Servant-ModLeach Energy Efficient Cluster Base Routing Protocol for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Network

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1194
Servant-ModLeach Energy Efficient Cluster Base Routing
Protocol for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Network
Fuseini Jibreel1, Mohammed Ibrahim Daabo2, A.W. Yusuf-Asaju3, Kazeem Alagbe Gbolagade4
1Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tamale Technical University, Ghana
2Department of Computer Science, School of Computing & Info. Sciences, C.K. Tedam University of
Technology & Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana.
3Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Communication & Info. Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
4Department of Computer Science, College of Information & Communication Technology, Kwara State University,
Nigeria
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Abstract: In wireless sensor networks, the sensor nodes are
usually engaged in a number of activities making them lose
energy very fast. Therefore, maximizing the lifetime of nodes
during protocol design is of primary concern. In this paper, the
MODLEACH protocol is studiedandenhanced.InMODLEACH,it
is observed that the Cluster Heads (CHs) are responsible for
both data aggregation and routing of data to the Base Station
(BS). This allows a faster depletion of the CHs energy and the
energy of the entire network. Also, it hasbeenobservedthatthe
residual energy of the nodes is not considered in selecting the
Cluster Heads (CHs). This makes it possible for weaker nodes to
be selected as CHs. In this research, a modified MODLEACH
protocol called Servant-MODLEACH (S-MODLEACH) has been
proposed to address the problem of residual energy and lessen
the huge task placed on CHs in MODLEACH protocol. In the
proposed protocol, Cluster CHs are selected based on the
strength of their residual energy. In addition, servant nodes for
data aggregation and routing of data to CHs are introduce in
the network. Simulations have been conducted to evaluate the
new clustering algorithm using MATLAB R2017a and the
results showed that S-MODLEACH performs better than
MODLEACH in heterogeneous settings in termsofthroughputs,
energy conservation and extension of the network lifetime.
Keywords: Energy Consumption, MODLEACH Protocol,
Network Lifetime, Servant-MODLEACH
1. Introduction
Sophistication in electronics due to advanced technology
today, has enabled network protocol designers to develop
low cost, low power and small size sensors [5, 6]. In fact,
thousands of these sensors are deployed in Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) based on the requirement of network
application. These devices are able to monitor physical
environment, compute and transmit data amongthemselves
to resource nodes called.
Base Station (BS) [8]. The over reliability of these sensor
nodes on batteries for energy is a major issue because these
batteries cannot be replaced or recharged easily once they
are deployed. Therefore, protocols for these kinds of
networks must be designed in such a way that they are
energy efficient in order to prolong the lifetime of the
network.
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) was
the first hierarchical cluster-based routing Protocol with
clusters in WSNs to have been developed [4].
The main objective of this protocol was to minimize the
energy consumption in sensor networks [13]. In LEACH,
there is a Cluster Head (CH) for each cluster responsible for
receiving data from normal sensor nodes (NSN),aggregating
the data and forwarding it to the BS.
Energy heterogeneity is another key issue that merits
attention [14] in wireless sensor networks. This happens
when there is energy differencetosomethresholdbetweena
sensor node and its neighbors [1]. In the case of
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks,[12],developed an
energy-efficient service discovery protocol. Here, nodes are
identified with hardware identifiers, whichareunique,along
with capability grades. The sensor node with the highest
capability grade becomes cluster head and collects and
aggregates data from all sensor nodes in the cluster. With
this scheme, it is easy to construct and maintain and it can
adapt quickly to topological changes in sensor networks. A
delay-constrained energy-efficient routing scheme in
heterogeneous WSNs was presented by [22]. In addition to
static sensor nodes in their case, mobile and static supper
nodes can be used to support periodic and event-based
reporting applications. Various types of data messages are
supported by the algorithm. From its routing table, the
source sensor node selects the best relay super node and
sends the message to it. Generally,ClusterHeadsareselected
using an advanced algorithm based on the amount of
remaining energy on CHs and the distance they are from the
base station. There are two multi-hopingcriteria proposedin
this algorithm: distance-based multi-hoping and load-
balancing-based multi-hoping. This gives rise to different
energy levels in the network. It is on the basis of this kind of
network that a modified algorithm called Servant-
MODLEACH (S-MODLEACH) has been proposed. It is an

enhancement of MODLEACH protocol in heterogeneous
settings. The algorithm operates in a WSN under three level
energy heterogeneity. Simulation results showed that, the
proposed algorithm outperforms that of the MODLEACH in
terms of throughput and network lifetime.
The rest of the work is organized as follows: Section 2
looks at a review of related works; Section 3 presents
problem definition, while Radio Energy and Network Model
is described in Section 4. Simulation results and analysis are
discussed in Section 5 and conclusion is drawn in Section 6.
2. Related Works
In 2001, [11] introduced a new energy efficient protocol
called TEEN (Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor
Network protocol) for re-active networks. The performance
of the protocol was evaluated and was found to be limited to
a simple temperature sensing application.Intermsofenergy
efficiency, the protocol was seen to have outperformed
existing conventional sensor network protocols.
[9], discussed a two-level (TL) hierarchy and realized a
protocol that have a better energy consumption. TL-LEACH
uses random rotation of local cluster base stations (primary
cluster-heads and secondary cluster-heads). This allows
better distribution of the energy load among the sensors in
the network especially, when the density of network is
higher. They evaluated the performances of their protocol
with NS-2 and this protocol outperformedLEACHintermsof
energy consumption and lifetime of the network.
[23], proposed the new Version LEACH (V-LEACH)
protocol which improves the original LEACH protocol by
selecting a backup-CH called the vice-CH which takes over
the role of the CH in the event the CH dies/run out. When a
CH dies/runs out, the cluster will become uselessbecause all
data gathered by sensors in the cluster will never reach the
sink. So, in addition to electing CH, the vice-CH also chosen.
By doing so, cluster nodes data will always reach the BS and
therefore no need electing a new CH each time the CH runs
out, and this will extend the life time of the network.
[17], proposed the modified R-LEACH protocol which
allows an alternative node to get replaced in place of a node
which loses its energy such that the entire network lifetime
can be extended and avoid data loss. The Packet Delivery
Ration (PDR) and energy levels have been found to be better
than LEACH.
[21], presented the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) which
gave a weighted probability that allowed each node the
possibility of becoming a cluster head. [16], presented the
Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering scheme for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networkscalledDEEC.Inthis
scheme, the existing energy in the nodes is the election
criteria for a node to become a cluster head. [1], proposed
the Enhanced-SEP clustering algorithm in a three-tier node
scenario to prolong the effective network life-time.
Simulation results showed that the Enhanced-SEP achieves
better performance in this respect, compared to other
existing clustering algorithms in both heterogeneous and
homogenous environments.
[19], describedLeach-heterogeneoussystemwhichsought
to compare the heterogeneous and homogeneous systems.
They analyzed LEACH protocol which is a homogeneous
system and then studied the impact of heterogeneity.
Simulation results using MATLAB showed that the proposed
Leach-heterogeneous system significantly reduced energy
consumption and increased the total lifetime of the wireless
sensor network.
[7], proposed Modified Enhanced Stable Election Based
Routing Protocol for WSNs. The proposed protocol, which is
an extension of the Enhanced Stable Election Protocol
(ESEP), considered the residual energy and ensured
maximum network lifetime.
[20], also evaluated some issues which have been left out
in the field of WSNs and showed some comparison between
homogeneous and heterogeneous protocols. In order to
reduce the energy consumption of each clustering node and
enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor network, [18],
proposed the LEACH protocol. In this case the base station
chooses the cluster head directly. Tests results conducted
showed that the proposed method proved to be more
efficient than LEACH terms of lifetime of the network.[3], in
their study, presented a model in which the selection
procedure of cluster heads remains the sameasinthecaseof
ordinary Leach protocol. They however, divided the whole
area of the network into a multiple rectangular distributed
region. In each region, the authors applied the LEACH
algorithm. As part of their study, [2], developed an intra-
cluster multi-hop communication algorithm based on the
LEACH protocol for multi-hop simulation of annealing
(MhSA-LEACH). A Simulation Annealing (SA) algorithm was
used to select intermediate nodes for multi-hop protocol
using Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Based on the
probability theory, multi-hop nodes are selected based on
their shortest distance and can only be skipped once,
resulting in a more optimal node path. In addition, the
authors proposed an algorithm which was compared to the
conventional LEACH protocol as well as the Multi-Hop
Advanced Heterogeneity-aware Energy Efficient (MAHEE)
clustering algorithm based on OMNeT++. The test results
demonstrated that MHSA-LEACH can be optimized in terms
of the number of packets received by BS or CH as well as the
number of dead and alive nodes from LEACH and MAHEE
protocols. A modified MODLEACH Protocol called Servant-
MODLEACH in heterogeneous settings is presented in this
paper. Three types of nodes are considered in this protocol
with one node called the servant node assigned the
responsibility of data aggregation to ease the work load of
CHs. This idea is hatched in order to prolong the lifetime of
the CHs and the network as a whole.

3. Problem Definition
LEACH forms the basis on which several cluster-based
routing protocols havebeendeveloped.However,LEACH has
some challenges; as a Single-hop communicationusedinthis
protocol design, and hence, cannot be deployed in networks
that are spread over large distances. Also, Cluster Heads
(CHs) are elected only on the basis of probability without
taking into consideration the energy requirements and
therefore LEACH tends not to provide the actual load
balancing. In addition, CHs are elected in every round and
this leads to re-clustering. The re-clustering process
consumes a lot of energy. Finally, the same signals
application is used in LEACH protocol irrespectiveofthetype
of communication and the given task.
MODLEACH is also a cluster-based algorithm that was
proposed based on LEACH. It is a modification of LEACH
build mainly on two points. Firstly, in MODLEACH, if the
elected cluster head has more energy,itremainsclusterhead
in the subsequence rounds [6].Secondly,MODLEACHhasnot
amplified all the signals to the same level as in the case of
LEACH protocol. The signal amplification in this protocol
depends on the type of communication such as inter cluster,
intra cluster or cluster head to BS communications. This
leads to reduction in energy consumption in the network.
MODLEACH also has some challenges. Firstly, it allows the
cluster heads alone to receive data from normal sensor
nodes, aggregate the data and route it to the base station.
These over burdens the cluster heads and as results deplete
their energy at a faster rate. The CHs in the end die/run out
leaving the data to be sent to BS wasted. Secondly,
probability function is used inselectingthecluster head. This
could allow weaker nodes to beselectedasCHs whichcannot
transmit data successfully to BS.
4. S-MODLEACH: The Proposed Scheme
Figure 1. S-MODLEACH Network.
The proposed network model is made up of three types of
nodes deployed uniformlyin a squareregion,namely,normal
nodes, servant nodes and advance nodes as shown in Figure
1. The selection probability of each node to become a CH is
weighted by the initial energy of the node relative to that of
the normal node in the network as explained by [1, 15]. It is
assumed that each sensor node transmits sensingdata to the
BS through the selected servant nodes and selected cluster
heads and all the CHs are selected periodically by different
weighted probabilities.
MODLEACH challenges as explainedinsection3havebeen
addressed by Servant–MODLEACH. Firstly, Servant-
MODLEACH reduces the burden on the cluster heads by
introducing special nodescalledservantnodes.Thesespecial
nodes are responsible for data aggregation. They receive
data from the normal nodes, aggregate and transmit it to the
CH.
The cluster heads then send the aggregated data straight
to BS. This gives Servant-MODLEACH the advantage of being
deployed in networks spread over long distance. Secondly,
the proposed protocol selects CHs based on residual energy
at all the three levels rather than relying on probability
functions as in both LEACH and MODLEACH. In this case, the
nodes with high residual energies are selected as cluster
heads which are capable of sustaining the network energy
requirement for a longer period. The servant nodes have
their initial energies falling between the normal nodes and
advance nodes; thus, making S-MODLEACH a suitable
candidate for heterogeneous environment.
4. Cluster Formation
This is made up of the Setup Phase and Steady State Phase.
Setup Phase: The cluster heads selection processissimilarto
[1, 15]. Let represent a percentage of the population of
sensor nodes called advanced nodes which will be equipped
with times more energy resources than the normal sensor
nodes in the network; and is a fraction of the population of
sensor nodes called servant nodes, which will be equipped
with times more energy resources than the normal sensor
nodes in the network such that, the initial energy for normal
nodes is , advanced nodes, =
(1)
and servant nodes, = (2)
where The total initial energy of the system is
increased by the introduction of both advanced and servant
nodes:
(3)
Using the assumptions made by [1], the overall energy of
the network is increased bya fractionof andthe
new epoch of the system must be equaled to
( ).
If we choose , and for probabilities of
becoming normal, servant and advanced nodes respectively,
then we have them in Equations 4-6. Their respective

thresholds are also given in Equations 7-9.
= * (4)
= * (5)
= * (6)
: residua energy
= (7)
where G is the set of normal nodes that have not become
cluster heads in the past round r
= (8)
where is the set of servant nodes that has not become
cluster head in the past round r
= (9)
where is the set of advanced nodes that have not become
cluster heads in the past round r.
Cluster heads follow a Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) schedule to assign time slots for the sensor nodes
inside the cluster as explained by [6].
Steady Phase
The sensor nodes send the sensed data to the
corresponding Servant Cluster Heads (SCHs). The SCHs
aggregate the data, remove redundancies and forward the
data to their respective Cluster Heads (CHs), which then
transmit the aggregated data to the base station.
The total energy dissipated by each cluster head is given
by Equation (10);
(10)
where is the distance from the cluster head to BS and
is the number of SCHs. As regards to the servant cluster
head, the energy dissipated will be aggregated and
transmitted as k bits of data to the respective cluster heads.
So, the total energy dissipated by each Servant Cluster Head
is given by Equation (11).
(11)
Where, is the distance from the Servant Cluster
Head to cluster head.
The total energy dissipated by each non-cluster head is
given by Equation (12)
= (12)
The energy dissipated in a cluster per round can be
calculated as in (13).
(13)
Thus, the overall energy of the network is given in
Equation (14).
(14)
+
(14)
The different amplification energies proposed by [10] for
intra, inter and cluster head communication to BS have been
implemented in this work and is given in Equation (15)
(15)
Simulation Results and Analysis
The S-MODLEACH algorithm is simulated using MATLAB
R2017a. This is to set up a comparative analysis for
MODLEACH and S-MODLEACH proposed in this work. In
this experiment, 200 nodes are deployed in 200*200 region
and the BS is placed (100, 250) away from the centre. Let
us initialize the = 0.5 and assume that 20% of sensor
nodes will be advanced nodes (m=0.2) and 20% servant
nodes (q=0.2). Other parameters used are shown in Table
1.

Table 1. Simulation Parameters.
Parameter Values
elect
E 50nJ/bit
fs
E 10pJ/bit/m2
mp
E 0.0013pJ/bit/m2
0.5J
k 4000
n 100
0.1
5nJ/bit/message
Performance Criteria Used
The performance metrics used to study and evaluate the
cluster-based routing protocols are:
Number of the alive/live nodes, numberofthedead nodes,
packet to the BS and packet to the CH.
These metrics can allow us to draw conclusion about the
stability period of the network which is the time interval
from the start of network operation until the death/run out
of the first node; and the unstable period of the network is
also defined as: the time interval from the death/run out of
first node until the death of the last node. The Lifetime of the
network is also the number of rounds made until the first
node dies [21].
Figure 2. Number of the Alive Nodes per Round.
Figure 2represents the simulationdynamicsofthenumber
ofalive/live nodes during thelifetimeofthenetwork.Between
0 to 500 rounds, both MODLEACH and S-MODLEACH showed
high number of alive nodes with S-MODLEACH showing
slightly betterstability. When the numberofroundsincreased
slightly above 2000, no node was alive in MODLEACH
protocol.S-MODLEACH on the other hand, hasmore than 160
alive nodes in 2000 rounds.Though the numberofalivenodes
decreasesslightlyas theroundsincrease,itisable tomaintain
more than 120 alive nodes up to 9000 rounds and then
eventually, ends up between 10000 and 12000 rounds. This
clearly shows that by introducing the servant node concept
into MODLEACH, it reduces the distance between the normal
and advanced nodes; hence, more energy is conserved to
sustain the nodes and the network.
Figure 3. Number of the Dead Nodes per Round.
Figure 3 shows the number of dead nodes per rounds of
the protocols. It is important for any energy efficient cluster-
based routing to have low dead nodes per round as dead
nodes mean loss of information from that region. In
MODLEACH, the number of dead nodes increased at a faster
rate and no surviving nodes existed after 2000 rounds. S-
MODLEACH, on the other hand, reduces the death rate of the
nodes until the last node died between 10000 and 12000
rounds.

Figure 4. Number of Packets to the BS per Round.
Figures 4 and 5 show the comparison between
MODLEACH and S-MODLEACH in terms of number of data
packets sent to the BS and cluster heads. The results showed
that, after 1800 rounds, the MODLEACH protocol maintains
the same amount/number of packets sent to the BS and also
maintains the same amount/number of packets sent to the
cluster heads. S-MODLEACH, on the other hand, increases
lineally and moves beyond 10000 roundsfor boththeBS and
the cluster head. It is clear that,S-MODLEACHsentmoredata
to the BS and cluster heads than MODLEACH. This is due to
the presence of servant nodes which have reduced the work
load of CHs; and hence, CHs have enough energy to transmit
and also implement different amplification energies.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, an improved MODLEACH algorithm in
heterogeneous settings called S-MODLEACH has been
proposed. Three levels of nodeswereusedinformulating the
algorithm. In each level, nodes elected themselves as cluster
heads based on their energy levels. Simulationswerecarried
out and the results showed that S-MODLEACHoutperformed
MODLEACH in terms of throughputs and network lifetime.
The proposed algorithm tended to reduce network energy
consumption using active servant nodes. These nodes were
assigned the responsibility of aggregating the data received.
Figure 5. Number of packets to the Cluster head.
From normal nodes, which are mostly, assigned to cluster
heads. This really gave cluster heads longer lifetime and the
network as a whole. Also from the experiment, the position of
theBSwasmovedfarawayfromthefield(100,250)compared
to that of MODLEACH (100,100) and this makes S-MODLEACH
suitable for networks spread over a large coverage area.
Further, dual transmitting power levels for inter, intra and
clusterheadtobasestationcommunicationswereimplemented
this really minimized the energy used within these clusters.
Results further showed that there is optimisation of data
packets received and reduction in dead notes and data loss.
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