Stack and its usage in assembly language
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The document discusses stacks, which are data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. It describes basic stack operations like push, pop, and peeking at the top element. Stacks can be implemented using arrays, vectors, or linked lists. In assembly language, the stack segment register SS and stack pointer SP are used to manage the call stack, temporarily storing return addresses and register values. PUSH adds an item to the top of the stack, while POP removes the top item.
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Security
Software Processes 
Software Processes Usman Bin Saad The document discusses several software development process models including:
- The waterfall model which separates development into distinct phases but is inflexible to change.
- Evolutionary development which interleaves specification, development and validation but can lack structure.
- Component-based development which focuses on reuse but requires component standards.
- Iterative models like incremental delivery and spiral development which incorporate feedback loops and risk analysis to accommodate changing requirements.
Project management
Project managementUsman Bin Saad This document discusses project management for software development projects. It covers topics such as the need for project management due to budget and schedule constraints. It also discusses distinguishing aspects of software project management compared to other engineering disciplines. Additional topics covered include project planning activities like proposal writing, scheduling, and reviews. It discusses challenges like estimating tasks, scheduling dependencies, and allocating staff. It also covers risk management activities like identifying risks, analyzing risks, planning strategies to address risks, and monitoring risks throughout the project.
Hybrid Cars 
Hybrid Cars Usman Bin Saad Hybrid cars use two or more engines, typically a gasoline engine and an electric motor. The electric motor is more efficient at lower speeds while the gasoline engine operates at higher speeds. Hybrid cars are more environmentally friendly since they run primarily on electric power and use regenerative braking to charge the batteries. However, hybrids also have some disadvantages like higher maintenance costs and safety issues with high-voltage batteries during accidents. Popular hybrid models include the Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion, and Lexus RX 450h.
Presentation of se
Presentation of seUsman Bin Saad This document provides information about system engineering. It defines system engineering as an approach to design, implement, and evaluate complex systems. It lists several jobs that system engineers can have, such as system engineer, safety engineer, and space craft system engineer. It describes some of the duties of system engineers, which include ensuring everything works properly, creating new ideas, and coordinating with others. The document discusses elements of computer-based systems, including software, hardware, people, databases, documentation, and procedures. It also covers topics like system modeling, business process engineering, system architectures, product engineering, and requirements engineering.
Environment
EnvironmentUsman Bin Saad The document discusses several environmental issues affecting Pakistan, including air pollution. It defines air pollution as dangerous contaminants found in the atmosphere, either as gases or particles. The fundamental causes of air pollution are identified as industrialization and the widespread use of fossil fuels, population growth increasing demand for goods produced through natural resource use, and globalization allowing polluting industries to move to developing countries. The effects of air pollution are described as harmful to humans, animals, trees and the environment through entering the body primarily via the respiratory system.
Top 10 Innovations of 2015
Top 10 Innovations of 2015Usman Bin Saad Top 10 Innovations of 2015
1 . Magic Leap
2 . Nano Architecture
3 .Car to Car Communication
4 . Project loon
5 . Liquid Biopsy
6 . Mega-scale Desalination
7 . Apple Pay
8 . Brain Organoids
9 . Super-charged Photosynthesis
10 . Internet of DNA
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Features:
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Interface defines a contract between unrelated classes.
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- 2. Stacks Usman Bin Saad FA14-BSE-4C-118 Shahid Iqbal FA14-BSE-4C-160 Haseeb Ahmad FA14-BSE-4C-129 Submitted to Miss Arubah
- 3. Stack • A stack is a data structure that stores data in such a way that the last piece of data stored, is the first one retrieved i.e. Last in, First out LIFO / First in Last out FILO • Only access to the stack is the top element • Anything added to the stack goes on the “top” of the stack • Anything removed from the stack is taken from the “top” of the stack • Things are removed in the reverse order from that in which they were inserted
- 5. Basic Stack Operations • There are three Basic Stack Operations which are discussed below • Push • Pop • Stack Top
- 6. Push • The operation to place a new item at the top of the stack
- 7. Pop • The operation to remove the next item from the top of the stack
- 9. Implementing a Stack • At least three different ways to implement a stack • array • vector • linked list
- 10. Stack in Assembly Language • The stack segment register holds the starting address of the stack segment in the memory. Majorly SS is used for the following purposes namely: 1.To hold the temporary results. 2.To hold the return address of the subroutine. 3.Finally to handle the interrupts • SS (Stack Segment) Register: holds stack Segment Address • SP (Stack Pointer) Register: initialized to the value specified with the .STACK directive, represents empty stack position • When stack is not empty, SP represents the top of the Stack
- 11. Stack (cont ..) • In order to save the contents of a register during the execution, so that it can be used later for purposes. • To do so, the microprocessor has a area of memory where the contents of specified registers or memory location can be saved temporarily, and is called STACK. • It is a top-down data structure whose elements are accessed using the pointer that is implemented using the SP and SS registers. • As we go on storing the data words onto the stack, the pointer goes on decrementing.
- 12. PUSH And PUSHF • PUSH: Used to add a new source (16-bit register or memory word) on stack Syntax: PUSH source • Execution of PUSH causes: SP is decreased by 2 A copy of source contents is moved to the address specified by SS:SP. Source remains unchanged • PUSHF has no operand and it pushes the contents of FLAG register onto the stack. • Usually this is done whenever the processor is interrupted Syntax: PUSHF
- 14. POP And POPF • POP: Used to remove top item from stack to destination (i.e. a 16-bit register or memory word). Syntax: POP destination • Execution of POP causes: The contents of SS:SP (top of the stack) is moved to the destination. SP is increased by 2 • POPF has no operand and pops the top of the stack into FLAG register. • SP is incremented by 2 after executing this instant. Syntax: POPF