they should not be used.
The calNetPay program (Sample Program 6.2b) has a module that calcu-
lates the net pay when given the hours worked and the hourly pay rate. Since it
calculates only one value that is needed by the call, it can easily be implement-
ed as a value returning function, instead of by having pay passed by reference.
Sample program 6.2d, which follows, modifies Program 6.2b in this manner.
Sample Program 6.2d:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
float calNetPay(int hours, float rate);
int main()
{
int hoursWorked = 20;
float payRate = 5.00;
float netPay;
netPay = calNetPay(hoursWorked, payRate);
cout << " The net pay is $" << netPay << endl;
return 0;
} continues

//******************************************************************************
// calNetPay
//
// task: This function takes hours worked and pay rate and multiplies
// them to get the net pay which is returned to the calling function.
//
// data in: hours worked and pay rate
// data returned: net pay
//
//******************************************************************************
float calNetPay(int hours, float rate)
{
return hours * rate;
}
Notice how this function is called.
paynet = calNetPay (hoursWorked, payRate);
This call to the function is not a stand-alone statement, but rather part of an
assignment statement. The call is used in an expression. In fact, the function will
return a floating value that replaces the entire right-hand side of the assignment
statement. This is the first major difference between the two types of functions
(void functions and value returning functions). A void function is called by just
listing the name of the function along with its arguments. A value returning func-
tion is called within a portion of some fundamental instruction (the right-hand side
of an assignment statement, condition of a selection or loop statement, or argu-
ment of a cout statement). As mentioned earlier, another difference is that in
both the prototype and function heading the word void is replaced with the
data type of the value that is returned. A third difference is the fact that a value
returning function MUST have a return statement. It is usually the very last
instruction of the function. The following is a comparison between the imple-
mentation as a procedure (void function) and as a value returning function.
Value Returning Function Procedure
PROTOTYPE float calNetPay (int hours, void calNetPay (float& net,
float rate); int hours, float rate);
CALL netpay=calNetPay (hoursWorked, calNetPay (pay, hoursWorked,
payRate); payRate);
HEADING float calNetPay (int hours, void calNetPay (float& net,
float rate) int hours, float rate)
BODY { {
return hours * rate; net = hours * rate;
} }
Functions can also return a Boolean data type to test whether a certain condition
exists (true) or not (false).

Overloading Functions
Uniqueness of identifier names is a vital concept in programming languages.
The convention in C++ is that every variable, function, constant, etc. name with
the same scope needs to be unique. However, there is an exception. Two or
more functions may have the same name as long as their parameters differ in quan-
tity or data type. For example, a programmer could have two functions with the
same name that do the exact same thing to variables of different data types.
Example: Look at the following prototypes of functions. All have the same
name, yet all can be included in the same program because each one differs
from the others either by the number of parameters or the data types of the
parameters.
int add(int a, int b, int c);
int add(int a, int b);
float add(float a, float b, float c);
float add(float a, float b);
When the add function is called, the actual parameter list of the call is used to deter-
mine which add function to call.
Stubs and Drivers
Many IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) have software debuggers
which are used to help locate logic errors; however, programmers often use
the concept of stubs and drivers to test and debug programs that use functions
and procedures. A stub is nothing more than a dummy function that is called
instead of the actual function. It usually does little more than write a message
to the screen indicating that it was called with certain arguments. In structured
design, the programmer often wants to delay the implementation of certain
details until the overall design of the program is complete. The use of stubs
makes this possible.
Sample Program 6.2e:
#include <iostream>
int findSqrRoot(int x); // prototype for a user defined function that
// returns the square root of the number passed to it
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Input the number whose square root you want." << endl;
cout << "Input a -99 when you would like to quit." << endl;
cin >> number;
while (number != -99)
{
continues

cout << "The square root of your number is "
<< findSqrRoot(number) << endl;
cout << "Input the number whose square root you want." << endl;
cout << "Input a -99 when you would like to quit." << endl;
cin >> number;
}
return 0;
}
int findSqrRoot(int x)
{
cout << "findSqrRoot function was called with " << x
<< " as its argumentn";
return 0;
} // This bold section is the stub.
This example shows that the programmer can test the execution of main and the call to the
function without having yet written the function to find the square root. This allows the pro-
grammer to concentrate on one component of the program at a time. Although a stub is not
really needed in this simple program, stubs are very useful for larger programs.
A driver is a module that tests a function by simply calling it. While one programmer
may be working on the main function, another programmer may be developing the code
for a particular function. In this case the programmer is not so concerned with the calling
of the function but rather with the body of the function itself. In such a case a driver (call
to the function) can be used just to see if the function performs properly.
Sample Program 6.2f:
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
int findSqrRoot(int x); // prototype for a user defined function that
// returns the square root of the number passed to it
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Calling findSqrRoot function with a 4" << endl;
cout << "The result is " << findSqrRoot(4) << endl;
return 0;
}
int findSqrRoot(int x)
{
return sqrt(x);
}
In this example, the main function is used solely as a tool (driver) to call the
findSqrRoot function to see if it performs properly.

Pre-Lab Writing Assignment 101
PRE-LAB WRITING ASSIGNMENT
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
LESSON 6.2A
1. Variables of a function that retain their value over multiple calls to the
function are called variables.
2. In C++ all functions have scope.
3. Default arguments are usually defined in the of the
function.
4. A function returning a value should never use pass by
parameters.
5. Every function that begins with a data type in the heading, rather than the
word void, must have a(n) statement somewhere, usually
at the end, in its body of instructions.
6 A(n) is a program that tests a function by simply calling it.
7. In C++ a block boundary is defined with a pair of .
8. A(n) is a dummy function that just indicates that a
function was called properly.
9. Default values are generally not given for pass by
parameters.
10. functions are functions that have the same name but a
different parameter list.
LAB 6.5 Scope of Variables
Retrieve program scope.cpp from the Lab 6.2 folder. The code is as follows:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
// This program will demonstrate the scope rules.
// PLACE YOUR NAME HERE
const double PI = 3.14;
const double RATE = 0.25;
void findArea(float, float&);
void findCircumference(float, float&);
int main()
{
continues

cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
float radius = 12;
cout <<" Main function outer block" << endl;
cout <<" LIST THE IDENTIFIERS THAT are active here" << endl << endl;
{
float area;
cout << "Main function first inner block" << endl;
cout << "LIST THE IDENTIFIERS THAT are active here" << endl << endl;
// Fill in the code to call findArea here
cout << "The radius = " << radius << endl;
cout << "The area = " << area << endl << endl;
}
{
float radius = 10;
float circumference;
cout << "Main function second inner block" << endl;
// Fill in the code to call findCircumference here
cout << "The radius = " << radius << endl;
cout << "The circumference = " << circumference << endl << endl;
}
cout << "Main function after all the calls" << endl;
return 0;
}
// *********************************************************************
// findArea
//
// task: This function finds the area of a circle given its radius
// data in: radius of a circle
// data out: answer (which alters the corresponding actual parameter)
//
// ********************************************************************
void findArea(float rad, float& answer)
{
cout << "AREA FUNCTION" << endl << endl;
cout << "LIST THE IDENTIFIERS THAT are active here"<< endl << endl;

Lesson 6.2A 103
// FILL in the code, given that parameter rad contains the radius, that
// will find the area to be stored in answer
}
// ******************************************************************************
// findCircumference
//
// task: This function finds the circumference of a circle given its radius
// data in: radius of a circle
// data out: distance (which alters the corresponding actual parameter)
//
// *****************************************************************************
void findCircumference(float length, float& distance)
{
cout << "CIRCUMFERENCE FUNCTION" << endl << endl;
// FILL in the code, given that parameter length contains the radius,
// that will find the circumference to be stored in distance
}
Exercise 1: Fill in the following chart by listing the identifiers (function names,
variables, constants)
GLOBAL Main Main Main Area Circum-
(inner 1) (inner 2) ference
Exercise 2: For each cout instruction that reads:
cout << " LIST THE IDENTIFIERS THAT are active here" << endl;
Replace the words in all caps by a list of all identifiers active at that
location. Change it to have the following form:
cout << "area, radius and PI are active here" << endl;
Exercise 3: For each comment in bold, place the proper code to do what it
says.
NOTE: area = π r2
circumference = 2πr

Exercise 4: Before compiling and running the program, write out what you
expect the output to be.
What value for radius will be passed by main (first inner block) to the
findArea function?
What value for radius will be passed by main function (second inner
block) to the findCircumference function?
Exercise 5: Compile and run your program. Your instructor may ask to see the
program run or obtain a hard copy.
LAB 6.6 Parameters and Local Variables
Retrieve program money.cpp from the Lab 6.2 folder. The code is as follows:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
void normalizeMoney(float& dollars, int cents = 150);
// This function takes cents as an integer and converts it to dollars
// and cents. The default value for cents is 150 which is converted
// to 1.50 and stored in dollars
int main()
{
int cents;
float dollars;
cents = 95;
cout << "n We will now add 95 cents to our dollar totaln";
// Fill in the code to call normalizeMoney to add 95 cents
cout << "Converting cents to dollars resulted in " << dollars << " dollarsn";
cout << "n We will now add 193 cents to our dollar totaln";
// Fill in the code to call normalizeMoney to add 193 cents
cout << "n We will now add the default value to our dollar totaln";
// Fill in the code to call normalizeMoney to add the default value of cents

Lesson 6.2A 105
return 0;
}
//
*******************************************************************************
// normalizeMoney
//
// task: This function is given a value in cents. It will convert cents
// to dollars and cents which is stored in a local variable called
// total which is sent back to the calling function through the
// parameter dollars. It will keep a running total of all the money
// processed in a local static variable called sum.
//
// data in: cents which is an integer
// data out: dollars (which alters the corresponding actual parameter)
//
//
*********************************************************************************
void normalizeMoney(float& dollars, int cents)
{
float total=0;
// Fill in the definition of sum as a static local variable
sum = 0.0;
// Fill in the code to convert cents to dollars
total = total + dollars;
sum = sum + dollars;
cout << "We have added another $" << dollars <<" to our total" << endl;
cout << "Our total so far is $" << sum << endl;
cout << "The value of our local variable total is $" << total << endl;
}
Exercise 1: You will notice that the function has to be completed. This function
will take cents and convert it to dollars. It also keeps a running total of
all the money it has processed. Assuming that the function is complete,
write out what you expect the program will print.
Exercise 2: Complete the function. Fill in the blank space to define sum and
then write the code to convert cents to dollars. Example: 789 cents
would convert to 7.89. Compile and run the program to get the expected
results. Think about how sum should be defined.

LESSON 6.2B
LAB 6.7 Value Returning and Overloading Functions
Retrieve program convertmoney.cpp from the Lab 6.2 folder. The code is as follows:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
// This program will input American money and convert it to foreign currency
// Prototypes of the functions
void convertMulti(float dollars, float& euros, float& pesos);
void convertMulti(float dollars, float& euros, float& pesos, float& yen);
float convertToYen(float dollars);
float convertToEuros(float dollars);
float convertToPesos(float dollars);
int main ()
{
float dollars;
float euros;
float pesos;
float yen;
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
cout << "Please input the amount of American Dollars you want converted "
<< endl;
cout << "to euros and pesos" << endl;
cin >> dollars;
// Fill in the code to call convertMulti with parameters dollars, euros, and pesos
// Fill in the code to output the value of those dollars converted to both euros
// and pesos
cout << "Please input the amount of American Dollars you want convertedn";
cout << "to euros, pesos and yen" << endl;
cin >> dollars;
// Fill in the code to call convertMulti with parameters dollars, euros, pesos and yen
// Fill in the code to output the value of those dollars converted to euros,
// pesos and yen

Lesson 6.2B 107
cout << "to yen" <<endl;
cin >> dollars;
// Fill in the code to call convertToYen
// Fill in the code to output the value of those dollars converted to yen
cout << " to euros" << endl;
cin >> dollars;
// Fill in the code to call convert ToEuros
// Fill in the code to output the value of those dollars converted to euros
cout << " to pesos " << endl;
cin >> dollars;
// Fill in the code to call convertToPesos
// Fill in the code to output the value of those dollars converted to pesos
return 0;
}
// All of the functions are stubs that just serve to test the functions
// Replace with code that will cause the functions to execute properly
// **************************************************************************
// convertMulti
//
// task: This function takes a dollar value and converts it to euros
// and pesos
// data in: dollars
// data out: euros and pesos
//
// *************************************************************************
void convertMulti(float dollars, float& euros, float& pesos)
{
cout << "The function convertMulti with dollars, euros and pesos "
<< endl <<" was called with " << dollars <<" dollars” << endl << endl;
}
continues

// ************************************************************************
// convertMulti
//
// pesos and yen
// data in: dollars
// data out: euros pesos yen
//
// ***********************************************************************
void convertMulti(float dollars, float& euros, float& pesos, float& yen)
{
cout << "The function convertMulti with dollars, euros, pesos and yen"
<< endl << " was called with " << dollars << " dollars" << endl << endl;
}
// ****************************************************************************
// convertToYen
//
// task: This function takes a dollar value and converts it to yen
// data in: dollars
// data returned: yen
//
// ***************************************************************************
float convertToYen(float dollars)
{
cout << "The function convertToYen was called with " << dollars <<" dollars"
<< endl << endl;
return 0;
}
// ****************************************************************************
// convertToEuros
//
// data in: dollars
// data returned: euros
//
// ***************************************************************************

Lesson 6.2B 109
float convertToEuros(float dollars)
{
cout << "The function convertToEuros was called with " << dollars
<< " dollars" << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
// *****************************************************************************
// convertToPesos
//
// task: This function takes a dollar value and converts it to pesos
// data in: dollars
// data returned: pesos
//
// ****************************************************************************
float convertToPesos(float dollars)
{
cout << "The function convertToPesos was called with " << dollars
<< " dollars" << endl;
return 0;
}
Exercise 1: Run this program and observe the results. You can input anything
that you like for the dollars to be converted. Notice that it has stubs as
well as overloaded functions. Study the stubs carefully. Notice that in this
case the value returning functions always return 0.
Exercise 2: Complete the program by turning all the stubs into workable
functions. Be sure to call true functions differently than procedures. Make
sure that functions return the converted dollars into the proper currency.
Although the exchange rates vary from day to day, use the following
conversion chart for the program. These values should be defined as
constants in the global section so that any change in the exchange rate can
be made there and nowhere else in the program.
One Dollar = 1.06 euros
9.73 pesos
124.35 yen
Sample Run:

LAB 6.8 Student Generated Code Assignments
Option 1: Write a program that will convert miles to kilometers and kilometers
to miles. The user will indicate both a number (representing a distance)
and a choice of whether that number is in miles to be converted to kilo-
meters or kilometers to be converted to miles. Each conversion is done
with a value returning function. You may use the following conversions.
1 kilometer = .621 miles
1 mile = 1.61 kilometers
Sample Run:
Option 2: Write a program that will input the number of wins and losses that a
baseball team acquired during a complete season. The wins should be
input in a parameter-less value returning function that returns the wins to

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practising this divination; and this was to collect the ashes made by the
papers, and rub them on the back of his hand, where they would leave
marked the name of the thief. Furthermore he stated that he possessed
another method of accomplishing this purpose, but this he did not explain.
This conversation having been heard by the abovementioned Felipe
Matheu, he rebuked Don Antonio, and this last replied that what he had
done he would repeat even before the Inquisitors, or, if that was of any
consequence, after communion, inasmuch as he used the words which had
been uttered by Christ. Proceeding in the conversation with the deponent,
he told him that he had some instruments in his pocket which were useful
for many things. He then drew from his right pocket a paper folded up and
containing two or three coils of something which the deponent did not see
distinctly, on account of the darkness, but felt and handled them. The
deponent asked Don Antonio where he had obtained the above knowledge.
He replied that he had got it by studying a book of magic which he
possessed; that he had learned from this the secret of making himself
invisible, and also to render a man invulnerable to thrusts with a sword, a
trial of which last he would make upon a dog or cat and show the efficacy
of it. The deponent asked him if he knew any secrets relative to playing at
ball. He answered that he did not remember any at present, but would make
some researches and call upon the deponent at his house, when he would
teach him a secret to gain the favor of the ladies. This was agreed to, and
the deponent described the house to him. He offered him money if he would
discover all his arts, which he did for the purpose of laying the whole before
the Holy Office for the benefit of the Catholic Faith.
Questioned, if any other persons heard the above conversation, or knew
anything relating to it.
Answered, that the abovementioned Felipe Matheu heard a great part of
it, as also Joseph Masquef, scrivener, who lived in the same house, Joseph
Jordan, a servant, and two Alguacils, a father and son, who were in the
company, and whose names he did not know.
Questioned, if he had made this declaration out of any malice which he
bore to the said Don Antonio.
Answered, that he had made it solely from the impulse of his conscience,
and because he believed the above things were contrary to our Holy Faith.

He affirmed that the whole was the truth, promised secrecy, and signed his
name.
Joaquim Gil.
Before me—
Dr Joseph Montes,
Presbyter Notary of the Holy Office.
In the city of Valencia, on the seventeenth day of April, one thousand
seven hundred and fiftysix, before Dr Lorenzo Ballester, Confessor to the
secret prison of the Holy Office and Extraordinary Commissary for this
investigation, appeared voluntarily and made oath to declare the truth, and
preserve secrecy, Joaquim Gil, &c.
Questioned, why he had demanded an audience.
Answered, on account of the declaration made by him before the present
Commissary respecting a certain Don Antonio, of the company of Don
Jorge Duran, in the regiment of Asturias. This man, in addition to the
peculiarities of his person before described, had a scar above his left
eyebrow, apparently the effect of a wound, and a dint of the size of a filbert
in the top of his forehead, with black and rather short hair. He came to the
house of the deponent on the fifteenth of this month according to
agreement, and after some conversation gave him a strip of parchment,
about a finger’s breadth wide and above a span long, this was slit through
the middle lengthwise and had written on it the following words. ‘Ego +
sum. Exe + homo consummatum est. Ego Juaginus Aprecor Dominum
Nostri Jesu Christi in vitam eternam seculi seculorum libera me de omnibus
rebus de ignis cautius et omnia instrumenta hominum detentat me hac die
hac nocte custote rege et cuberna me Amen. This was rolled up in lead with
a small piece of bone, and Don Antonio told him to wear it in the shape of a
cross, next to his skin, near the heart, and it would shield him effectually
from all thrusts with a sword. It was exhibited by the deponent.
He also gave him another strip of parchment of half a finger in breadth,
and above two yards long. At one extremity was drawn with ink a leg and
foot, and at the other a heart with a cross above it. Other figures and letters

were drawn in different parts. With this he proceeded to take divers
measurements upon the body of the deponent, as, from one shoulder to the
other, from the shoulder to the chin and nose, &c. This he informed him
would secure him from being wounded, if he used it in the following
manner. He was to rub it with the wax which dripped from the tapers burnt
during the celebration of mass. This was to be done on nine several days
during mass, keeping it under his cloak, and taking care that no one saw
him. Afterwards it was to be worn in the shape of a cross, next the skin,
near the heart. He gave him at the same time three bits of parchment, each
about three fingers’ breadth long and one wide. Two of these contained each
two lines of writing, and the other three. They were severally numbered on
the back, 1, 2, 3. To these were added another, very small, also written over.
He informed him that by the help of these he could perform any kind of
divination, and that if he wore the thinnest of these parchments upon his left
little finger, under a white stone set in a ring, he would be directed by it in
the following manner. Whenever the stone turned red, he might play at any
game which was going on, except dice or quillas, and be sure to gain; but if
the stone turned black, he would lose by playing. Before any such use,
however, was made of the parchments, he was directed to put them in the
shoe of his left foot, near the ankle, and to sprinkle them with the water
used by the priest at mass. These parchments were also exhibited.
The deponent requested Don Antonio to show him the book of magic
which he had mentioned, but he declined, alleging that the deponent could
not read nor understand it.
Questioned, if he knew, or had heard that the said Don Antonio Adorno
had any temporary insanity, or was given to wine, and if any other person
was present during the last conversation.
Answered, that he knew not whether he was subject to any such
irregularities, and that no other person was present during their last
interview. He declared that the whole of the declaration was the truth, and
not uttered by him from malice or ill feeling, but solely in obedience to his
conscience and oath. Secrecy was promised by him, and he added his
signature.
Joaquim Gil.
Before me—

Dr Joseph Montes, Presbyter Notary
of the Holy Office.
In the city of Valencia, on the fourteenth day of April, one thousand
seven hundred and fiftysix, before Dr Lorenzo Ballester, Presbyter,
Confessor of the secret prison of the Holy Office, appeared, according to
summons, and made oath to declare the truth and preserve secrecy, Joseph
Sanches Masquefa, scrivener, residing in the house of Felipe Matheu,
scrivener, of this city, a native of the city of Origuela, of age, as he stated,
nineteen years.
Questioned, if he knew or conjectured the cause of his being summoned
to appear.
Answered, that he did not know, but supposed it to be for the purpose of
learning what he had heard of a conversation in which a certain soldier of
the regiment of Asturias, in the garrison of this city, was engaged; this
person, who, as he had been informed was named Don Antonio * * * and
was by birth a Neapolitan, was of a middling height, somewhat full faced,
dark complexioned, and about twenty or twentytwo years of age. On the
evening of the eleventh of the present month, discoursing upon various
subjects, this person remarked that he was acquainted with several arts, and
in particular knew one by which he could ascertain who was the thief when
a theft had been committed, and which he had practised on the following
occasion. A soldier of his regiment had stolen two or three dollars from
another, at which the sergeant was expressing his displeasure, and Don
Antonio told him that if he would promise no harm should ensue to the thief
or himself, he would discover who had stolen it. This the sergeant agreed to,
and Don Antonio wrote the names of all who were suspected of the theft
upon pieces of paper. These he put into the fire, where they were all
consumed except the one bearing the name of the thief. This was seen by all
present, and some of them endeavoured to snatch it from the flames but
were unable. Don Antonio alone was able to perform this action, and when
the name of the thief was read, he was searched and the money found in his
stockings.

This relation having been listened to by Felipe Matheu, he asserted that
the thing could not be done unless by a league with the devil, and that it was
a matter which ought to be laid before the Inquisition. Don Antonio replied
that it was an action which he should not hesitate to perform immediately
after confession and communion, for it was done by uttering words that had
been spoken by Christ; that is to say, ‘Ego sum, Christus factus est homo,
consummatum est,’ expressions which were good and holy. A conversation
then ensued in Italian, between Don Antonio and Joseph * * * a servant in
the house of Felipe Matheu, which was not understood by the deponent.
The conversation was broken off by the said Matheu.
Questioned, if any other persons were present at this conversation,
besides those already named.
Answered, that there were also present Joseph Gil, a scrivener, in the
same house, two Alguacils, one of whom was named Alba, and three
soldiers of the regiment abovementioned, whose names he did not know.
Questioned, if he knew whether the said Don Antonio was subject to any
occasional insanity, or was given to wine.
Answered, that he knew not of his being subject to any such
irregularities, and that the above conversation was maintained on his part
with much seriousness. The above is the substance of what is known to him
respecting the matter, and not related from malice toward the said Don
Antonio, but solely according to his conscience and oath. It was read in his
hearing and declared by him to be the truth. Secrecy was enjoined upon
him, which he promised, and added his signature.
Joseph Sanchez Y Masquefa.
Before me—
Joseph Montes, Presbyter Notary
of the Holy Office.
[Here follow, in the original, the depositions of the other witnesses
mentioned above as present on the occasion. These are omitted, as they do
but repeat what has been already related.]
CALIFICACION.
In the Holy Office of the Inquisition of Valencia, on the seventeenth day
of May, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitor, Dr Don

Inigo Ortiz de la Peña being at his morning audience, in which he presided
alone, there appeared the Calificadores, Padre Francisco Siges, of the Order
of Mercy, Padre Antonio Mira, Jesuit, Ex-Rector of the college of San
Pablo, Padre Juan Bautista Llopis, of the Order of Mercy, and Padre
Augustin de Vinaros, Ex-Provincial of the Convent of Capuchins, who,
having conferred together respecting the acts and assertions now to be
specified, qualified them in the following manner, viz.
1st. The person in question, in the presence of many others, on the night
of a certain day which is named, declared that he possessed the power when
anything was stolen, to ascertain who was the thief; and in proof of this, the
said person, on the same occasion declared that in a former instance, when a
quantity of money had been stolen, and search was making for the thief, he
offered, upon the condition that no harm should ensue to him or the culprit,
to find him out; which being agreed to, he wrote the names of those whom
he suspected of the theft upon papers and put them in a fire, when those
containing the names of the innocent were consumed, and that of the guilty
one remained. He then uttered certain words, which signified ‘Christ our
Lord,’ by virtue of which the name of the delinquent was preserved from
burning. And by virtue of these, words, ‘Ego sum; factus est Homo;
consummatum est,’ the paper was drawn from the fire. The name of the
thief was then read, and the money found upon him within his stockings.
Declared unanimously that this contains a profession of superstitious
necromancy, and a practice of the same, with the effects following; also an
abuse of the sacred scripture.
2d. The assertions in the above article having been listened to, it was
replied to this person that the thing could not be done without some pact
with the devil, to which he answered that it was so honest and just a deed
that he would perform it immediately after confession and communion, and
even before the Inquisitors, inasmuch as it was done by repeating the words
of Christ, which were the Latin expressions given in the first article. It was
repeated that the thing could not be done in this manner, and that it ought to
be denounced to the Inquisition; whereupon this person persisted in his
assertions. He also stated that he knew another way of performing the same
kind of divination, which was by collecting the ashes made by burning the
papers, and rubbing them upon the back of his hand, where they would
leave impressed the name of the culprit. He furthermore asserted that he
knew another method, which he did not explain.

Declared unanimously that this contains a confirmation of the preceding,
with a heretical assertion, and a new profession of necromancy.
3d. The same person continuing the above conversation, asserted that he
possessed certain instruments which were useful for many things, and
proceeded to take from his right breeches’ pocket a paper containing three
or four folds of something, which were not distinctly seen by reason of the
night. And it being demanded of him where he had learned his arts, he
replied that he had obtained them from a book of magic in his possession,
which taught him how to do whatever he desired.
Declared unanimously that this contains another profession like that
already qualified.
4th. He declared to the person to whom the above assertions were made,
that out of the abovementioned book he could acquire the art of making
himself invisible; also that in this manner a man could be made
invulnerable to the thrust of a sword; in proof of which he would make trial
upon the body of a dog or cat, that they might see the truth of it.
Declared unanimously that this contains a new profession of
necromancy.
5th. The person who bore witness to these proceedings having asked him
whether he knew any art respecting playing at ball, he replied that he did
not at present, but would make researches and come to the house of the
above person, where he would teach him other arts which he knew, to gain
the favor of the ladies. This was agreed upon, and this person gave him
directions to find his house, offering him money if he would make these
disclosures to him, all with a view to give information of the same to the
Holy Office, in order to purify our Holy Faith, and extirpate everything
contrary thereto.
Declared unanimously that this contains a profession of necromancy
qualified as above, with the addition of an amatory necromantical practice.
6th. Some days after this, in consequence of the above agreement, he
went to the said person’s house, where he gave him a strip of parchment
about a finger’s breadth wide, and a span long, slit through the middle and
united at the extremity, on which was written the following. ‘Ego + sum,
Exe + Homo, consummatum + est, Ego Joaquinus Aprecor Domini nostri
Jesu Christi in vitam eternam seculi seculorum, libera me de omnibus
rebus, de ignis cautus et omnia instrumenta hominum detenta me ach die,

ach nocte, custode rege et gubername amen.’ This was rolled up within a
piece of lead and a portion of bone, and, according to his direction, was to
be worn next the skin, near the arm, in the shape of a cross. This would, as
he asserted, secure the wearer against any thrusts with a sword. The articles
have been exhibited.
Declared unanimously that this contains a practice with instruments of
superstitious necromancy, added to a doctrine for their application which is
abusive of the sacred scripture and insulting to the holy cross.
7th. On the same occasion, he gave to this person another piece of
parchment, half a finger’s breadth wide, and above two yards long, at one
end of which was drawn with ink a leg and foot, and at the other a heart
surmounted by a cross, with other figures and letters in different parts. With
this he took divers measures upon the body of the person abovementioned,
from one shoulder to the other, from the shoulder to the chin and nose, from
the chin to the stomach, measuring also the face, which he informed him
was done to secure him from wounds. He directed him to rub it over with
the wax which dripped from the tapers burnt during the celebration of mass.
This was to be done on nine several days, and the operation was to be
concealed from view by his cloak. The parchment was exhibited.
Declared unanimously, that this contains an additional profession of
necromancy, with an exhibition of additional necromantical instruments,
and the method of using them, added to an insult to the holy sacrifice of the
mass and the holy cross.
8th. On the same occasion, he gave to this person three bits of parchment
three fingers’ breadth long, and one wide each; two of them containing each
two lines of writing, and the other three, all numbered on the back; also
another written parchment. He directed him to wear the thinnest of these
pieces on the little finger of his left hand, under a white stone set in a ring,
and informed him that when this stone turned red he might play at any
game except dice or las quillas, with a certainty of winning, but if it should
turn black he was to abstain from playing. The parchments abovementioned
were, before this was done, to be placed inside his right shoe, next the
ancle, and sprinkled with the Holy Water used at mass, after which they
were to be worn next the heart. The parchments were exhibited.
Declared unanimously, that this contains an additional profession and
doctrine of superstitious necromancy, with an additional method of

practising it, added to a new insult to the sacred ceremonies of the mass.
9th. The said person having requested to see the book of magic which he
declared was in his possession, he refused to exhibit the same, declaring
that the person who made the demand would not be able to read or
understand it, but that he had studied the whole in a certain place which he
named.
Declared unanimously, that this contains a profession of possessing a
book of magic, and studying the same for the purpose of practising it.
Finally declared unanimously, that the person under qualification be
pronounced under suspicion de levi.
Fr. Francisco Siges,
P. Antonio Mira,
Fr. Juan Ba. Llopis,
Fr. Augustin de Vinaros.
Don Joachin de Esplugues Y Palavicino,
Secretary.
In the Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Valencia, on the twentieth day
of May, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitors Licentiate
Don Antonio, Pelegen Venero, and Don Inigo Ortiz de la Peña being at their
morning audience, having examined the information received in this Holy
Office against Don Antonio Adorno, a soldier in the regiment of Asturias,
belonging to the company of Don Jorge Duran, by birth a Neapolitan, and a
resident in this city, for the crimes of professing necromancy and amatory
divination, and practising the same with insult to the holy sacrifice of the
mass and the holy cross—
Ordered unanimously, that the said Don Antonia Adorno be confined in
the secret prison of this Holy Office; that his property be sequestered; his
papers, books, and instruments seized, and arranged for his accusation.
Ordered further, that before execution, this be submitted to the members of
His Majesty’s Council of the Holy General Inquisition.
Don Joachin de Esplugues Y Palavicino,
Secretary.

[In this part of the trial are inserted the originals of fourteen letters,
received from the different Inquisitions in the kingdom, stating that their
records had been examined without finding anything against the prisoner.
Also a letter from the Grand Council of the Inquisition at Madrid,
confirming the above order.]
In Council May 31st, 1756.
The Dicasts Ravazo, Berz, Barreda, and Herreros.
Let justice be executed according to the above order.
TO OUR CALIFICATOR DR BOXO, AND THE FAMILIARS NAMED IN THIS
LETTER.
Don Antonio Adorno, the subject of the accompanying warrant of
imprisonment, is a soldier in the company of Don Jorge Duran, belonging to
the regiment of Asturias. He is a Neapolitan by birth, of a middling height,
robust, dark complexioned, with a long scar over his left eyebrow, and a
dint in the top of his forehead. His age is twentyfour or twentyfive years. In
order to apprehend him, our Calificator, Dr Joseph Boxo, will conduct
himself in the following manner:—
He will consult, with great secrecy and caution, accompanied by our
Familiar Francisco Suñer, or, in his absence, any other Familiar in that
neighborhood, as Notary, the Colonel or Commander of the regiment,
where the said Don Antonio Adorno shall be found, and if necessary,
exhibit to him the Warrant. His assistance is to be required in the
apprehension, which being performed, his person is to be immediately
identified. All the papers, books, and instruments found upon him are to be
seized, as well as those which may be found among his baggage. Care
should be taken that he may have no time to conceal anything, and all the
effects seized, the Calificador will remove to his own house. At the same
time, all his other property, if he possess any, will be sequestered, an
inventory thereof being taken, and the whole left in the hands of such
person as the Colonel or Commander may appoint for the safe keeping of
the same, commanding him not to part with anything without our order. If
any cash should be met with, the Calificador will secure it, as well as the

clothes for the use of the prisoner, all which are to be transported to his
house along with the papers, books, and instruments above specified.
This done, the Familiar Suñer, or whoever shall act as Notary, will divest
him of every kind of offensive weapon, and conduct him to the town of
Arbos on horseback, without pinioning him, as this is only directed in cases
where an escape is attempted. Two stout fellows armed will guard him on
each side. At Arbos, he is to be delivered into the hands of our Familiar
Raymundo Freiras, an inhabitant of that place. Should he not be at hand, the
prisoner is to be brought onward to Vilafranca and committed to the care of
our Familiar Pedro Batlle, along with the papers, books, instruments,
money, and clothes of the prisoner, all which are to be brought from the
place of his arrest, as well as the warrant for his imprisonment, a copy of
the inventory of his goods, this letter, and the adjoined passport for the Gate
of the Angel in this city. The transfer being made to any one of the
abovementioned Familiars, a receipt will be taken, which it is to be
transmitted to this tribunal, as also a bill of the expenses paid by the person
receiving it, from the time he undertook the business till his return home,
specifying the pay of the guard, horse hire, his own and the prisoner’s
expenses.
The Familiar of Arbos or Vilafranca, will, in the same manner, transport
him with whatever he may receive from the Familiar of Reus, to this city,
which he will enter at dusk just before the gates are shut. He will enter at
the Gate of the Angel, and present the accompanying passport of the
Governor to the Officer of the Guard. Should the Patrol demand to see it, it
may be exhibited to them, after which he will proceed directly to this Royal
Palace of the Inquisition, and inquire for the Alcayde. Into his hands will
then be delivered the prisoner, and all the effects pertaining to him, together
with the warrant of imprisonment, the inventory of the goods, and this
letter. The next day he will come before this tribunal and give a relation of
his proceedings. God preserve you.
Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Barcelona, June 30th, 1756
The Licentiate,
D. Joseph de Otero Y Cossio.
The Licentiate,
Don Manuel de Guell Y Serra.
Juan Antonio Almonacid, Sec’y.

ANSWER.
MOST ILLUSTRIOUS SEÑORES.
Until the 10th of the present month I was not able to succeed in
apprehending Don Antonio Adorno, as he did not make his appearance in
this quarter before that date. The capture was made with great caution, the
commander having contrived to deliver him into my hands in the prison of
the regiment, from which place he proceeds this day, Tuesday, July 13th,
under the care of the Familiar Rafel Bellveny, the Familiar Francisco Suñez
being sick.
No inventory of his property was taken, as none was to be found either
upon his person or in his knapsack, except the papers herewith transmitted,
and a book containing various documents respecting the nobility of the
house of Adorno. No money has been found, and the prisoner is
considerably in debt to the regiment. The commander has kept every article
of his clothing, so that it has been necessary to purchase a suit for him. God
preserve your Excellencies many years.
Dr Joseph Boxo, Calificador and
Commissary of the Holy Office.
Reus, July 13th, 1756.
FIRST AUDIENCE.
In the Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Barcelona, on the fifth day of
August, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitor, Licentiate
Dr Joseph de Otero y Cossio, being at his morning audience, ordered to be
brought out of prison, a person calling himself Don Antonio Adorno, a
native of the city of Genoa, aged twentyseven years, who was sworn to
declare the truth, and preserve secrecy as well on this as on all other
occasions, till the decision of his cause.
Questioned, his name, birthplace, age, occupation, and the date of his
imprisonment.
Answered, that he was born, as above stated, in the city of Genoa, that
his age was twentyseven years, that he was a soldier in the infantry
regiment of Asturias, company of Don Jorge Duran, and that he was
arrested on the tenth of the last month.
Questioned, who was his father, mother, grandfather, uncles, &c.

[Here follows the genealogy of the prisoner.]
Questioned, of what lineage and stock were his abovementioned
ancestors and collateral relatives, and whether any one of them, or he
himself, had ever been imprisoned or put under penance by the Holy Office
of the Inquisition.
Answered, that his family was noble, as above stated, and that neither
he, nor any one of them had ever been punished or put under penance by
the Holy Office.
Questioned, if he was a baptized and confirmed Christian, and heard
mass, confessed, and communed, at such times as the Church directed.
Answered, Yes; and the last time he confessed was to Father Fr. Antonio
——, (his name he did not know) a barefoot Friar of the Convent of the
Holy Trinity; and that he partook of the sacrament in this Convent in the
city of Valencia, where his regiment was then stationed.
Here the prisoner crossed himself, repeated the Pater Noster, Ave Maria,
and Credo, in Spanish, without fault, and answered properly to all the
questions respecting the Christian doctrine.
Questioned, if he could read or write, or had studied any science.
Answered, that he could read, write, and cipher, having learned of Dr
Francisco Labatra, in Vienna; and that he had studied grammar in the
Colegio de los Praxistas in this capital.
Questioned, what were the events of his life.
Answered, that he was born in Genoa; and while a boy, was carried by
his parents to Vienna, where he followed his studies as above stated. At the
age of sixteen he entered as a cadet in a regiment of infantry. After serving
here till twentytwo, the regiment was broken up, and he remained with his
mother at Vienna for the space of a month. He then set out for Spain for the
purpose of securing some property belonging to him by inheritance from his
ancestors in Bellpuix and other parts of the kingdom. He landed at
Barcelona, and proceeded to Bellpuix, Malaga, Granada, and Seville; but,
failing in his attempts to obtain his property, he enlisted in the infantry
regiment of Asturias then quartered in this city. In this regiment he visited
several parts and cities of these kingdoms at their respective garrisons, and
particularly the kingdom of Valencia, from whence he proceeded to Reus,
where he was arrested.

Questioned, if he knew or suspected the cause of his imprisonment.
Answered, that he supposed it to be on account of some acts he had
performed to discover certain thieves in his company, which performances
he had executed with a degree of mystery and mummery to create wonder.
The facts were as follows.
In the Guard of the Duke of Berwick, at Valencia, some shirts and
stockings were stolen, and the commanding officer requested the prisoner to
make trial of one of his methods of discovering the thief, he having before
been a witness of the operation of one of them. He accordingly assembled
all the soldiers of the guard in a dark room, and informed them they must
each one put his finger into a cup of water, and that the water would
blacken the finger of the thief. Before the room was darkened he showed
them the cup containing a quantity of clear water. They all agreed to the
proposal, and the room was shut up so as to exclude every ray of light. The
prisoner then conveyed a quantity of ink into the cup, and after making a
preliminary harangue directed every one to dip his finger within. This they
all did except one whom he supposed to be the thief. He wet his finger in
his mouth lest it should be discovered that he had not complied with the
direction.
They now threw open the windows and found every man’s finger black
but that of the delinquent. The prisoner perceiving this and observing the
agitation which he manifested, exclaimed to him, ‘You are the thief;’ and
finally compelled him to pay for the stolen articles.
In order more fully to impress them with the belief that this man was
guilty, the prisoner directed the commander of the guard to write the name
of each person on a piece of paper and burn it to ashes, informing him that
this ashes would give the impression of the name of the one who was guilty,
upon his hand. In order to effect this the prisoner wrote with a certain liquor
upon his own hand the name of Juan Antonio ——, (his other name he did
not remember) then showing himself to the company he washed his hands
before them, (taking care, however, not to rub them much) and observed,
‘You see there is nothing now written upon my hand; but when this list is
burnt it will exhibit there the name of the thief.’ The paper was then burnt,
and he rubbed the ashes upon his hand, when the letters made their
appearance, and the prisoner gained the reputation of a wizard, more
especially in the conception of the said Juan Antonio.

The prisoner declared that in the harangue abovementioned, he made use
of no prayers, and that the words which he uttered were made use of solely
to astound and amaze the hearers.
He was then informed that in this Holy Office it was not customary to
imprison any one without sufficient information that he had said, done, or
seen, or heard something contrary to the Holy Religion of God our Lord,
and the Holy Mother Apostolic Roman Church, or against the proper and
free jurisdiction of the Holy Office, in consequence of which he was to
understand that he was imprisoned on account of some such information.
Therefore he was exhorted in the name of God our Lord and his glorious
and blessed Mother our Lady the Virgin Mary, to bethink himself and
confess the whole truth in relation to the matter wherein he felt guilty, or
knew of the guilt of others, without concealing anything or bearing false
witness against any one, by doing which, justice should be executed, and
his trial despatched with all brevity and mercy.
Answered, that he recollected nothing more, and that what he had stated
above was the truth. His declarations were then read, and declared by him
to be correctly recorded. He was then admonished to bethink himself and
remanded to prison.
Signed by him,
M. Anto. Adorno.
Don Joseph de Noboa, Sec’y.
SECOND AUDIENCE.
In the Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Barcelona, on the seventh day
of August, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitors,
Licentiate Dr Joseph de Otero y Cossio, and Dr Manuel de Guell y Serra,
being at their morning audience, ordered the abovementioned Don Antonio
Adorno to be brought out of prison; which being done, and the prisoner
present, he was
Questioned, if he remembered anything relating to his affair which he
was bound to divulge according to his oath.
Answered, No.
He was then informed, that he was aware he had, in the preceding
audience, been exhorted in the name of God, our Lord, &c.; and he was
anew exhorted in the same manner, by conforming to which he would

acquit himself like a Catholic Christian, and his trial should be despatched
with all brevity and mercy; otherwise justice should be executed.
Answered, that he had considered the exhortation, but had nothing to
add, and what he had above related was the truth, according to the oath he
had sworn. This declaration being read, was declared by him to be correctly
recorded, and, exhorted to bethink himself, he was remanded to prison.
Signed by him,
M. Anto. Adorno.
THIRD AUDIENCE.
In the Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Barcelona, on the twelfth day of
August, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitors, Licentiate
Dr Joseph de Otero y Cossio, and Dr Manuel de Guell y Serra, being at
their morning audience, ordered the said Don Antonio Adorno to be brought
out of prison; which being done, and the prisoner present, he was
Questioned, if he remembered anything relating to his affair, which he
was bound to divulge according to his oath.
Answered, No.
He was then informed, that he was aware he had been exhorted in the
preceding audience, &c.
Answered, that he had considered the exhortation, but had nothing more
to say.
Straightway appeared the Licentiate Don Fausto Antonio de Astorquiza y
Urreta, Inquisitor Fiscal of this Holy Office, and presented an accusation,
signed by him, against the said Don Antonio Adorno, which accusation he
formally swore was not offered through malice. Here follows the
accusation.
MOST ILLUSTRIOUS SIRS,
I, the Inquisitor Fiscal, appear before your Excellencies, and accuse
criminally Don Antonio Adorno, a native of the city of Genoa, aged
twentyseven years, a soldier in the regiment of Asturias, and at the time of
his arrest, in garrison, in the town of Reus, in this principality, now attached
to the secret prison of this Holy Office, with his property sequestered, and
present here in person—for that this person, being a baptized and confirmed

Christian, and not having the fear of God, or the justice of your
Excellencies before his eyes, has committed heavy crimes against our Holy
Catholic Faith, by professing and practising various necromantical arts,
with insult to the holy sacrifice of the mass, its sacred ceremonies, and the
holy cross; also imparting his evil art and instruments to others, for their
practice, with the like insult to the holy cross and holy sacrifice of the mass.
On which account, I hold him at least to be suspected de levi in the faith,
and accuse him of the whole, both in general and in particular.
1. The said person, on a time specified, and in the company of certain
persons named, declared that he was able when anything was stolen, to
discover the thief, and in proof of this assertion, stated that he had formerly
done this by writing the names upon papers, of some persons, among whom
a sum of money had been stolen, and putting the papers into the fire,
repeating the words, ‘Ego sum; factus est homo, consummatum est.’ The
papers were consumed, except that bearing the name of the thief. None but
the said person could take this paper out of the fire, and the money was
found upon the one designated.
2. Some one objecting to him, that this could not be done without some
pact with the devil, he replied that it was so justifiable an act, that he would
perform it immediately after mass or communion, and it being declared a
matter to be laid before the Inquisition, he affirmed that he would do it in
presence of the Inquisitors.
3. Furthermore, he asserted that he could execute the above purpose by
rubbing the ashes of the papers upon his hand, where it would leave
impressed the name of the thief; also, that he knew another method which
he did not explain. I request that he may be questioned what this method is,
where he learned it, and whether he has practised these two last, uttering the
words before specified.
4. Continuing the conversation with the abovementioned person, he
informed him that he possessed certain instruments of use in various ways,
and in fact showed him something folded up, which he took out of his
pocket. And, on being asked whence he obtained the knowledge of these
arts, replied that he learned them from a book of magic in his possession,
which enabled him to do whatever he pleased. I request that he may be
questioned respecting this book of magic, as well as the contents of the
abovementioned envelope.

5. He told this person that he could learn from the same book how to
make himself invisible, as well as invulnerable to the thrust of a sword.
6. Being questioned by this person whether he knew any art relative to
playing at ball, he answered, not then, but that he would come to his house,
and reveal to him a secret for gaining the favor of the ladies.
7. He went accordingly to this house, and there gave to the said person a
strip of parchment bearing these words, ‘Ego + sum. Exe + homo
consummatum + est. Ego Juaginus Aprecor Domini Nostri Jesu Christi in
vitam eternam seculi seculorum libera me de omnibus rebus de ignis cautus
et omnia instrumenta hominum detenta me ach die ach nocte custode rege
et guberna me Amen.’ This was rolled up with a piece of lead and bone, and
directed to be worn, in the shape of a cross, next the skin, near the heart,
which would make the wearer invulnerable. I request that this parchment
may be examined, and the prisoner questioned respecting it.
8. He also gave the same person another strip of parchment, containing
various letters and figures, taking measures with it upon his body, for the
purpose of securing him from wounds. He directed him to rub this over
with the wax which dripped from the tapers during mass, and afterwards to
wear it next his skin. I request that this may likewise be examined, and the
prisoner questioned respecting it.
9. He furthermore gave to the same person four other written
parchments, directing him to wear one of them upon the little finger of his
left hand under a white stone set in a ring. When this stone turned red, he
might play at any game except dice or las quillas, and be sure to win; but, if
it turned black, he was not to play. He directed him further to put these
parchments in his right shoe and sprinkle them with holy water, after which
they were to be worn near the heart. I request that these also may be
examined, and the prisoner questioned concerning them.
10. The same person requesting to see the abovementioned book of
magic, he refused him, alleging that he could not read or understand it, but
that he, the prisoner, had studied the whole. I request that farther
investigations may be made respecting this book.
11. On another occasion, when some articles had been stolen, he
discovered the thief in this manner. Collecting all the suspected persons in a
dark room, he made a harangue, and ordered each man to dip his finger into
a cup containing water, informing them that the water would blacken the

finger of the thief. Before this was executed, he conveyed some ink into the
cup. Afterwards the windows were opened with another harangue, and each
man’s finger was found black with the exception of one who had not
obeyed the direction. This the prisoner judged to be the thief. Without doubt
the abovementioned harangues were conformable to the rest of his actions,
and I request that he may be examined concerning them.
12. Furthermore he directed that the names of the persons present on the
above occasion, should be written upon a paper and burnt. The ashes he
rubbed over his hand, where it left marked the name of the delinquent,
which the prisoner had previously written there with a certain liquor, in
such a manner that it could not be seen.
13. In the audiences which have been held respecting him, he has been
exhorted to declare the truth and confess his crimes, which he has not done,
but endeavoured to hide the enormities so recently committed by him, thus
rendering himself unworthy of that mercy which your Excellencies extend
to those who confess with sincerity, and deserving a punishment
corresponding to his great offences.
Therefore, I request and entreat your Excellencies to accept the
confession of the said prisoner, so far as in my favor, and no farther, and to
regard as fully proved my accusation, or such part thereof as may suffice to
obtain a sentence, condemning the prisoner as perpetrator of the above
crimes to the heaviest punishments thereto assigned by the sacred canons,
pontifical bulls, common laws, and edicts of this realm, for a punishment to
him, and a terror and example to others.
Furthermore I request your Excellencies that without any diminution of
my proofs, the prisoner may, if necessary, be put to rigorous torture, to be
continued and repeated till he confess all his crimes and accomplices.
The Licentiate,
Don Fausto Antonio de Astorquiza y Urreta.
This accusation having been presented and read, the said Don Antonio
Adorno was formally sworn to answer thereto, and declare the truth; and the
same being again read, article by article, he answered as follows.

To the head of the accusation he replied that he was the same Don
Antonio Adorno mentioned therein, and that although he in reality
performed what has been laid to his charge, yet he never imagined it to be
contrary to our Holy Catholic Faith, nor supposed it to be necromantic or
superstitious; that he never had practised anything out of disrespect for the
mass, nor had uttered sacred language for a superstitious purpose, nor
imparted evil doctrine or instruments to others for this end; therefore he
ought not to be suspected in the faith.
To the first article, he answered, that it was true, and that the
circumstances occurred in the city of Valencia, in the house of a person
whose name he could not recollect, but only that he resided in the Calle del
Mar, near a Convent of Nuns. He made the assertions to give the company a
high opinion of him. There were present on this occasion, three soldiers and
an officer, who, with the prisoner, formed the patrol, a scrivener and two
Alguacils, who also were attached to the patrol in Valencia. The operation
which he described, he had heard of in the city of Inspruck in Germany. He
had once practised it on the occasion of three dollars being stolen from
Matheo Suarez, his sergeant. He wrote the names of some persons upon
pieces of paper, and on the back of each, the words ‘Ego sum: exe homo:
consummatum est.’ These were thrown into the fire, but the experiment did
not succeed, for they were all burnt. He did this in private, and merely to
satisfy his curiosity, without imagining it to be superstitious.
To the second article, he answered, that it was true he had made the
assertions contained therein, as he could not believe the act to be evil, in
which the words of Christ were used.
To the third article, he answered, that it was true he had spoken what is
therein stated, and that the divinations mentioned, were those he had
confessed in the first audience, but that he had not made use of any prayers
in these operations, although on the abovementioned occasions he gave
those present to understand that various words were to be uttered.
To the fourth article, he answered, that it was true the conversation and
acts therein described took place; that it happened in Valencia, with the
scrivener abovementioned. The paper which he took from his pocket,
contained some bits of bone and a bullet battered to pieces. As to what he
asserted respecting the book of magic, he had done it to measure the degree
of credulity of the said scrivener, who readily swallowed all his tales, and

offered him money to learn the abovementioned arts. He never possessed
any such book of magic.
To the fifth article, he answered, that what it contained with respect to
the security from the thrust with a sword, was true, but as to what it stated
respecting his assertion of making himself invisible, he had no recollection
of any such thing.
To the sixth article, he answered, that it was true.
To the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth articles, he answered, that they
were true. The parchments described by the Fiscal, and now exhibited, were
recognised by him for the same he gave to the scrivener, with whom he held
the conversation described. This man’s name was Joachin. He was so
desirous of obtaining a knowledge of the things related by the prisoner, that
he furnished him with the parchment for the purpose. It was all done by the
prisoner, to divert himself with the credulity of this person, and upon the
parchments was written, among other expressions, these words in the
German language, ‘tu pist aynor tas tu tost claupt;[17] that is, ‘you are a
fool to believe this,’ by which it might be easily perceived that his only
object was to impose upon him.
It being now late, the audience closed, and the above having been read to
the prisoner, was declared by him to be correctly recorded, and the truth,
according to the oath which he had sworn.
Signed by him,
M. Anto. Adorno.
In the Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Barcelona, on the thirteenth day
of August, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitors,
Licentiate Don Joseph de Otero y Cossio, and Don Manuel de Guell y
Serra, being at their morning audience, ordered the abovementioned Don
Antonio Adorno to be brought out of prison; which being done, he was
ordered to continue his answers to the accusation under the oath which he
had already sworn.

To the eleventh and twelfth articles he answered that they were true, and
that the circumstances took place in the manner described by him in the first
audience, but that the harangues he made, had only for their object to create
wonder in the hearers, and that he used no prayers nor sacred words.
To the thirteenth article he answered that he had confessed everything,
and that he promised a thorough amendment of his follies into which he had
been drawn by his ignorance, and desire to gain a little money to relieve his
misery.
To the conclusion he answered that he again implored the mercy of the
Holy Office for what he had confessed, which was all he had done, and that
although he were put to the torture he could say nothing more. The above
being the truth according to the oath he had sworn, and the whole having
been read in this audience, was declared to be what he had confessed, and
was signed by him.
M. Antonio Adorno.
SENTENCE.
In the Royal Palace of the Inquisition of Barcelona, on the fourteenth
day of August, one thousand seven hundred and fiftysix, the Inquisitors,
Licentiate Don Joseph de Otero y Cossio and Don Manuel de Guell y Serra
being at their morning audience, and having examined the proceedings
against Don Antonio Adorno as far as the accusation and answers thereto—
Ordered, unanimously, that this person be severely reprehended,
admonished, and warned, in the Hall of the Tribunal with closed doors, and
that he be banished perpetually from the Spanish dominions at a date to be
fixed upon, and that he be informed that if he fail to comply punctually with
every order, he will be severely punished and proceeded against with all the
rigor of justice;—that this trial be suspended for the present and the
sentence submitted to the Council.
In the Council, September 4th, 1756.
Señores, Barreda, Ravazo, and Herreros.
Let justice be executed according to the above sentence.

No. 8. Juan
Panisso. Prison of
the Martyrs.
Maintenance, two
sueldos and the
bread of the
Contractor.
EXTRACTS
FROM THE REGISTER OF THE PRISONS.
March, 1730.
Juan Panisso, a native and inhabitant of this city, a
married man, in custody in the secret Prison of this Holy
Office, with his property sequestrated, for uttering
heretical speeches. Respecting this prisoner, information
was forwarded last January, that proceedings were on
foot for taking the depositions of the witnesses against
him, with a view to their publication. The audience for
this purpose was held on the twentyninth of this month, and the prisoner
answered to the charges with a full denial. In this state the case remains at
present.
April, 1730.
The prisoner was furnished with the publication of the testimony, and
allowed to confer with his counsel. He drew up articles of defence, and in
this state the case remains.
June, 1730.
The prisoner’s defence was received on the third of this month, and the
audience for communication with his counsel was held on the eighth, when
his final defence was made. On the ninth, sentence was passed with the
assistance of the Ordinary, unanimously, that the prisoner should be put to
the regular torture, before the execution of which, it was resolved that the
case should be referred to your Highness, which was done on the tenth. The
matter remains in this state waiting for the decision of your Highness.
August, 1730.
On the first of July we received the order of your Highness to put the
prisoner to the torture ad arbitrium. On the twelfth an audience was held, in
which a sentence to that effect was passed. The prisoner was informed of

Isabel Boxi, alias
Modroño. Prison of
Sta. Maria.
Maintenance, two
sueldos and the
bread of the
Contractor.
the same, and admonished in the customary manner, but persisted in his
denial. He was then put to the torture,[18] but suffered the whole without
confessing anything. On the fifteenth, with the assistance of the Ordinary,
his case was definitively judged by a sentence pronounced unanimously,
that the prisoner hear his own condemnation read in the hall of the Tribunal
with open doors; that he make an abjuration de levi, be severely
reprehended and warned, absolved ad cautelam, and be banished from this
city, Madrid, and the court of his Majesty, to a distance of eight leagues, for
the space of five years, the three first of which to be spent in the royal
garrison of this city. This sentence was referred to your Highness the same
day, and on the fourteenth of August, the answer received in which your
Highness ordered that the prisoner be brought into the hall of the Tribunal,
and there, with closed doors, be severely reprehended and warned, that he
be admonished to abstain from the like offences in future, and forthwith
dismissed. This was executed on the same day, together with the audience
for binding him to secrecy, and making inquiries respecting the prison. The
prisoner was then dismissed.
Dr Don Miguel Vizente Cebrian y Augustin.
March, 1730.
Isabel Boxi, alias Modroño, widow, native of
Vilaseca, in the diocese of Tarragona, aged sixtythree
years, confined in the secret prison of this Holy Office,
with her property sequestered, for witchcraft and
superstition. Respecting this prisoner your Highness was
informed in the month of January, that the witnesses
were giving their testimony against her for publication.
Nothing was done in all February, and part of the present month, with
respect either to this or the other cases, for this reason; the Inquisitor,
Licentiate Don Balthasar Villarexo has been out of health most of this
month, and I have been in the same state all the month of February. For the
same reason, also, no account was transmitted the last month, there being
no proceedings to relate. At present, we have done nothing more than hold
an audience for the publication of the testimony against the above prisoner,
and shall proceed with this case after the holidays.
April, 1730.

No. 3
Ana Vila y Campas.
Prison of La Cruz.
Maintenanace, two
sueldos and the
bread of the
Contractor.
The publication of the testimony was done on the eighteenth and
twentyfourth of this month, on which occasions the prisoner made her
answers to the charges, and denied the whole. In this state the case remains
at present.
May, 1730.
The publication was communicated to the prisoner, and she conferred
with her counsel, and drew up her defence. Sentence was passed, and the
same referred to your Highness.
June, 1730.
On the third of this month, the order of your Highness respecting the
prisoner was received, which having confirmed the sentence, an auto was
given in the church of Santa Agueda on the eighteenth of this month, the
prisoner being present in penitential garments, with the insignia of her
offences. Her sentence was read and she made an abjuration de levi, after
which she was absolved ad cautelam.[19] On the nineteenth, she received a
scourging, and on the twentieth, after being reprehended, admonished, and
threatened, she was informed that she must pass three years of confinement,
in Vique, and be banished seven years more from Tarragona, Barcelona, and
Madrid. On the same day, the audience was held for binding her to secrecy
and ascertaining the state of her connexion with the prison. The day
following she was despatched to Vique where she now remains in the
custody of a learned person who is to instruct her in the Catholic Faith.
March, 1730.
Ana Vila y Campas, a native and inhabitant of this
city, aged thirtyfive years, and a widow, confined in the
secret prison of this Holy Office, with her goods in
sequestration, for witchcraft and superstitious
impostures. With relation to this prisoner, your Highness
was informed in the month of January, that the
depositions were collecting against her. The audience
has since been held, and after the holidays, the cause will be carried on.
April, 1730.

Joseph Fernandez
in the secret prison
of this tribunal, for
having written and
spoken divers
heresies,
blasphemies, and
insults against our
Holy Faith.
Distitute.
Maintenance, two
sueldos, and the
bread of the
Contractor.
Prison of the
Innocents.
On the seventh and twentyfirst of this month, the audience for
publication was held, in which state the case remains at present.
May, 1730.
The prisoner communicated with her counsel, answered to the charges,
and was sentenced. The sentence was referred to your Highness.
June, 1730.
On the thirteenth day of this month, the order of your Highness
confirming the sentence, was received, in consequence of which an auto
was given in the church of Sta Agueda, where the prisoner was present, in
penitential garments, with the proper insignia of her offences. Her sentence
was read, she made an abjuration de levi, and was absolved ad cautelam.
On the nineteenth, she was scourged, and on the twentieth, was
reprehended, admonished, and severely threatened, after which the audience
was held for binding her to secrecy, and making inquiry respecting the
prison. On the night of the same day, she was carried to the casa de la
Galera, where she is to be confined for ten years, at the expiration of which
term, she is to be banished perpetually from this city and Madrid, for the
distance of eight leagues. She remains at present in the charge of a learned
person, who will instruct her in the Catholic Faith.
February, 1736.
Joseph Fernandez, a native of the town of Santa
Llina, in the bishopric of Urgel, aged eighteen years,
formerly an apothecary, and latterly a soldier in the
cavalry regiment of Calatrava, taken from the Royal
prison of this city of Barcelona, and transported to the
secret prison of this tribunal, on the twentieth of the
present month of February. This prisoner made a
spontaneous confession on the fifteenth of January of the
present year, declaring that he had made an explicit
league with the devil, and had granted him his soul. He
furthermore stated that he had uttered, on many
occasions, divers impious and heretical sayings against
God, and against Christ and his Holy Mother. This

confession was ratified on the eighteenth and twentyfirst of the month; and
on the twentyeighth, in consequence of his confession, a sentence was
passed, that the said Joseph Fernandez be reprehended, admonished, and
warned; that he make an abjuration de vehementi, be absolved ad cautelam,
and intrusted to the charge of a Calificador or learned person, for the
purpose of being instructed in the mysteries of our Holy Faith, ratifying his
previous confession, which sentence was ordered to be referred to your
Highness, and transmitted the same day.
On the eighteenth of February, the answer of your Highness was
received, with a confirmation of the sentence, which was not put in
execution, in consequence of the prisoner’s having written several letters to
the Inquisitor Don Balthasar Villarexo, which letters contained insulting,
heretical, and blasphemous matter against our Holy Catholic Religion, as
well as contemptuous and insolent language against the said Inquisitor. For
this reason an order was issued for his imprisonment, and the said Joseph
Fernandez was, on the twentieth of the same month, taken from the Royal
Prison, where he was then confined. On the twentysecond and twentythird,
an audience was held, in which he confessed that the letters were his, and
that he had written them for the purpose of getting free from the Royal
Prison, and the garrison where he was confined for desertion. He having
named several persons in prison, before whom he had uttered heretical
speeches, a commission was expedited on the twentyeighth to take their
depositions. The cause is delayed till the depositions are completed.
April, 1736.
On the twentysecond of March, the depositions of several witnesses
were received, and some of them were ratified ad perpetuam rei memoriam,
as the deponents in question were about to depart for the garrisons, to which
they were condemned. A meeting of the Calificadores was held on the
twelfth of April, and the proceedings examined. On the thirteenth, an order
was issued that the prisoner should be taken from the intermediate prison,
which he then occupied, and transferred to the secret prison. On the
seventeenth, nineteenth, and twentieth, audiences were held, in which he
confirmed what he had before declared in the audiences of the
twentysecond and twentythird of February; namely, that his confession of
leaguing with the devil and giving up his soul, was wholly fictitious, having
been fabricated by him for the purpose of getting free from the garrison of

Oran, where he was confined. He further confessed, that he had, in reality,
uttered speeches against our Holy Faith, but that this also was done for the
purpose above stated, and not with any belief in his own assertions. On the
twentyseventh of the present month, an audience was held, in which the
prisoner nominated for his Curador, Dr Joseph Viñals, who accepted the
trust, and was allowed to exercise it. On the same day, the prisoner, in the
presence of his Curador, ratified his confession without adding or
diminishing anything, and the prisoner having been admonished in the
regular manner, the accusation against him was presented.
May, 1736.
The prisoner answered to the accusation on the twentyseventh and
thirtieth of April, confessing the charges to be true, repeating as before, that
he had spoken the words as a means of being liberated from his
confinement in the garrison of Oran, and without any bad intention. Having
appointed the abovementioned Dr Joseph Viñals for his counsel, he
conferred with the prisoner respecting his case on the second day of the
present month. The counsel declared that he was ready for the proofs and a
definitive decision, whereupon a commission was ordered for a ratification
of the testimony in plenario. On the eleventh, the ratifications were
received, and on the twentyfifth and twentyninth, audiences were held, in
which a regular and formal publication of the testimony was performed.
September, 1736.
On the first of June, publication was made of several letters written by
the prisoner to different persons. On the fifth, the answers of the prisoner to
the charges were ratified before Dr Joseph Viñals, his Curador, and the
prisoner communicated with the counsel respecting his defence. On the
thirtieth, the defence was offered by the prisoner’s counsel, and a
commission was granted to make the inquiries requested therein. On the
eighteenth of July, the twentyeighth of August, and first of September, the
result of these inquiries was received in the tribunal. On the fourth of
September, an audience was held, and the prisoner informed that the matters
for his defence were arranged, to which he answered, that he had nothing
further to offer, and was ready for the decision. One of the charges against
him, being that he had affirmed the physicians had pronounced him
disordered in his mind, sometime in the last year, an order was issued for

Miguel Antonio
Dundana, alias
Miguel Antonio
Maleti, in the secret
the physicians of the prisons to examine him. On the twentyfifth of
September, a paper was received from the two physicians declaring that
they had examined him, and that he was not then, nor had been at any time
previous, in a state of mental alienation.
December, 1736.
On the eleventh of October, an audience was held, at which the Ordinary
attended, and sentence was passed, that the condemnation of the prisoner be
read before him in the hall of the tribunal with open doors; that he make an
abjuration de levi, and be banished eight leagues from this city and Madrid,
for the space of three years, the first of which to be passed in confinement
in some garrison to be fixed upon for that purpose; also that he be severely
reprehended, admonished, and warned, and returned to the confinement
from which he was taken, when brought to the prison of this tribunal.
Ordered also, that before the execution of the above sentence, it be referred
to your Highness, which was done on the thirteenth of October. The matter
is now in waiting for the answer.
January, 1737.
On the eleventh of this month, the answer of your Highness was received
with the order respecting the prisoner, in execution of which, his sentence
was read to him in the hall of the tribunal, and he made an abjuration de
levi, was absolved ad cautelam, admonished, reprehended, and warned,
after which he was sentenced to ten years banishment from this city and the
Court, to the extent of eight leagues, the first five years of his banishment to
be passed in confinement in the garrison of Oran. The same day an audience
was held to bind the prisoner to secrecy, and make inquiries respecting the
prison; after which he was sent to the Royal Prison of this city.
Secret prison of the Inquisition of Barcelona, January thirtyfirst, 1737.
Don Francisco Antonio de Montoyer.
January, 1737.
Miguel Antonio Dundana, alias Maleti, a native of the
city of Coni, in Piedmont, aged twentyfour years, a
soldier in the regiment called the Queen’s Dragoons,
confined in the secret prison of this tribunal on the sixth

prison of this
tribunal, for
heretical speeches.
Prison of St.
Bartholomé.
Destitute.
Maintenance, two
sueldos, and the
bread of the
Contractor.
day of December last, for heretical speeches. On the
tenth, fourteenth, and seventeenth of the same month,
the customary audiences were held, in which the
prisoner confessed nothing to the point. On the last day
he nominated for his counsel, Dr Manuel Bonvehi, who
accepted the trust, and the confessions of the prisoner
were ratified. The accusation was then presented, to the
several articles of which the prisoner replied on the
sixteenth and nineteenth of the same month, declaring
that some of them were false, and some true; but that he had uttered the
words in mere jest. On the twentieth, an audience was held, in which the
prisoner conferred with his counsel concerning his defence, and ratified the
answers made to the articles of the accusation, making an end by calling for
the proofs. On the same day, letters were sent to the other Inquisitions,
requesting that their records might be inspected to know if any proceedings
existed against this person. On the eleventh of the present month, a
commission was granted to ratify the testimony for a decisive trial.
March, 1737.
On the sixteenth of this month, the ratifications of the testimony were
received in the tribunal, the business having been delayed on account of the
great diversity of quarters occupied by the regiment of the Queen’s
Dragoons.
May, 1737.
On the eighth, ninth, and tenth of April, the testimony was given in
publication, and a copy of the same given to the prisoner, that he might
arrange his defence by the help of his counsel. On the eleventh, an audience
was held, in which he conferred with Dr Manuel Bonvehi, his advocate, and
on the second of May, an audience was held, in which his defence was
received. On the ninth of the same month, the commission and papers
relating to the affair, were sent for.
June, 1737.
The papers were not received this month, on account of the difficulty in
finding the requisite persons, but it is expected the business will be

accomplished shortly.
July, 1737.
On the sixth of this month, the papers were received, and on the eighth
the prisoner communicated with his counsel. On the seventeenth, the
testimony against him was attested in plenario, and his condemnation
confirmed. On the twentyninth, the proceedings of the trial were examined,
and the Reverend Father M. Fr. Mariano Anglasell being present in the
capacity of Judge Ordinary of the bishopric of Solsona, it was unanimously
ordered that the prisoner be put to the regular torture; which sentence was
ordered to be previously submitted to your Highness.
September, 1737.
On the thirtieth of August, your Highness confirmed the above sentence,
and ordered that the torture should be given ad arbitrium, to extort a
confession of the acts and intentions of the prisoner. The papers relating to
the trial which had been forwarded, were received back on the seventh of
the present month. The prisoner being under the hands of the physician, on
account of his health, the torture could not be applied till the twentieth,
when the physician having certified that he was then in a condition to
endure it, an audience was held, and the charges against the prisoner
repeated, to which he answered that he had nothing to reply, further than
what had been already said. He was then apprised of the sentence against
him, and despatched to the torture room, where he confessed that he had
uttered many of the assertions imputed to him, but that it was done in sport,
and at times when his companions had intoxicated him, and he was not
conscious of what he said, believing in his heart the contrary to what he had
uttered.
On the twentyfifth, an audience was held, in which he confirmed without
alteration, what he had confessed under the torture, adding that he had made
other assertions of the like nature, all for the motive above stated, and
without entertaining inwardly any belief contrary to the precepts of the
Holy Mother Catholic Church. In this manner the prisoner attempted to
palliate his heretical speeches. On the twentyseventh, his confessions
having been examined, they were attested, and the censure previously
passed upon him confirmed, by which he was declared to be strongly

Juan Bautista
Segondi,
imprisoned for the
crime of searching
for treasures. Prison
of San Francisco
Xavier.
suspected in the faith. On the twentyeighth, a final decision was given in the
presence of Father P. Mro. Fr. Mariano Anglasell as Ordinary, and the
prisoner was sentenced unanimously to be brought into the hall of the
tribunal, and there, with open doors before the Secret Ministers, and with
the insignia of his offences, to hear his condemnation read, make an
abjuration de vehementi, be absolved ad cautelam, be severely reprehended,
admonished, and warned, and then to be banished from this city, Madrid,
the Court of His Majesty, and the town of Guisona and Tarragona, to a
distance of eight leagues, for the period of eight years; the first five of them
to be spent in confinement, in some garrison in Africa, to be fixed upon for
this purpose, and that he be previously intrusted to the care of some learned
person to receive instruction in the faith.
November, 1737.
On the sixteenth of October your Highness was pleased to order that the
prisoner attend at an auto de fe if one should occur soon, otherwise to be led
to some church in the guise of a penitent, and there hear his sentence read,
make an abjuration de levi, be severely reprehended, admonished, and
warned, and banished for life from Spain, after passing five years of
confinement in the garrison of Oran, where he should be put under the care
of some learned person, to receive instruction in the mysteries of our Holy
Faith. On the third of November, the sentence was executed in the church of
Sta Agueda. The same day he was sworn to secrecy, and despatched to the
Royal Prison of this city, thence to be transported to his confinement in
Oran. A letter was sent to Father Fr. Pablo de Colindus at that place,
intrusting to him the instruction of the prisoner.
Inquisition of Barcelona, Nov. 28th, 1737.
Don Francisco Antonio de Montoya y Zarate.
July, 1739.
Juan Bautista Segondi, a native of the town of
Perpignan in France, and an inhabitant of this city, aged
fortytwo years, a married man, and by trade a
watchmaker, confined in the secret prison of this
tribunal, with a sequestration of his property, on the
fourteenth of July, for superstitious and necromantical

Maintenance, two
sueldos, and the
bread of the
Contractor.
practices. He was assigned two sueldos and the bread of
the Contractor, on account of the Treasury, as little of the
prisoner’s property was secured. On the fifteenth, the
first audience was held, in which he confessed that he
had used the hazel rod for the purpose of discovering the situation of water,
metals, and mines, inheriting the capacity to practise this art, from his being
a seventh son, without the intervention of a female, and being born in the
month of May. He stated that he had heard his father declare such persons
could make the abovementioned discoveries, by holding the hazel rod in
their hands. On the twentieth and twentyfourth, audiences were held, in
which he confessed nothing more. The accusation was then presented
against him, the several specifications of which he granted to be true. On
the twentyfourth, he was furnished with a copy of the accusation, and
nominated for his counsel, Dr Joseph Vila. On the twentyseventh, an
audience was held, in which he communicated with his advocate, respecting
his defence, and the cause was received for proof in a full trial. A
commission was granted for the ratification of the testimony.
August, 1739.
The testimony having been ratified, it was given, in publication, on the
nineteenth of this month, at which time, and on the twentyfirst, the prisoner
replied thereto, by confessing the truth of the charges, and an additional
one, of the same kind, being produced against him, it was also given in
publication. On the twentysixth, an audience was held, in which the
testimony, and the responses of the prisoner were read to his advocate, Dr
Joseph Vila, and arrangements were made for the defence.
September, 1739.
On the ninth of this month, the defence was offered, and on the twelfth,
the cause was judged before Father Mro. Fr. Mariano Anglasell, as Judge
Ordinary, and sentence was passed upon the prisoner; which was, that he be
brought into the hall of the Tribunal, and there, with open doors, hear his
condemnation read, make an abjuration de levi, be severely reprehended,
admonished, and warned, and apprised, that if he commit the smallest act of
the nature of his former offences, he shall incur the penalty of two hundred
lashes. It was also ordered, that the sentence, before execution, be submitted
to your Highness.

Joseph Oliver.
Prison of La Cruz.
Destitute.
Maintenance, two
sueldos, and the
bread of the
Contractor.
October, 1739.
The confirmation of the sentence having been received on the ninth of
this month, it was put in execution on the thirteenth, on which day audience
was held to swear secrecy respecting the prisons.
Inquisition of Barcelona, Oct. 31st, 1739.
Don Francisco Antonio de Montoya y Zarate.
July, 1731
Joseph Oliver, a native of this city, aged twentyseven
years, a married man, and by occupation a husbandman.
Proceedings were instituted against this person, and his
actions having been attested to, he was ordered, on the
eleventh of this month, to be imprisoned, with a
sequestration of his property, for performing
superstitious and magical cures. On the fifteenth of this
month, he was confined in the secret prison of this Holy
Office; and on the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth, audiences were
held, in the last of which, the accusation against him was presented. In the
aforementioned audiences, and in his answers to the accusation, he
confessed the most of his crimes. On the twentieth and twentyfirst, he
communicated with his counsel, and the case was admitted for proof in a
full trial. The customary preparations being made, and the testimony
ratified, the proofs are preparing for publication, and in this state the case
remains.
August, 1731.
On the eighteenth and twentyfirst of this month, the audience for
publication was held, and the prisoner having answered to the charges, the
audience for communication with his counsel, was held on the
twentyseventh. By the advice of his advocate, the prisoner concluded his
defence without alleging anything in his own justification. In this state the
case remains.
September, 1731.
On the sixth of this month, judgment was pronounced before the
Ordinary, and the prisoner was unanimously sentenced to attend at an auto

de fe if one should take place soon, otherwise at some church, in penitential
guise, with the insignia of his crimes; and there hear his condemnation read,
make an abjuration de levi, be severely reprehended, admonished, and
warned, and be banished eight leagues from this city, Madrid, and the Court
of His Majesty, for the period of ten years, being first confined three years
in the garrison of this city of Barcelona. It was also ordered, that, before the
execution of the sentence, it be submitted to your Highness.
October, 1731.
On the first of this month, the answer of your Highness was received,
ordering that the prisoner should hear his condemnation, and undergo the
first part of his sentence in the hall of the tribunal, then to be banished as
above specified, for the period of five years. This order was executed on the
fifth, when the prisoner was sworn to secrecy respecting the prisons, and
forthwith despatched.
December, 1732.
Blas Ramirez, a native of the village of Paya, in La Huerta, bishopric of
Murcia, a soldier in the regiment of dragoons of Tarragona, aged thirtytwo
years. Sent prisoner to this Holy Office, by Dr Jacinto Christofol, Curate of
the town of La Selva, in the archbishopric of Tarragona, and Commissary of
the Holy Office. A letter accompanied the prisoner from this Commissary,
dated the eighth of November, and another of the same date was received
from Dr Joseph Solano, chaplain of the regiment abovementioned. In both
of these it was stated that the said Blas Ramirez had made a league with the
devil, according to his own spontaneous confession. The aforementioned Dr
Joseph Solano having communicated the case to the Archbishop of
Tarragona, he was directed by him to transmit information of the same to
the Commissary Dr Jacinto Christofol, who apprehended the said Blas
Ramirez, and sent him under a guard to this Holy Office. On the thirteenth
of November, Luis Pusol, the Familiar, gave him in charge to the Alcayde
of the secret prisons, and on the same day the Inquisitor Fiscal offered a
request that he might be kept in the carceles comunes, till the letter of the
above Dr Joseph Solano should be examined, and his reasons explained for
putting him into the hands of the Commissary as an offender against the

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