Patterns of Evolution ; Patterns of Evolution ; Patterns of Evolution
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- Chemical evolution began 4.7-4.8 billion years ago as life evolved on Earth. Biological evolution began around 2.3-2.5 billion years ago.
- Species evolve over time through genetic mutations and natural selection, which can lead to microevolution within a population or macroevolution where new species are formed.
- Biodiversity has increased through speciation as new species evolve but has also decreased during mass extinction events, such as when the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. However, adaptive radiations then led to explosions of new species.
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evolution__biodiversity_ppoint.pptCyrilAlbaConstantino Evolution and biodiversity occurred over billions of years as follows:
- Chemical evolution began 4.7-4.8 billion years ago as life evolved on Earth. Biological evolution began around 2.3-2.5 billion years ago.
- Species evolve over time through genetic mutations and natural selection, which can lead to microevolution within a population or macroevolution where new species are formed.
- Biodiversity has increased through speciation as new species evolve but has also decreased due to extinction, both through natural causes and more recently by human impacts threatening many species.
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- Natural selection proposed that organisms better adapted to their environment would leave more offspring, leading to the multiplication of favorable traits in a population over generations, resulting in new species.
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2. Plate tectonics, natural selection, and reproductive isolation influence biodiversity. Plate tectonics causes land masses to move over millions of years, isolating populations and allowing new species to form through allopatric speciation. Natural selection leads to evolution as individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.
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2) Gradualism - the origin of new species occurs gradually through the accumulation of small adaptations to different environments over long periods of time.
3) Multiplication of species - the existence of many similar but distinct species is evidence of gradual changes leading to the differentiation of populations.
4) Natural selection - Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, where individuals with favorable traits that aid survival and reproduction pass those traits on more successfully.
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3. Speciation, or the formation of new species, occurs through mechanisms like the accumulation of variations when populations are isolated, natural selection acting on heritable traits, and migration to new environments.
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Ecosystems and biodiversityTej Kiran The document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It describes the hierarchy of ecological levels from species to biomes. The main ecosystems on Earth are then listed and described. Abiotic and biotic factors that influence ecosystems are defined. The document also discusses trophic levels and energy transfer through food chains. Human impacts like pollution, climate change, and overuse of resources can disrupt nutrient cycles and harm biodiversity. Evolution occurs through natural selection and genetic variation as organisms adapt to environmental changes over many generations.
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Succession
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Ecosystems and biodiversity
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2. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing species diversity on the Galapagos Islands and realizing that species evolved over generations to be better suited for their environments.
3. Speciation, the evolution of new species, occurs through mechanisms like reproductive isolation, geographic barriers causing allopatric speciation, or adaptive radiation of a species exploiting new environments.
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3. It provides examples of adaptations through structures like camouflage and mimicry as well as physiological adaptations in bacteria that provide evidence of evolution.
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Ecological concepts of evolution factors affecting relationships of species to their environment
Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem, such as other organisms, while abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, water availability, and soil type. Abiotic factors can also affect relationships between species. For example, temperature can affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in an ecosystem. includes many forms of mutualism, host-parasite, and predator-prey relationships between species, as well as competition within or between species. In many cases, the selective pressures drive an evolutionary arm race between the species involved.
Genetic Basis of Evolution, powerpoint presentation
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Ecological concepts of evolution factors affecting relationships of species to their environment
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Patterns of Evolution ; Patterns of Evolution ; Patterns of Evolution
- 2. Key concept : Key concept : Evolution occurs in patterns Evolution occurs in patterns • Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have direction. • The effects of natural selection add up over time.
- 3. Macroevolution Macroevolution refers to large-scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time. Six important patterns of macroevolution
- 4. Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Defined: evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species due to a similar environment. • Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals). They are an unrelated species living in a similar environment, the ocean. • Faced similar evolutionary pressures.
- 5. • Defined: Describes evolution toward different traits in closely related species. – Cause: Different environments ancestor red fox kit fox Divergent Evolution Divergent Evolution
- 6. Coevolution Coevolution • Defined: Two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other – Evolutionary paths become connected – Both species receive benefits from the other as a result of adaptations. • Ex: Plants and Insects – Plants: provide insects with nectar – Insect: transfers pollen from one plant to another
- 7. • Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called an evolutionary arms race. – Example: Crab vs. Snail & Bacteria vs. Humans Coevolution Continued… Coevolution Continued…
- 9. Extinction Extinction • Defined: The elimination of a species from Earth. • Background Extinctions: – Cause: Local changes in environment – Forest fires, habitat destruction. – Affects a few species in a small area – Less severe. – Occur at roughly the same rate as speciation • Mass Extinctions: – Cause: Catastrophic events – Ice Age, Meteorites – Destroys many species at global level – Very severe – Rare but much more intense – At least 5 mass extinctions in last 600 million years
- 10. How Fast Does Evolution Occur? How Fast Does Evolution Occur? • Gradualism: Slow & steady change of 1 species into another – Small changes continually build over time Punctuated Equilibrium: Long periods of little change are interrupted by shorter periods of rapid change. – Due to sudden environment change – Ex: Mammal diversity exploded after dinosaur extinction
- 12. • Adaptive radiation: A process of evolution where one species can split into a number of different species. – Ancestral species diversifies into many descendent species – Each adapted to a different environment • Ex: Mammals How Fast Does Evolution Occur? To radiate = to s-p-r-e-a-d out