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Software Engineering and project management
- 2. Functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, interface specification, The software requirements document Requirements engineering process: Feasibility studies , requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements validation, requirements management Software project effort and cost estimation – Cocomo model I, Cocomo Model II, LOC, Function point metrics
- 3. Functional and non-functional requirements • Software system requirements are often classified as functional requirements or nonfunctional requirements: 1. Functional requirements These are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs, and how the system should behave in particular situations. In some cases, the functional requirements may also explicitly state what the system should not do. 2. Non-functional requirements These are constraints on the services or functions offered by the system. They include timing constraints, constraints on the development process, and constraints imposed by standards. Non-functional requirements often apply to the system as a whole, rather than individual system features or services.
- 4. Readers of Different types of requirements specification
- 10. Metrics for specifying non functional requirements
- 12. The software requirements document (Software Requirements Specification-SRS)
- 13. Agile methods and requirements
- 14. Users of a requirements documents
- 15. The structure of a requirements document
- 18. Feasibility Study The objective behind the feasibility study is to create the reasons for developing the software that is acceptable to users, flexible to change and conformable to established standards. • Types of Feasibility: 1. Technical Feasibility - Technical feasibility evaluates the current technologies, which are needed to accomplish customer requirements within the time and budget. 2. Operational Feasibility - Operational feasibility assesses the range in which the required software performs a series of levels to solve business problems and customer requirements. 3. Economic Feasibility - Economic feasibility decides whether the necessary software can generate financial profits for an organization.
- 19. A spiral view of requirements engineering process
- 20. Requirements elicitation and analysis
- 21. Problems of requirements analysis
- 22. The requirements elicitation and analysis process – 4 stages
- 26. Requirements validation techniques 1. Requirements reviews The requirements are analyzed systematically by a team of reviewers who check for errors and inconsistencies. 2. Prototyping In this approach to validation, an executable model of the system in question is demonstrated to end-users and customers. They can experiment with this model to see if it meets their real needs. 3. Test-case generation Requirements should be testable. If the tests for the requirements are devised as part of the validation process, this often reveals requirements problems. If a test is difficult or impossible to design, this usually means that the requirements will be difficult to implement and should be reconsidered. Developing tests from the user requirements before any code is written is an integral part of extreme programming.
- 34. Software project-Effort and cost estimation • Software cost and effort estimation will never be an exact science. Too many variables— human, technical, environmental, political—can affect the ultimate cost of software and effort applied to develop it • To achieve reliable cost and effort estimates, a number of options arise: 1. Delay estimation until late in the project (obviously, we can achieve 100% accurate estimates after the project is complete! -is not practically possible). 2. Base estimates on similar projects that have already been completed. 3. Use relatively simple decomposition techniques to generate project cost and effort estimates. 4. Use one or more empirical models for software cost and effort estimation.
- 35. • Decomposition techniques take a "divide and conquer“ approach to software project estimation. By decomposing a project into major functions and related software engineering activities, cost and effort estimation can be performed in a stepwise fashion. • Empirical estimation models can be used to complement decomposition techniques and offer a potentially valuable estimation approach in their own right. A model is based on experience (historical data) and takes the form
- 37. The COCOMO Model ( COnstructive COst MOdel ) • Barry Boehm introduced a hierarchy of software estimation models bearing the name COCOMO, for COnstructive COst MOdel. The original COCOMO model became one of the most widely used and discussed software cost estimation models in the industry. It has evolved into a more comprehensive estimation model, called COCOMO II. • Like its predecessor, COCOMO II is actually a hierarchy of estimation models that address the following areas:
- 38. COCOMO 1 Model: • The Constructive Cost Model was first developed by Barry W. Boehm. • The model is for estimating effort, cost, and schedule for software projects. • It is also called as Basic COCOMO. • This model is used to give an approximate estimate of the various parameters of the project. • Example of projects based on this model is business system, payroll management system and inventory management systems.
- 39. COCOMO –II Model
- 40. COCOMO –II Model
- 41. Complexity weighting for object types
- 42. Productivity rate for object points
- 45. Lines of Code (LOC) & Function Point (FP) 1. Lines of Code (LOC) : The line of code (LOC) metric is any line of text in a code that is not a comment or blank line, in any case of the number of statements or fragments of statements on the line. LOC consists of all lines containing program header files, declaration of any variable, and executable and non-executable statements. As Lines of Code (LOC) only counts the proportion of code, you can only utilize it to compare or estimate projects that utilize the same language and are programmed using the same coding standards.
- 46. Example of Line of Code :
- 47. Function Point (FP) • Function Point (FP) : In the function point metric, the number and type of functions held up by the software are used to find FPC (function point count).