Review on vibration analysis with digital image processing

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN
0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, April (2013), © IAEME
62
REVIEW ON VIBRATION ANALYSIS WITH DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Mane Sameer S. 1
, Dr. Gawade S.S. 2
1
Student, M.E. (Mechanical-Design), 2
Associate Professor
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Sakharale, Islampur, Sangli(MH),India
ABSTRACT
In industry requires fine control and data acquisition system depending upon geographic
distribution of the plant instruments. Remote operation of the hazardous field needs quite a good
amount of instrumentation support for control as well as monitoring purpose. Digital cameras
installed near the vibrating plate and forward the digital image signal to the computer at regular
interval. These images are compared with standard image stored in the computer with suitable
algorithm. When received image matches the standard image, control action takes place. Also gives
real time display of various field images super imposing on the animated mimic diagrams in computer
monitor, which is not possible in the old environment with analog sensors. MATLAB is extensively
used.
Index Terms - Vibration, Digital Image Processing, MATLAB.
I. INTRODUCTION
Protection of people, equipments, process and environment must be top priority against harsh
environment conditions in most industrial process plants and factories. Due to the development of
recent technology in digital image processing (DIP) remote control and monitoring system is possible.
Remote approaches are developed to allow monitoring process or system of hazardous
environment from great distance to perform maintenance functions in hazardous environment without
exposure to danger. A hazardous industrial unit is provided with several video cameras at various
locations. Each camera is coupled to video capturing unit at a central control station. Control and
monitoring is an image processing based human in loop system since peoples uses a control panel to
monitor and remotely located system. The human operator is involved in the loop sends control
commands according to the real time image. Approximately 80% of industrial accidents are attributed
to the human errors such as omitting steps, improper control of the system and falling asleep during
nights etc. [3]
The Image Processing based control and monitoring system gives solutions for reducing
the possibility of human errors by selecting the field images in accordance with field operations. This
information can be used in decision making process and shared with other applications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)
ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print)
ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 3, April 2013, pp. 62-67
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJARET
© I A E M E

63
II. NEED OF DIP
The problem of determining the resonant frequencies of vibrating structure of free vibrating
plate (circular / rectangular) was firstly investigated by Poisson and Rayleigh. Then this was improved
by Ritz, which having an assumption of a set of admissible trial functions, i.e. great analytical and
numerical manipulation. [1]
Also point-wise measurement techniques (accelerometer/vibrometer) are used in conjunction
with spectrum analyzer and modal analysis software to characterize the vibration of plates. These
point-wise techniques have suffered from irregular mode shape estimation as a result of the lengthy
data acquisition period. [2]
To limiting these limitations, a machine vision system is applicable. The advantage of using
Digital Image Processing method is that both resonant frequencies and the corresponding mode
shapes can be obtained simultaneously, it includes real-time observation, submicron sensitivity, direct
digital image output.[3]
No any measuring equipments (transducer/ sensor) are attached to the plate in
order to record the vibrations.
III. APPLICATIONS
This Image Processing based control and monitoring system performs the following
functions:
1. Control and monitoring parameters i.e. vibrations, flow, pressure, temperature, displacement,
speed, etc.
2. Changing between different operations modes i.e. manual, automatic.
3. In medical fields – Pathology.
4. Inspecting of goods – A circuit board, packaged pills, bottles, cearls, etc.
5. Also used in experimental stress analysis –stress, strain and displacement.
Digital Image Processing on line control and monitoring for the system to select the image and
process it. Control signal is generated automatically to avoid human interventions. [6]
II .CURRENT RESEARCH WORK
Following researchers have worked in the area of vibration analysis with non contact type
evaluation,
Chi-hung Hang, et.al. [4]
have worked with Electronics Speckel Pattern Interferometry(ESPI) as a full
field, non contact technique for surface displacement of a structure of a static loading or to dynamic
vibration. In this research, an optical system called amplitude fluctuation ESPI with out of plane and
in plane measurements to analyze vibration of piezocermics plates. They use two types of
configurations i.e. rectangular and circular. The vibration of piezoelectric material is electro-elastic in
nature, it is necessary to include the coupled electrical field with behavior.
They used holographic interferometery, combined effect of the film recording and optical
reconstruction. The clear fringe pattern is shown at resonant frequencies.
Chien-Chang Ma, et.al. [5]
have presented, a whole-field technique named as amplitude fluctuation
electronics speckle pattern interferometry optical system to analyze the vibration behavior of square
plates with different boundary conditions.
They investigated two different boundary conditions, as free-free-free-free and clamped-
clamped-clamped-clamped. The calculations by FEM are also performed, and results are compared
with the experimental measurement.
Stephan D. Holland [6]
have presented, on construction and development of a broad-spectrum
vibrothermography measurement. A broad-band actuator used instead of an ultrasonic welding to
generate vibration and induce heating of cracks.

64
A high resolution infrared camera captures the signatures of a crack, and reconfigurable data
acquisition software system acquires and processes the image and vibrometry waveforms in real time.
Chi-hung Hang, et.al. [7]
have described, the behavior of plate with cracks due to dynamic condition
of plates for both resonant frequencies and mode shapes.
It arises a complication due to the field of vibration analysis and fracture mechanics. The
resonant characteristic of free vibration circular plates with radial cracks is used. The boundary
conditions along the circular edges are free. They use AF-ESPI method for both resonant frequency
and corresponding mode shapes can be obtained simultaneously.
Hsien-Yang, et.al. [8]
have presented, 3-Dimensional vibrations for piezocermics, which couple the
out of plane and in plane vibrations are investigated. Piezocermics material which is widely used in
electromechanical sensors, actuators, and non destructive testing.
Optical interferometry method is used; the disadvantage of this is, the interferometry fringes
represent only the amplitude but not the phase of vibration.
Dennise H. Shreve [9]
have focused on the vibration sensor out put through various stages in the
signal processing path in typical vibration measurement instrument by using digital technology i.e.
series of high-pass and low-pass filters.
The researchers use Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), which taking the overall time varying
input sample and splitting it into individual frequency components.
X. Kang, et.al. [10]
have presented, a non-contact method for investigating the resonant frequency of a
microstructure. The amplitude of the microstructure is determined by image edge detection using
Mexican hat wavelet transform on vibrating images of microstructure. These images are captured by a
charge coupled device camera.
The amplitudes at various excitation frequencies are obtained and an amplitude-frequency
spectrum is obtained from which the resonant frequency evaluated.
Cristina Trillo, et.al. [11]
have presented, the combination of high speed TV holography system and
3D Fourier Transformer data processing for investigating multimode vibration in plates. The out of
plane displacement of plate under vibration excitation is resolved in time by the fast acquisition rate
of high speed camera.
They found that the individual vibration mode is separated in the 3D frequency space due to
different vibration frequencies, to the different frequencies of the mode shapes. They found the
contribution of each individual mode to the dynamic behavior of object can be separated by band pass
filter. They get final output which is a sequence of complex-valued maps that contain the fulfilled
temporal history of the selected modes in terms of its mechanical amplitude and phase.
F. Gungor, et.al. [12]
have presented, a large flexible beam with a tip mass-pendulum system. The DIP
is used to demonstrate high performance data acquisition with high speed cameras. An experimental
results obtained from image processing were used as input to inverse problem. These inverse problem
algorithms based on Levenberg-Marquardd formula system parameters like pendulum mass, length
viscous damping are determined
P. Samdoz, et.al. [13]
have presented, measuring vibration amplitude tuning fork with sub pixel
accuracy they used stroboscopic illumination which allows standard video rate camera for
investigation of resonant frequency.
IV. CASE STUDY[13]
Frequency domain characterization of tuning-fork mechanical vibrations by vision and
digital image processing - P. Samdoz
A. Introduction
In this research an experimental setup is associated with the associated digital image
processing software for measuring the vibration amplitude of a tuning fork with sub-pixel accuracy.
No preliminary surface patterning is required since the image processing is based on the natural

65
features present in the object structure. The amplitude response of the tuning fork is explored in the
frequency domain and the resonance is characterized. The results presented here can be generalized to
the measurement of 2D in-plane lateral displacements of any structure.
B. Principal
Measuring the displacement of vibrating mechanical structures is a recurring problem for
characterizing the material properties or the eigenmodes of an object. Out-of-plane displacements are
usually characterized with holographic or interferometric methods leading to sub wavelength
accuracies. In-plane displacement characterization presents a challenge which can be mostly
addressed by digital image processing methods. Measuring the vibration amplitude of oscillating
resonators with sub-pixel accuracy requires a stroboscopic illumination coupled with efficient image
processing methods.
They demonstrate this kind of experimental analysis deals with following purposes:
• Characterize the fundamental properties of the vibrating object under investigation and
identification of its Eigen-mode frequency, vibration amplitude.
• Demonstrate how commonly available equipment can be used for precise measurements of a
vibrating structure with digital image processing.
• Illustrate with Fourier energy distribution characteristics of classical waveforms on a physical
system.
C. Experimentation
1. Experimental Method
They concentrate on the visualizing the tuning fork vibration continuously and measuring
accurately while the excitation frequency is swept. Then the tuning fork can be fully characterized in
the frequency domain. The tuning fork motion has to be observed at standard video rate with a
commonly used camera. They chose a CMOS camera connected to the USB port of the personal
computer and a zoom lens (10x) to form the image of the prong-end surface on the image sensor. The
observation of vibrations up to the kHz range at video-rate assumes a stroboscopic illumination with a
phase control with respect to the tuning fork excitation
Fig.1 represents the experimental setup. A further two-channel audio amplifier (Sony XM-
SD12X 250 W) can be recognized that amplifies the sound card outputs to the levels required for
driving both the LED and the speaker. A 2Hz frequency shift is systematically applied between
speaker excitation and LED triggering. This choice produces a linear phase shift between tuning fork
excitation and illumination. Therefore the prong motion is observed with an apparent frequency of
2Hz; compatible with the standard video rate.

66
Thus video sequences of the prong motion are recorded and the vibration amplitude is retrieved by
digital processing of these image sequences.
2. Image Processing Methods
The aim of image processing is to retrieve the lateral displacement values from the image
sequences recorded. The image cross-correlation method is used. The location of the correlation peak
gives directly the displacement value. Sub-pixel accuracy can be obtained by over-sampling digitally
the initial images. Fourier transform is used as another approach, they firstly present the pure phase
shift produced in the Fourier spectrum by a lateral shift of the object in the spatial domain. They
introduce the working principle of an iterative algorithm retrieving the spatial displacement by
processing the spectral phase. Finally they discuss results obtained with this approach as well as side
effect considerations. One may notice the following points with respect to this technical issue of
image processing:
• The phase approach used is an opportunity to emphasize on the useful relationship between
spectral phase and relative displacement in the spatial domain. Fourier transform is primarily
known as an efficient tool for spectral component extraction or rejection through suitable
filtering of the Fourier spectrum and inverse Fourier transform.
• Mat-Lab code sources can be generated for implementation of the required image processing.
D. Result
The image processing software allows complete exploration of the tuning fork’s behavior, a
characterization of the tuning-fork.
Tuning fork excitation and resonance curve: - The description of the resonance curve of the tuning-
fork is the result expected primarily from a frequency domain analysis. This study was carried out by
measuring the prong vibration amplitude versus the frequency of the sine wave applied to the speaker.
Fig.2 plots the curve obtained. The resonance frequency is close to 439.9Hz and the quality factor was
estimated to be equal to Q = 2500 ± 200.
Fig.2 Resonance curve - tuning fork

67
IV CONCLUSIONS
The Digital Image Processing for measurement of vibration amplitude contains certain
features from the above discussion which are as follows:
• Continuous recording of commands during control operation.
• Real time display of field images.
• Provides both auto and manual control command generation for test operation.
• Provides facility for scaling up additional measurements.
• In normal sensors repeated calibration is requires once in six months.
• Response and accuracy is more effective in digital Image processing technique.
• Hysteresis effect is normal in analog signal Sensors can be overcome by this technique.
• The actual image of the remote field is also visible in the computer screen with super
imposing on the mimic diagram. This is not possible with the analog sensors.
• The transmission of analog signal from distant location is always erroneous.
The new interesting solution by the integration of Data Acquisition System with Digital
image Processing will lead to a Digital Factory.
REFERENCES
[1] Anil K. Jain “Digital Image Processing” Pearson’sPublications, 4Th
Edition,2003, PP-20-55
[2] Rafael c Gonzalez “Digital Image Processing – MatLab Programming”, Pearson’s Publications, 5Th
Edition,2002,PP-01-30
[3] Dr.Victor S.P. “Integration of Data Aqusition System Through digital Image Processing”,IJCA,(Dec-
2009),Vol.4,PP-201-220
[4] Chi-hung Hang, Chien-Chang Ma, “Experimental and numerical investigations of resonant of vibration
characteristics of piezoceramic plates”, Acoustical Society of America (2001), PP-2780-2788
[5] Chien-Chang Ma, Chi-hung Hang, “Experimental whole-filed interferometry for transverse vibration of
plates”, Journal of Sound and Vibration 271 (2004), PP-493-506
[6] Stephan D. Holland, “First Measurment from a New Broadband Vibrothrmography Measerment
System”, American Institute of Physics, Review of Quantitative Non-Destructive Evaluation, Vol. 26
(2007), PP-478-483
[7] Chi-hung Hang, Chien-Chang Ma, “Vibration of Cracked Circular Plates at Resonance Frequencies”,
Journal of Sound and Vibration 236 (2000), PP-637-656.
[8] Chi-hung Hang, Chien-Chang Ma, Hsien-Yang, Chan-Chiao Lin, “Ful-Field Three-Dimensional
Volume Vibrations for Piezoceramic Material in Resonance”, AIAA Journal Vol. 41, No. 4, April
2003, PP-697-703.
[9] Dennise H. Shreve, “Signal Processing for Effective Vibration Analysis”, IRD Mechanalysis, Inc.
Columbus, Ohio, Nov-1995, PP-1-11.
[10] X. Kang, X. Y. He, C. J. Tay, C. Quan, “Non-contact Evaluation of the Resonant Frequency of a
Microsrtucture using Ultrasonic Wave”, Acta Mech Sin (2010), Vol. 26, PP-317-323.
[11] Cristina Trillo , Angel F. Doval, Fernando Mendoza-Santoyo, Carlos Perez-Lopez, Manuel de la
Torre-Ibarra, J. Luis Dean, “Multimode Vibration Analysis with High-speed TV holography and a
Spatiotemporal 3D Fourier Transform Method”, OSA (2009), Vol. 17, No. 20, PP-18014-18025.
[12] F. Gungor, E. Gumus, A. Eratas, S. Ekwaro-Osire, E. Nieto, “Vibration Absorption of Tip
Appendage Using Digital Image Processing”, XIth
International Congress and Exposition, Society for
Experimental Mechanics Inc. Orlando, Florida USA, June 2008
[13] J.Rajarajan and Dr.G.Kalivarathan, “Influence of Local Segmentation in the Context of Digital Image
Processing – A Feasibility Study”, International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology
(IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 340 - 347, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 –
6375.

Review on vibration analysis with digital image processing

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