In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
This document discusses the architecture of the PIC16C6X microcontroller. It begins by describing PIC microcontrollers in general and the core features of the PIC16C6X. It then examines the different versions of the PIC16C6X family and provides a pin diagram. The main blocks of the PIC16C6X architecture are outlined, including the power-on reset, watchdog timer, I/O ports, ADC, interrupt control, USART, memory blocks, and registers. Program memory size varies between versions. The document concludes with references.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of interrupts, steps of interrupts, data processing during interrupts, and interrupt logic diagram clearly.
The document discusses the memory organization and registers of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the program memory and data memory, which are implemented using EPROM and RAM respectively. It then discusses the different registers of the 8051 including the accumulator, B register, data pointer register, stack pointer register, and special function registers. The special function registers are used for tasks like timer control and interrupt control.
This presentation discusses the Serial Communication features in 8051, the support for UART. It also discusses serial vs parallel communication, simplex, duplex and full-duplex modes, MAX232, RS232 standards
This PPT covers some important points of 8051 microcontroller like Applications, block diagram, Architecture, comparison between microprocessor and microcontroller, Pin diagram, RAM memory space allocation, register banks, Instruction set, Addresing modes, serial communication, baud rate, machine cycle, serial interface with PC, Introduction to Timers/Counters etc....
The document describes the 8 addressing modes of the 8086 microprocessor. These are: 1) Immediate, where the operand is specified in the instruction itself. 2) Register, where operands are registers. 3) Direct memory, using a segment and offset address. 4) Register indirect, using a base register address. 5) Register relative, using a base register and displacement. 6) Base indexed, using a base and index register. 7) Relative indexed, using a base, index, and displacement. 8) Implied, where operands are implied and not specified.
This presentation discusses the support for interrupts in 8051. The interrupt types, interrupts versus polling etc are discussed. The register formats of IE, IP register are discussed. The concept of priority among the interrupts is discussed.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
The 80486 microprocessor features an integrated math coprocessor that is 3 times faster than the 80386/387 combination. It has an 8KB internal code and data cache and uses a 168-pin PGA package. New signals support burst mode memory access and bus sharing. The 80486 includes parity checking/generation and additional page table entry bits control internal caching.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
The document discusses the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18 as an 8-bit microcontroller with 16-bit instruction sets, 256 bytes of EPROM, 2KB of SRAM, and 32KB of flash memory. It operates at 40MHz and has features like a 10-bit A/D converter, instruction pipelining, and low power consumption. The document also provides details on the pin diagram, architecture, memory organization, addressing modes, and pipelining of the PIC-18 microcontroller.
The PIC microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories. It has a CPU with an ALU, memory unit, and control unit. The memory includes program memory to store instructions, data memory including registers for temporary data storage, and EEPROM for storing variables. It has advantages like a small instruction set, low cost, and built-in interfaces like I2C, SPI, and analog components.
The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes of internal RAM and 4Kbytes of internal ROM memory. It uses the same addresses for code and data but accesses the correct memory based on whether an operation is for code or data. The 128 bytes of internal RAM are organized into 4 banks of 32 bytes each. External memory can be added if more memory is needed for program code or variable data storage. The document also provides information on interfacing external program and data memory with the 8051 microcontroller.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes that the 8086 has over 20,000 instructions that are classified into several categories like data transfer, arithmetic, bit manipulation, program execution transfer, and string instructions. Under each category, it provides details about specific instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, CALL, etc. and explains their functionality and operand usage.
Assembler directives and basic steps ALP of 8086Urvashi Singh
The document discusses various assembler directives used in assembly language programming. It describes directives like DB, DW, DD, DQ, DT for data declaration; ASSUME to define logical segments; END, ENDP, ENDS to mark ends; EQU to define constants; PROC and ENDP to define procedures; ORG to set the location counter; SEGMENT to define logical segments; GROUP, INCLUDE, EVEN, and ALIGN for segment organization; EXTRN and PUBLIC for external references; and TYPE and PTR for defining variable types. The directives provide necessary information to the assembler to understand assembly language programs and generate machine code.
The document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing, branch, load-store, and program status register instructions. It describes common instruction mnemonics and addressing modes. Key points covered include conditional execution, different instruction types for arithmetic, logical, comparison and multiply operations, and single and multiple register transfer instructions for moving data between registers and memory.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
The document describes the 8051 microcontroller, its features which include 4 I/O ports, 2 timers, serial communication interface, and interrupts. It discusses the internal architecture such as memory organization, registers, and oscillator circuit. The document also provides details on the ports, timers, serial communication, and power modes of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses interrupts in the 8051 microprocessor. It describes how interrupts work, the different interrupt sources in the 8051 including external interrupts, timer interrupts and serial port interrupts. It explains interrupt enabling and disabling, interrupt priority, interrupt vectors, and level-triggered vs edge-triggered interrupts. Examples are provided to demonstrate programming of external, timer and serial port interrupts to handle specific interrupt service routines.
Timer programming for 8051 using embedded cVikas Dongre
The document discusses the timers and counters of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes that the 8051 has two 16-bit timers/counters that can be used as timers to generate delays or as event counters. These timers are accessed as two 8-bit registers - a low byte register (TL0/TL1) and high byte register (TH0/TH1). It also explains the timer mode register TMOD and provides code examples to use the timers for generating delays and frequencies.
This document discusses interfacing and controlling a stepper motor using microcontrollers like the 8085 and 8051. It describes the basic structure of a stepper motor and explains that it rotates in fixed steps in response to electrical pulses. An interface is needed because stepper motors require more current than microcontrollers can provide. The document proposes using a ULN2003 motor driver IC to interface the stepper motor safely. It provides example assembly language code to send the necessary hexadecimal codes to rotate the stepper motor clockwise or counterclockwise using ports on the 8051 and 8255 I/O chips connected to an 8085 microcontroller.
This document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It defines microcontrollers as small computers capable of performing specific tasks, like in appliances. Microcontrollers contain a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, timers and other peripherals on a single chip. They are classified as either microcontroller units (MCU) or microprocessor units (MPU) depending on whether external components are needed. Common microcontroller components and their functions are described, along with factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8051 microprocessor. It is divided into 5 groups: arithmetic, logic, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. The arithmetic instructions include ADD, ADDC, DA for decimal adjust, and INC/DEC. Logic instructions include ANL, ORL, and SWAP. Data transfer instructions move data between registers and memory. Boolean instructions manipulate individual bits. Branching instructions include conditional jumps, calls, and returns.
This document provides details on the PIC18FXX8 microcontroller family, including its high-performance RISC CPU, advanced analog and peripheral features, CAN bus module, and special microcontroller features such as code protection, sleep mode, and oscillator options. It highlights specifications such as its 10 MIPS operation, 10-bit A/D converter, programmable timers and PWM, MSSP, and compliance with ISO CAN standards. The document is a data sheet that concisely outlines the technical specifications and capabilities of the PIC18FXX8 microcontroller family.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
The document describes a traffic light control system using an 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the need for a traffic light system, describes the basic components including colors and signals. It then covers the hardware details of the 8085-based system and interface board, including ICs used. Algorithms and state diagrams are presented to show the logic for controlling lights and pedestrians.
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a course on PIC microcontroller programming. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are to expose students to PIC architecture and peripherals, advanced PIC features, and assembly and C programming. The syllabus covers addressing modes, instruction sets, assembly, and C programming over 5 lectures. It also provides details on the PIC16F877 instruction set, which includes 35 instructions grouped into data transfer, arithmetic/logic, bit operations, program flow control, and other categories. Addressing modes for the PIC include immediate, register, memory, direct, and indirect.
The 80486 microprocessor features an integrated math coprocessor that is 3 times faster than the 80386/387 combination. It has an 8KB internal code and data cache and uses a 168-pin PGA package. New signals support burst mode memory access and bus sharing. The 80486 includes parity checking/generation and additional page table entry bits control internal caching.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
The document discusses the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18 as an 8-bit microcontroller with 16-bit instruction sets, 256 bytes of EPROM, 2KB of SRAM, and 32KB of flash memory. It operates at 40MHz and has features like a 10-bit A/D converter, instruction pipelining, and low power consumption. The document also provides details on the pin diagram, architecture, memory organization, addressing modes, and pipelining of the PIC-18 microcontroller.
The PIC microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories. It has a CPU with an ALU, memory unit, and control unit. The memory includes program memory to store instructions, data memory including registers for temporary data storage, and EEPROM for storing variables. It has advantages like a small instruction set, low cost, and built-in interfaces like I2C, SPI, and analog components.
The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes of internal RAM and 4Kbytes of internal ROM memory. It uses the same addresses for code and data but accesses the correct memory based on whether an operation is for code or data. The 128 bytes of internal RAM are organized into 4 banks of 32 bytes each. External memory can be added if more memory is needed for program code or variable data storage. The document also provides information on interfacing external program and data memory with the 8051 microcontroller.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
The document discusses the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes that the 8086 has over 20,000 instructions that are classified into several categories like data transfer, arithmetic, bit manipulation, program execution transfer, and string instructions. Under each category, it provides details about specific instructions like MOV, ADD, AND, CALL, etc. and explains their functionality and operand usage.
Assembler directives and basic steps ALP of 8086Urvashi Singh
The document discusses various assembler directives used in assembly language programming. It describes directives like DB, DW, DD, DQ, DT for data declaration; ASSUME to define logical segments; END, ENDP, ENDS to mark ends; EQU to define constants; PROC and ENDP to define procedures; ORG to set the location counter; SEGMENT to define logical segments; GROUP, INCLUDE, EVEN, and ALIGN for segment organization; EXTRN and PUBLIC for external references; and TYPE and PTR for defining variable types. The directives provide necessary information to the assembler to understand assembly language programs and generate machine code.
The document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing, branch, load-store, and program status register instructions. It describes common instruction mnemonics and addressing modes. Key points covered include conditional execution, different instruction types for arithmetic, logical, comparison and multiply operations, and single and multiple register transfer instructions for moving data between registers and memory.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
The document describes the 8051 microcontroller, its features which include 4 I/O ports, 2 timers, serial communication interface, and interrupts. It discusses the internal architecture such as memory organization, registers, and oscillator circuit. The document also provides details on the ports, timers, serial communication, and power modes of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses interrupts in the 8051 microprocessor. It describes how interrupts work, the different interrupt sources in the 8051 including external interrupts, timer interrupts and serial port interrupts. It explains interrupt enabling and disabling, interrupt priority, interrupt vectors, and level-triggered vs edge-triggered interrupts. Examples are provided to demonstrate programming of external, timer and serial port interrupts to handle specific interrupt service routines.
Timer programming for 8051 using embedded cVikas Dongre
The document discusses the timers and counters of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes that the 8051 has two 16-bit timers/counters that can be used as timers to generate delays or as event counters. These timers are accessed as two 8-bit registers - a low byte register (TL0/TL1) and high byte register (TH0/TH1). It also explains the timer mode register TMOD and provides code examples to use the timers for generating delays and frequencies.
This document discusses interfacing and controlling a stepper motor using microcontrollers like the 8085 and 8051. It describes the basic structure of a stepper motor and explains that it rotates in fixed steps in response to electrical pulses. An interface is needed because stepper motors require more current than microcontrollers can provide. The document proposes using a ULN2003 motor driver IC to interface the stepper motor safely. It provides example assembly language code to send the necessary hexadecimal codes to rotate the stepper motor clockwise or counterclockwise using ports on the 8051 and 8255 I/O chips connected to an 8085 microcontroller.
This document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It defines microcontrollers as small computers capable of performing specific tasks, like in appliances. Microcontrollers contain a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, timers and other peripherals on a single chip. They are classified as either microcontroller units (MCU) or microprocessor units (MPU) depending on whether external components are needed. Common microcontroller components and their functions are described, along with factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8051 microprocessor. It is divided into 5 groups: arithmetic, logic, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. The arithmetic instructions include ADD, ADDC, DA for decimal adjust, and INC/DEC. Logic instructions include ANL, ORL, and SWAP. Data transfer instructions move data between registers and memory. Boolean instructions manipulate individual bits. Branching instructions include conditional jumps, calls, and returns.
This document provides details on the PIC18FXX8 microcontroller family, including its high-performance RISC CPU, advanced analog and peripheral features, CAN bus module, and special microcontroller features such as code protection, sleep mode, and oscillator options. It highlights specifications such as its 10 MIPS operation, 10-bit A/D converter, programmable timers and PWM, MSSP, and compliance with ISO CAN standards. The document is a data sheet that concisely outlines the technical specifications and capabilities of the PIC18FXX8 microcontroller family.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
The document describes a traffic light control system using an 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the need for a traffic light system, describes the basic components including colors and signals. It then covers the hardware details of the 8085-based system and interface board, including ICs used. Algorithms and state diagrams are presented to show the logic for controlling lights and pedestrians.
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a course on PIC microcontroller programming. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are to expose students to PIC architecture and peripherals, advanced PIC features, and assembly and C programming. The syllabus covers addressing modes, instruction sets, assembly, and C programming over 5 lectures. It also provides details on the PIC16F877 instruction set, which includes 35 instructions grouped into data transfer, arithmetic/logic, bit operations, program flow control, and other categories. Addressing modes for the PIC include immediate, register, memory, direct, and indirect.
Microchip's PIC Micro Controller - Presentation Covers- Embedded system,Application, Harvard and Von Newman Architecture, PIC Microcontroller Instruction Set, PIC assembly language programming, PIC Basic circuit design and its programming etc.
The document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses that PIC stands for Programmable Intelligent Computer and is a microcontroller with built-in memory, RAM, and modules like EEPROM and timers. PICs are popular due to their low cost, availability of development tools, small instruction set, and small size. The document outlines the different PIC architectures, families, speeds, and memory sizes. It provides details on the registers, peripherals like flash memory, RAM, EEPROM, I/O ports, and USART serial communication.
This section describes the instruction set for a microcontroller. It includes byte-oriented, bit-oriented, and literal/control instructions. Each instruction is described over 1-2 cycles with details on opcode, operands, operation, status effects, encoding, and quarter cycle activity. Special situations for special function registers as sources or destinations are also covered.
PIC microcontrollers, produced by Microchip Technology, are renowned for their robustness, versatility, and widespread use in embedded systems across various industries. These microcontrollers adhere to the principles of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architecture and operate on the Harvard architecture, which separates program memory from data memory. This architectural design enhances performance by allowing simultaneous access to both program instructions and data, thereby accelerating execution speed and efficiency.
### Key Features and Architecture
#### CPU Core and Registers:
PIC microcontrollers typically feature an 8-bit or 16-bit CPU core, depending on the model series. The CPU executes instructions fetched from program memory, which is usually implemented as Flash memory or ROM (Read-Only Memory). The core is supported by a set of General Purpose Registers (GPRs) and Special Function Registers (SFRs). GPRs are used for data manipulation and temporary storage during program execution, while SFRs control the operation of peripherals and system configuration.
#### Memory Organization:
PIC microcontrollers utilize a segmented memory model:
- **Program Memory**: Stores the firmware or executable code. This memory can be reprogrammed multiple times in Flash-based microcontrollers, allowing for flexibility in firmware updates and debugging.
- **Data Memory (RAM)**: Stores data variables used during program execution. RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its content when the microcontroller loses power.
- **EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)**: Some PIC microcontrollers incorporate EEPROM memory, which allows for non-volatile storage of data that needs to be retained even when the microcontroller is powered off.
#### Peripherals:
PIC microcontrollers are equipped with a wide range of integrated peripherals, making them highly adaptable to diverse application requirements. Common peripherals include:
- **Timers and Counters**: Used for generating precise time delays, measuring time intervals, and event counting.
- **Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)**: Converts analog signals from sensors or external devices into digital values for processing.
- **USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)**: Facilitates serial communication protocols such as RS232, RS485, SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit).
- **PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)**: Generates analog-like signals for controlling devices such as motors, LEDs, and audio amplifiers.
- **Comparators and Voltage References**: Used for comparing analog voltages and generating reference voltages for precise measurement.
#### Oscillator Options:
PIC microcontrollers support various oscillator configurations, including:
- **Internal Oscillator**: Built-in oscillator circuits provide a clock signal for the microcontroller's operation.
- **External Crystal/Ceramic Resonator**: Offers higher accuracy and stability for app
This document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers, including:
- An overview of PIC architecture and why they are popular
- Differences between Harvard and Von Neumann architectures used in PICs
- Variations in core architectures, memory sizes, and instruction sets across the PIC family
- Details on the features, memory, peripherals, and instruction set of the PIC16F877A microcontroller
- Examples of common PIC applications like an LED flasher and button reader
This document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses the architecture of PIC microcontrollers, including the 16C6x and 16C7x architectures. It describes the registers, memory, and instruction set of PIC microcontrollers. Some key points covered include the Harvard architecture, pipelining, addressing modes, arithmetic, logical, and conditional instructions. Peripherals like timers and interrupts are also mentioned.
PIC-MICROCONTROLLER TUTORIALS FOR BEGINNERSVISHNU KP
PIC microcontroller programming based on micro c IDE.Those who really want to build a base in microcontroller programming,just keep going through this. ;) :)
The document discusses the syllabus for the course EE6008 - Microcontroller Based System Design. It covers 5 units: (1) Introduction to PIC Microcontroller architecture; (2) Interrupts and timers on PIC microcontrollers; (3) Interfacing peripherals using I2C bus, analog to digital converters, and UART; (4) Introduction to ARM processor architecture; (5) ARM organization including pipeline stages and instruction set. The objectives are to introduce microcontroller architectures and teach how to use interrupts, timers, and peripheral devices for data communication.
The PIC 16F877A microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses. It has 8kB of flash memory, 368 bytes of RAM, and 256 bytes of EEPROM. It features five I/O ports, three timers, USART serial communication, and 15 interrupt sources. Instructions are in RISC format and execute in 4 machine cycles, with most instructions completing in one cycle.
EE6008 MCBSD - Introduction to PIC Micro controller pavihari
This document outlines the syllabus for the course EE6008 Microcontroller Based System Design. It covers 5 units:
1. Introduction to PIC microcontrollers including architecture of PIC16C6x and PIC16C7x families.
2. Interrupts and timers in PIC microcontrollers including external interrupts, timer programming.
3. Peripherals and interfacing including I2C, serial EEPROM, ADC, UART, LCD interfacing.
4. Introduction to ARM processor architecture including programmer's model, development tools, memory hierarchy.
5. ARM organization including pipeline organization, instruction execution, instruction set, coprocessor interface.
This document outlines the syllabus for the course EE6008 Microcontroller Based System Design. It covers 5 units:
1. Introduction to PIC microcontrollers including architecture of PIC16C6x and PIC16C7x families.
2. Interrupts and timers in PIC microcontrollers including external interrupts, timer programming.
3. Peripherals and interfacing including I2C, serial EEPROM, ADC, UART, LCD interfacing.
4. Introduction to ARM processor architecture including programmer's model, development tools, memory hierarchy.
5. ARM organization including pipeline, instruction set, coprocessor interface, embedded applications.
The
This section describes the instruction set for Microchip's PIC microcontrollers. It includes byte-oriented, bit-oriented, and literal/control instructions. Byte instructions operate on file registers and the working register W. Bit instructions manipulate individual bits. Literal instructions use constants. Most instructions execute in one cycle, but some that affect program flow take two cycles. Special function registers like the program counter and status register are discussed. The instruction set allows reading and writing all registers in a consistent orthogonal manner.
Microprocessor and Microcontroller Based Systems.pptTALHARIAZ46
The document discusses microcontrollers and the PIC microcontroller architecture. It begins by defining a microcontroller and distinguishing it from a microprocessor. A microcontroller is designed to perform simple control functions and contains peripherals like I/O, timers, and analog components integrated onto a single chip. The rest of the document details the architecture of the PIC microcontroller, including its instruction set, programming, applications, and features of the popular PIC16F84A model.
This document provides information about the PIC16F877A microcontroller. It discusses:
- The PIC16F877A is a popular 8-bit microcontroller with features like RAM, ROM, timers, ADC and I/O pins.
- It provides a block diagram showing the architecture and memory mapping of the chip.
- Programming and interfacing aspects like I/O pin operation, ADC, interrupts and communication protocols are described.
PIC en la práctica Un enfoque basado en proyectos por D. W. Smith.pdfSANTIAGO PABLO ALBERTO
This document is an introduction to the book "PIC in Practice" which teaches how to program and use PIC microcontrollers. It discusses the basics of microcontroller hardware including program memory, clock, inputs/outputs and types. It explains that the book uses assembly language and provides graded examples to teach microcontroller programming and applications. Complete code is given for all examples so readers can learn and modify the programs.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically the PIC16F877A microcontroller. It defines what a microcontroller is, compares microcontroller and microcomputer systems, and lists examples of embedded systems. It then describes the features and internal structure of the PIC16F877A microcontroller, including its program memory, data memory, I/O ports, and instruction set. The summary concludes by stating the PIC16F877A is a popular microcontroller due to its low cost, wide availability, and extensive support resources.
The document discusses the derivation of a speed governing system. It describes modeling the key components, including the speed governor model, turbine model, and generator model. It then discusses combining these individual models to form a load frequency control model of a single area power system. The presentation covers the basic concepts of modeling, movement of the speed governor components, and the individual models of the turbine and generator.
This document discusses power system operations and control, including definitions of key terms like load and demand. It describes different types of loads including resistive, motor, and electronic loads. It also discusses load curves and load duration curves for representing load profiles over time. Finally, it categorizes loads from a system perspective as domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and other loads, providing details on their demand and load factors.
This document discusses various methods of voltage control in power systems, including static shunt capacitors, static series capacitors, static shunt reactors, synchronous condensers, tap changing transformers, booster transformers, and SVC-Static VAR Compensators. Static shunt capacitors and static series capacitors inject reactive power to increase voltage, while static shunt reactors absorb reactive power to reduce voltage. Synchronous condensers can operate as either capacitors or reactors depending on their excitation to regulate voltage. Tap changing transformers and booster transformers also control voltage through adjusting transformer ratios.
The load on a power station varies over time rather than being constant. This variability in load presents challenges for power stations, as they must produce power whenever demanded by consumers. Variable loads can necessitate additional equipment to vary the fuel supply and increase production costs, as generator efficiency decreases during light loads. Load curves are used to analyze and understand load patterns, showing how demand changes over various time periods from daily to annually. This information is important for power station operation and planning.
The document discusses the objectives and operations of electric power systems. The key objectives are to provide continuous, quality service to users at minimum cost while minimizing environmental impact. Operations are divided into planning, control, and accounting. Planning optimizes resource allocation to meet peak demand at lowest cost. Control satisfies instantaneous load through economic dispatch and reserve calculation. Committing the most economical generating units based on costs and constraints is determined through unit commitment.
This document discusses ARM assembly language programming. It describes different types of instructions in ARM assembly like arithmetic operations, bitwise logical operations, register movement, comparison operations, and data transfer instructions. It also explains the use of immediate operands, shifted register operands, and multiply instructions. The document concludes that it provides the basic concepts of ARM assembly language programming using these different instruction sets.
This document discusses various concepts related to power system operation and control including load curves, load duration curves, connected load, maximum demand, average load, load factor, capacity factor, and categories of loads. Load curves show the variation of load with time on a daily, monthly, or yearly basis. Connected load is the sum of ratings of all equipment, while maximum demand is the greatest short-term average load. Load factor is the ratio of average load to maximum demand and indicates how uniformly the load is distributed over time. There are five broad categories of loads from a system perspective: domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and others.
May 2025 - Top 10 Read Articles in Network Security and Its ApplicationsIJNSA Journal
The International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the computer Network Security & its applications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of security and its applications for wired and wireless networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern security threats and countermeasures, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
In this paper, the cost and weight of the reinforcement concrete cantilever retaining wall are optimized using Gases Brownian Motion Optimization Algorithm (GBMOA) which is based on the gas molecules motion. To investigate the optimization capability of the GBMOA, two objective functions of cost and weight are considered and verification is made using two available solutions for retaining wall design. Furthermore, the effect of wall geometries of retaining walls on their cost and weight is investigated using four different T-shape walls. Besides, sensitivity analyses for effects of backfill slope, stem height, surcharge, and backfill unit weight are carried out and of soil. Moreover, Rankine and Coulomb methods for lateral earth pressure calculation are used and results are compared. The GBMOA predictions are compared with those available in the literature. It has been shown that the use of GBMOA results in reducing significantly the cost and weight of retaining walls. In addition, the Coulomb lateral earth pressure can reduce the cost and weight of retaining walls.
Presently, the mesh embedment in masonry is becoming a trendy research topic. In this paper, the mesh embedded masonry prism was cast and tested. The experimental data were used for the analytical modelling. Compressive strength (CS) test was conducted for forty five masonry prism specimens with and without poultry netting mesh (PNM) embedment in the bed joints. The small mesh embedment in the masonry prism provides the better strength improvement as well as the endurance. The size of masonry prism was 225×105×176 mm. Uniformity was maintained in all prisms as per the guidelines given in ASTM C1314. Compressive strength experimental results are compared with a new proposed regression equation. The equation needs nine input parameters and two adjustment coefficients. The masonry mortar strength and mesh embedment are considered as input parameter. The experimental results were predicted by proposed Artificial Neural Network model. The validated results were gives better and more accuracy compared to the statistical and MLRPM models.
Construction Materials (Paints) in Civil EngineeringLavish Kashyap
This file will provide you information about various types of Paints in Civil Engineering field under Construction Materials.
It will be very useful for all Civil Engineering students who wants to search about various Construction Materials used in Civil Engineering field.
Paint is a vital construction material used for protecting surfaces and enhancing the aesthetic appeal of buildings and structures. It consists of several components, including pigments (for color), binders (to hold the pigment together), solvents or thinners (to adjust viscosity), and additives (to improve properties like durability and drying time).
Paint is one of the material used in Civil Engineering field. It is especially used in final stages of construction project.
Paint plays a dual role in construction: it protects building materials and contributes to the overall appearance and ambiance of a space.
DeFAIMint | 🤖Mint to DeFAI. Vibe Trading as NFTKyohei Ito
DeFAI Mint: Vive Trading as NFT.
Welcome to the future of crypto investing — radically simplified.
"DeFAI Mint" is a new frontier in the intersection of DeFi and AI.
At its core lies a simple idea: what if _minting one NFT_ could replace everything else? No tokens to pick.
No dashboards to manage. No wallets to configure.
Just one action — mint — and your belief becomes an AI-powered investing agent.
---
In a market where over 140,000 tokens launch daily, and only experts can keep up with the volatility.
DeFAI Mint offers a new paradigm: "Vibe Trading".
You don’t need technical knowledge.
You don’t need strategy.
You just need conviction.
Each DeFAI NFT carries a belief — political, philosophical, or protocol-based.
When you mint, your NFT becomes a fully autonomous AI agent:
- It owns its own wallet
- It signs and sends transactions
- It trades across chains, aligned with your chosen thesis
This is "belief-driven automation". Built to be safe. Built to be effortless.
- Your trade budget is fixed at mint
- Every NFT wallet is isolated — no exposure beyond your mint
- Login with Twitter — no crypto wallet needed
- No \$SOL required — minting is seamless
- Fully autonomous, fully on-chain execution
---
Under the hood, DeFAI Mint runs on "Solana’s native execution layer", not just as an app — but as a system-level innovation:
- "Metaplex Execute" empowers NFTs to act as wallets
- "Solana Agent Kit v2" turns them into full-spectrum actors
- Data and strategies are stored on distributed storage (Walrus)
Other chains can try to replicate this.
Only Solana makes it _natural_.
That’s why DeFAI Mint isn’t portable — it’s Solana-native by design.
---
Our Vision?
To flatten the playing field.
To transform DeFi × AI from privilege to public good.
To onboard 10,000× more users and unlock 10,000× more activity — starting with a single mint.
"DeFAI Mint" is where philosophy meets finance.
Where belief becomes strategy.
Where conviction becomes capital.
Mint once. Let it invest. Live your life.
[PyCon US 2025] Scaling the Mountain_ A Framework for Tackling Large-Scale Te...Jimmy Lai
Managing tech debt in large legacy codebases isn’t just a challenge—it’s an ongoing battle that can drain developer productivity and morale. In this talk, I’ll introduce a Python-powered Tech Debt Framework bar-raiser designed to help teams tackle even the most daunting tech debt problems with 100,000+ violations. This open-source framework empowers developers and engineering leaders by: - Tracking Progress: Measure and visualize the state of tech debt and trends over time. - Recognizing Contributions: Celebrate developer efforts and foster accountability with contribution leaderboards and automated shoutouts. - Automating Fixes: Save countless hours with codemods that address repetitive debt patterns, allowing developers to focus on higher-priority work.
Through real-world case studies, I’ll showcase how we: - Reduced 70,000+ pyright-ignore annotations to boost type-checking coverage from 60% to 99.5%. - Converted a monolithic sync codebase to async, addressing blocking IO issues and adopting asyncio effectively.
Attendees will gain actionable strategies for scaling Python automation, fostering team buy-in, and systematically reducing tech debt across massive codebases. Whether you’re dealing with type errors, legacy dependencies, or async transitions, this talk provides a roadmap for creating cleaner, more maintainable code at scale.
1. MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEM DESIGN
“PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET”
V.KALAIRAJAN M.E;
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
ELECTRICALAND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 1
2. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
VIEWS:
INSTRUCTION SET
BYTE ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS
BIT ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS
LITERAL INSTRUCTIONS
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 2
3. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
INSTRUCTION SET:
The instruction set for PIC microcontroller consists of only 35
instructions. Some of these is instructions are byte oriented and some
bit oriented instructions. The instruction set is listed in table.
Byte-oriented operations (Operation done in bytes of data)
Bit-oriented operations (Operation done in bit of data)
Literal and control operations (Data given in instruction itself)
BYTE ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS:
The byte oriented instructions that require two parameters ( for example
mov f,F(W)) except the f to be replaced by the name of a special
purpose register ( e.g. PORT A) or the name of a RAM variable (e.g.
NUM1) which serves as the source of the operant “f” stands for file
register. The F(W) parameter is the F, if the destination is to be the
source register.
W, if the destination is to be working register (i.e. accumulator or W
register)
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 3
4. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 4
5. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
BIT ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS :
The bit oriented instructions also expect parameters (e.g. btfsc, f,
b). here “f” is to be replaced by the name of a special purpose
register on the name of RAM variable. The “b” parameter is to be
replaced by a bit number ranging from 0 to 7.
For example
Zequ 2
Btfsc STATUS, z
Z has be equated to 2. Here the instructions will test the Z bit of
the status register and will skip the next instruction is Z bit is clear.
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 5
6. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 6
7. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
LITERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The literal instructions require an operand having a known
value (e.g. OAH) or a label that represents known value.
For example
NUM equation OAH; assigns OAH to the label NUM (a
constant)
movl W NUM: will move OAH to the W register
Every instruction fits in a sing 14 bit word. In addition,
every instruction also executes in a single cycle, unless it
changes the content of the program counter. These
features are due to the fact that PIC microcontroller has
been designed on the principle of RISC architecture.
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 7
8. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET 8
9. PIC 16CXX INSTRUCTION SET
CONCLUSION:
In this above presentation we can learn about basic concept of
Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented
instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
REFERENCES:
Mazidi, M.A.,“PIC Microcontroller” Rollin Mckinlay, Danny
causey Printice Hall of India, 2007.
Ravichandran,C., and Arulaalan,M., “Microcontroller Based
System Design”, Suchitra Publications, Ist edition,2016.
Dr.Balamurugan.C.R., Periyaazhagar., “Microcontroller Based
System Design”, Megnus Publications, Ist edition,2016.
Online wikipedia search.
9KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRI11CHY PIC16CXX INSTRUCTION SET