Roll Your Own API Management Platform with nginx and Lua

May 20, 201518 likes47,435 views

We recently replaced a proprietary API management solution with an in-house implementation built with nginx and Lua that let us get to a continuous delivery practice in a handful of months. Learn about our development process and the overall architecture that allowed us to write minimal amounts of code, enjoying native code performance while permitting interactive codeing, and how we leveraged other open source tools like Vagrant, Ansible, and OpenStack to build an automation-rich delivery pipeline. We will also take an in-depth look at our capacity management approach that differs from the rate limiting concept prevalent in the API community.

Roll Your Own API Management
Platform with nginx and Lua
Jon Moore
Senior Fellow, Comcast Cable
@jon_moore

Roll Your Own API Management Platform with nginx and Lua

$--- Validates the OAuth signature! -- @return Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED if either the key or signature is invalid! -- this method is internal and should not be called directly! function _M.validate_signature(self)! local headers = self.req.get_oauth_params()! local key = headers[Const.OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY]! local keyconf = self.conf.keys[key]! if keyconf == nil then! return {! code = Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED! error = Const.ERROR_INVALID_CONSUMER_KEY! }! end! ! local sig = get_hmac_signature(self.req, keyconf.secret)! if sig ~= headers[Const.OAUTH_SIGNATURE] then! return {! code = Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED,! error = Const.ERROR_INVALID_SIGNATURE! }! end! end!$

$function TestOAuth1:test_reject_request_when_signature_invalid()! local header = Header:new()! header[Const.OAUTH_SIGNATURE] = “invalid”! local req = Req:new({oauth_params = header })! local conf = Conf:new()! local oauth = OAuth1:new(conf, req)! ! local res = oauth:authorize()! assertEquals(res.code, Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED)! assertEquals(res.error, Const.ERROR_INVALID_SIGNATURE)! end! ! lu = LuaUnit.new()! Lu:setOutputType(“tap”)! os.exit(lu:runSuite())!$

function get_oauth_params_from_auth_header()!

function get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(env)!
env = env or ngx!
local auth_hdrs = env.req.get_headers()[“Authorization”]!
...!

$function TestRequest:test_retrieve_oauth_params_from_header()! local header = [[Oauth realm=“example.com”, ]]! .. [[oauth_consumer_key=“mykey”,]]! .. [[oauth_version=“1.0”]]! local ngx = StubNgx:new({ Authorization = header })! local res = get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(ngx)! assertEquals(“1.0”, res.oauth_version)! ...!$

$def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!$

N = XR
# concurrent
requests
transaction
rate
response
time

API
Mgmt
client origin
1s2 req/s
N = XR = 2 req/s × 1s = 2 req

API
Mgmt
client origin
10s2 req/s
N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

access_by_lua ...!
log_by_lua ...!
+1
-1

Version
Control
templates vault
(keys)
nginx.conf!ssh!

DC1 DC2 DC3
VIP VIP VIP
entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1!
<foo> <foo>
<bar>
<bar>
foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.!
foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB)
entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1!
entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

Roll Your Own API Management with nginx and Lua
• nginx + Lua => great for HTTP middleware with a small
amount of custom logic
• Automated test and deployment pipeline with Vagrant,
Python, and Ansible
• Concurrent request limiting, not rate limiting
• Network architecture with operational flexibility
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Roll Your Own API Management Platform with nginx and Lua

1. Roll Your Own API Management Platform with nginx and Lua Jon Moore Senior Fellow, Comcast Cable @jon_moore

2. access control

3. capacity management (“rate limiting”)

4. capacity management (“rate limiting”)

5. HTTP Proxy custom logic!

6. Lua

9. --- Validates the OAuth signature! -- @return Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED if either the key or signature is invalid! -- this method is internal and should not be called directly! function _M.validate_signature(self)! local headers = self.req.get_oauth_params()! local key = headers[Const.OAUTH_CONSUMER_KEY]! local keyconf = self.conf.keys[key]! if keyconf == nil then! return {! code = Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED! error = Const.ERROR_INVALID_CONSUMER_KEY! }! end! ! local sig = get_hmac_signature(self.req, keyconf.secret)! if sig ~= headers[Const.OAUTH_SIGNATURE] then! return {! code = Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED,! error = Const.ERROR_INVALID_SIGNATURE! }! end! end!

10. Lua < 3k LOC

11. testing

12. function TestOAuth1:test_reject_request_when_signature_invalid()! local header = Header:new()! header[Const.OAUTH_SIGNATURE] = “invalid”! local req = Req:new({oauth_params = header })! local conf = Conf:new()! local oauth = OAuth1:new(conf, req)! ! local res = oauth:authorize()! assertEquals(res.code, Const.HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED)! assertEquals(res.error, Const.ERROR_INVALID_SIGNATURE)! end! ! lu = LuaUnit.new()! Lu:setOutputType(“tap”)! os.exit(lu:runSuite())!

13. ngx.log(ngx.ERR, “oops”)!

14. ngx.log(ngx.ERR, “oops”)!

15. function get_oauth_params_from_auth_header()!

16. function get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(env)! env = env or ngx! local auth_hdrs = env.req.get_headers()[“Authorization”]! ...!

17. function get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(env)! env = env or ngx! local auth_hdrs = env.req.get_headers()[“Authorization”]! ...!

18. function get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(env)! env = env or ngx! local auth_hdrs = env.req.get_headers()[“Authorization”]! ...!

19. function TestRequest:test_retrieve_oauth_params_from_header()! local header = [[Oauth realm=“example.com”, ]]! .. [[oauth_consumer_key=“mykey”,]]! .. [[oauth_version=“1.0”]]! local ngx = StubNgx:new({ Authorization = header })! local res = get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(ngx)! assertEquals(“1.0”, res.oauth_version)! ...!

20. function TestRequest:test_retrieve_oauth_params_from_header()! local header = [[Oauth realm=“example.com”, ]]! .. [[oauth_consumer_key=“mykey”,]]! .. [[oauth_version=“1.0”]]! local ngx = StubNgx:new({ Authorization = header })! local res = get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(ngx)! assertEquals(“1.0”, res.oauth_version)! ...!

21. function TestRequest:test_retrieve_oauth_params_from_header()! local header = [[Oauth realm=“example.com”, ]]! .. [[oauth_consumer_key=“mykey”,]]! .. [[oauth_version=“1.0”]]! local ngx = StubNgx:new({ Authorization = header })! local res = get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(ngx)! assertEquals(“1.0”, res.oauth_version)! ...!

22. function TestRequest:test_retrieve_oauth_params_from_header()! local header = [[Oauth realm=“example.com”, ]]! .. [[oauth_consumer_key=“mykey”,]]! .. [[oauth_version=“1.0”]]! local ngx = StubNgx:new({ Authorization = header })! local res = get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(ngx)! assertEquals(“1.0”, res.oauth_version)! ...!

23. function TestRequest:test_retrieve_oauth_params_from_header()! local header = [[Oauth realm=“example.com”, ]]! .. [[oauth_consumer_key=“mykey”,]]! .. [[oauth_version=“1.0”]]! local ngx = StubNgx:new({ Authorization = header })! local res = get_oauth_params_from_auth_header(ngx)! assertEquals(“1.0”, res.oauth_version)! ...!

26. test harness

27. nginx-oauth1.conf! test harness

28. nginx-oauth1.conf! test harness

29. nginx-oauth1.conf! test harness

30. nginx-oauth1.conf! test harness

31. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

32. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

33. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

34. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

35. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

36. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

37. def spec_using_valid_oauth_credentials(self, harness)! auth = OAuth1(“mykey”, “mysecret”)! body_data = “{‘function’: ‘tick’}”! harness.reset_data()! response = requests.post(root_url, data=body_data, auth=auth,! headers={‘Content-Type’:! ‘application/json’})! assert response.status_code == 200! assert “Authorization” in harness.forwarded_headers! assert “Oauth” in harness.forwarded_headers[“Authorization”]! assert harness.forwarded_body == body_data!

38. capacity management

39. N = XR # concurrent requests transaction rate response time

40. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s

41. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 1s = 2 req

42. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 1s = 2 req

43. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 1s = 2 req

44. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 1s = 2 req

45. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 1s = 2 req

46. API Mgmt client origin 1s2 req/s

47. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

48. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

49. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

50. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

51. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

52. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

53. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s ✗ N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

54. API Mgmt client origin 10s2 req/s ✗ ✗ N = XR = 2 req/s × 10s = 20 req

55. access_by_lua ...! log_by_lua ...! +1 -1

56. deployment

58. Version Control templates vault (keys) nginx.conf!ssh!

59. architecture

60. HAProxy HAProxy VIP . . . <API>

61. DC1 DC2 DC3 VIP VIP VIP entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1! <foo> <foo> <bar> <bar> foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.! foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB) entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1! entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

62. DC1 DC2 DC3 VIP VIP VIP entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1! <foo> <foo> <bar> <bar> foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.! foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB) entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1! entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

63. DC1 DC2 DC3 VIP VIP VIP entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1! <foo> <foo> <bar> <bar> foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.! foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB) entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1! entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

64. DC1 DC2 DC3 VIP VIP VIP entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1! <foo> <foo> <bar> <bar> foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.! foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB) entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1! entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

65. DC1 DC2 DC3 VIP VIP VIP entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1! <foo> <foo> <bar> <bar> foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.! foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB) entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1! entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

66. DC1 DC2 DC3 VIP VIP VIP entry-vip-dc1. A 10.1.0.1! <foo> <foo> <bar> <bar> foo-dc1. CNAME entry-vip-dc1.! foo. CNAME foo-dc1.! (GSLB) entry-vip-dc2. A 10.2.0.1! entry-vip-dc3. A 10.3.0.1!

67. Roll Your Own API Management with nginx and Lua • nginx + Lua => great for HTTP middleware with a small amount of custom logic • Automated test and deployment pipeline with Vagrant, Python, and Ansible • Concurrent request limiting, not rate limiting • Network architecture with operational flexibility Presentation title (optional)67

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