Preprocessor
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This document provides an overview of C programming language preprocessor directives. The preprocessor processes source code before it is passed to the compiler. Key preprocessor directives include: #define - Used for macro expansion to replace text in a program. Macros can take arguments like functions. #include - Used for file inclusion to incorporate the contents of one file into another. #ifdef - Used for conditional compilation to include or exclude code based on whether a macro is defined. The preprocessor allows code to be modularized across multiple files, constants to be defined via macros for improved performance, and single programs to be compiled conditionally for different environments. Preprocessor directives must be on their own lines and start with #.
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Preprocessor
- 1. C Programming Language By: Yogendra Pal yogendra@learnbywatch.com Dedicated to My Mother and Father
- 2. Keep your notebook with you. Write important point and questions that comes in your mind Solve Mind band exercise. Rewind when not clear Ask Questions by call or SMS or by mail Keep Watching Keep Learning THIS IS PREPROCESSOR
- 3. Preprocessor • Preprocessor processes source program before it is passed to compiler. preprocessor Compiler • Produce a source code file with the preprocessing commands properly sorted out.
- 4. Preprocessor Directives • Preprocessor commands are known as directives. • Preprocessor provides certain features. • These features are also known as preprocessor directives. • Preprocessor directives start with # sign. #include <stdio.h>
- 5. Preprocessor Directives... • Preprocessor directives can be placed any where in the source program. • Note: Place it at start of the program. • Each preprocessor directive must be on it’s own line. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <conio.h>
- 6. Preprocessor Directives • Macro Expansion • File Inclusion • Conditional compilation • Miscellaneous directives
- 7. Macro Expansion • #define directive is known as macro expansion. • Definition: #define PI 3.1415 • General Form: – #define macro_template macro_expansion – #define macro_name char_sequence
- 8. Macro Expansion... • Preprocessor search for macro definition. • After finding #define directive it search entire program for macro_template. • Replace each macro_template with macro_expansion. • Best Practice: Use capital letters for macro template. • Do not use semicolon ‘ ; ’
- 9. Macros, Why? • To write efficient programs. • To increase readiabiality of programs. • Variable vs macro_template – Compiler can generate faster and compact code for constant than it can for variables. – When you are dealing with a constant, why use variable. – A variable may change in the program.
- 10. Macros, Where? • Replace operator: #define AND && #define OR || • Replace condition: #define EXCELLENT (a>=75) • Replace statement: #define ALERT printf(“Security Alert”);
- 11. Macros... • Defined macro name can be used as a part of definition of other macro name. #define MIN 1 #define MAX 9 #define MIDDLE (MAX-MIN)/2 • No text substitution occur if the identifier is within a quoted string.
- 12. Macros with Arguments • Macros can have arguments, same as functions #define ISEXCELLENT(x) (x >= 75) #define ISLOWER(x) (x>=97 && x<=122) • Note: Space between Macro and it’s arguments. ISLOWER(x) ISLOWER (x)
- 13. Macros with Arguments... • Macros expansions should be enclosed within paranthesis. #define ISLOWER(x) (x>=97 && x<=122) if(!ISLOWER(‘a’)); • Use ‘’ to split macro in multiple line. #define HLINE for(i=0; i < 40; i++) printf(“_”);
- 14. Macros vs Functions MACROS FUNCTIONS Just the replacement of the Passing arguments, doing code. calculation, returning results. (More serious work). Macros make the program run Function calls and return make faster. the program slow. Increase the program size Make program smaller and compact.
- 15. File Inclusion • causes one file to be included in another. #include <filename> //OR #include “filename” • <filename> : search the directory on current directory only. • “filename” : search the directory on current directory and specified directories as specified in the include search path.
- 16. Why File Inclusion? • Divide a program in multiple files. – Each file contains related functions. • Some functions or macros are required in each program – Put them in a file (Library). – Include them in program that need them. • Nested includes: Included file may have more included files in it.
- 17. Conditional Compilation • Write single program to run on different environments. – #ifdef – if defined – #endif – end if – #else – else – #ifndef – in not defined – #if – if – #elif – else if
- 18. #ifdef & #endif • General form: #ifdef macroname statement sequence #endif • if macroname has been defined using #define the code between #ifdef & #endif will execute.
- 19. #else • Use #else with #ifdef same as else with if. • General-form: #ifdef macroname statement sequence #else statement sequence #endif
- 20. #ifndef • #ifndef is just opposite to #ifdef. #ifndef __file_h #define __file_h • #if directive test whether an expression evaluates to nonzero value or not. • #elif used same as else if.
- 21. Where conditional compilation? • Instead of comments. – Nested comments not allowed in C. /* #ifdef BLOCK for(i =0; i<=students;i++) for(i =0; i<=students;i++) count++; /*total students*/ count++; /*total students*/ printf(“%d”,count); printf(“%d”,count); */ #endif
- 22. Where conditional compilation? • Run the same code on different environment. #ifdef WINDOWS statement sequence #else statemet sequence #endif
- 23. Where conditional compilation? • To avoide multiple declaration error. # # < < > > # < >
- 24. To get complete benefit of this tutorial solve all the quiz on www.learnbywatch.com For any problem in this tutorial mail me at yogendra@learnbywatch.com with the subject “C” For Other information mail at info@learnbywatch.com