Multipath qos aware routing protocol

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijcnc.2014.6202 17
MULTIPATH QOS AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL
FOR ADHOC NETWORK
1. Anupam Baliyan, 2. Dr.Vikas Pareek
1. Research Scholar Banasthali University, Banasthali (Rajasthan)
2. Department of Computer Science, Banasthali University, Banasthali (Rajasthan)
ABSTRACT
Packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, routing overhead etc are the strict quality of service requirements
for applications in Ad hoc networks. So, the routing protocol not only finds a suitable path but also the path
should satisfy the QoS constraints also. Quality of services (QoS) aware routing is performed on the basis
of resource availability in the network and the flow of QoS requirement. In this paper we developed a
source routing protocol which satisfying the link bandwidth and end –to- end delay factor. Our protocol
will find multiple paths between the source and the destination, out of those one will be selected for data
transfer and others are reserve at the source node those can be used for route maintenance purpose. The
path selection is strictly based on the bandwidth and end-to-end delay in case two or more then two paths
are having the same values for QoS constraints then we will use hop as a parameter for path selection.
KEYWORDS
QoS Routing; Mobile Ad hoc Networks; Energy-Aware Routing; Multipath Routing, Node disjoint Routing
1. INTRODUCTION
A wireless ad-hoc network [1, 2] does not require an infrastructure. In ad hoc network mobile
nodes form a temporary network and every node will forward the packet to the node, so every
node behaves like a router. Mobile Ad hoc network is characterized by Dynamic topologies,
Bandwidth-constrained, Energy-constrained and Limited Physical Security. Due to these
characteristic routing in ad hoc network is a major issue.
The routing protocols in ad hoc network have been classified as Proactive/table driven e.g.
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) [3], Wireless routing protocol[ 4],Optimized
Link State Routing (OLSR)[ 5], Fisheye state routing (FSR)[ 6], Reactive/On-demand, e.g.
Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) [ 7], Ad hoc on-demand distance vector [8] ,
Temporally ordered routing algorithm [9], and Hybrid, e.g. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) [ 10],
Distributed spanning trees based routing protocol (DST)[ 11], , Distributed dynamic routing
(DDR)[ 12].
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined a service as "a service provided by the
service plane to an end user (e.g. a host [end system] or a network element) and which utilizes the
IP transfer capabilities and associated control and management function for delivery of the user
information specified by the service level agreement [ 13]”.
There is confusion due to the different meaning of the QoS. To clarify the confusion [79] gave
three notations of QoS: Intrinsic QoS, Perceived QoS and Assessed QoS [79]. Network

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architecture and its development, dependability, and effectiveness are related with Intrinsic QoS.
If we concern about the view of the end user about a service then it is handeled by the Perceived
QoS. a service with the same intrinsic QoS features may have different perceived QoS with
different customers.A customer can decide whether to continue using a service or not depend on
the perceived quality, service price, and responses of the provider to submitted complaints and
problems [79] is relate with accessed QoS.Due to the mobility factors, where node can move
from one location to another, topology of the network will change. In this scenario the protocol
will execute the route discovery process again to find out the route, that affects the QoS. When a
path is discovered between two nodes, resources are reserved for the path. Due to the change in
the topology a new path is discovered that also require resources those may be not available or
may be reserved for with another path. So change in topology is a big issue to be considered
during the provision of QoS. Another challenge is the less number of resources associated with
nodes those are involved in the communication over ad hoc network.
By considering the above facts, a protocol that is good for wired or infrastructure base networks
will not be suitable for this type of network.
2. CHALLENGES OF QOS ROUTING IN AD HOC NETWORKS
In case of Mobile ad hoc networks there are various factors like shared resources. Dynamically
change topology, shared channel and availability of limited resources which make it difficult to
provide QoS for routing. These are discussed below.
2.1 Dynamically varying network topology
As nodes are mobile in ad hoc network and due to mobility, topology of the network will change.
Provision of QoS in such a situation is a difficult job. As there is a loss of QoS, this information
should be forwarded to all source nodes whose transmission is going through the victim node.
This forwarding mechanism will help the source nodes to execute the route discovery process
again to find out another path for data transmission.
2.2 Lack of precise state information
All the nodes in the network share there information to there respective neighbours. This
information of the node will change as there is a change in the topology of the network due to the
mobility factors.
2.3 Shared radio channel
In ad hoc network nodes have to share channel with there neighbours, so data send by a node will
be received by all nodes those are within the range of the transmitter. Due to the broadcasting,
interference becomes a big issue that should be taken care of effectively.
2.4 Limited resource availability
There are limited numbers of resources those are available in ad hoc network, so resources
management is also a key area that should be taken care of effectively. If we take an example of
sensors, those are having very less power so routing with power consumption is not a good area to
work on.

19
2.5 Hidden Route Problem
During the route discovery of a QoS-aware routing protocol we face a hidden route problem. This
is due to the consideration of local information by the route discovery procedure of a routing
protocol
2.6 Error-Prone Shared Medium:
Congestion is the main reason of loss in wired networks but in wireless networks error-prone
shared medium cause losses. Fading is an area that is responsible for loss in wireless network, in
which multiple versions of the same signal are received at the destination.
2.7 Lack of Central Control
In ad hoc network there is no center controller that can control MANET’s’ limited resources,
nodes must negotiate with each other to manage the resources required for QoS routes.
3. RELATED WORK
Quality of services (QoS) aware routing is performed on the basis of resource availability in the
network and the flow of QoS requirement. Many attempts were made in the past to develop
routing protocols that satisfying the link bandwidth and end –to- end delay factor.The multiple
Source Routing (MSR) Protocol [14] is a multipath extension of DSR uses weighted round robin
packet distribution to improve delay and the throughput.
The past studies focused on the development of enhance data transfer, high route discovery and
frequent route discovery of on-demand routing protocols like AODV [1] and DSR [2]. AOMDV
[15] is a Multipath extension to AODV. These provide link-disjoint and loop free paths in
AODV.
Cross-layered Multipath AODV (CM-AODV) [16] Selects multiple routes on demand based on
the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) measured at the physical layer. The Multipath
Source Routing (MSR) protocol [17] is a Multipath extension to DSR uses weighted round robin
packet distribution to improve the delay and throughput. Perkins [18] proposed a QoS version for
AODV routing protocol. The main idea behind this protocol was to add extensions to the route
messages during the phase of route discovery. When a node receives a RREQ quality of service
extension must be checked and if satisfied then node will take a decision to either rebroadcast the
RREQ or unicast a RREP to the source.
4. GOAL OF QOS ROUTING
Path selection according to the traffic requirements is the primary objective for a QoS aware
routing. It is heavily depend on the information about the network.As Ad hoc network is having a
limited number of resources so there should be an effective utilization of the resources to achieve
QoS aware routing. When a path is discovered by the QoS routing protocol, it should consume
less number of resources. Resource management function manages the availability of resources.
As dynamic change in topology is a big threat for routing protocol. So node must maintain the
topology information and whenever there is a change in the topology of the network, node must
send link state message to reduce the effect of varying network topology otherwise it affects the
performance of the QoS routing protocol because of link failure. This is not a case in wired
network where link goes down rarel

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5. Network Modeled
A communication network is considered as a set v of node s that are interconnected by a set e of
link, as in MANET’S nodes frequently change their location so v and e changing over time. We
assume that the transmission range of each node is same and the two nodes those are in the
transmission range of each other it shows that the nodes are immediate neighbour and there exist
an undirected link between them. A node is assumed to keep the up-to-date local link state about
its entire outgoing link.
The link state of a link (i,j) include the following.
a) Delay of the link v delay (i,j)
b) Bandwidth of the link v Bw (i,j)
c) Hop count v H(i,j)
d)
The above mentioned information can be better understood by the following formula.
Let P be a path
Delay (P) = delay (i,j) + ………………….. delay (k,l)
Bandwidth (P) = Bandwidth (i,j) + …………. Bandwidth (k,l)
Hop count will simply indicate how many intermediate nodes should be covered by a packet
which is generated at source and reached at destination.
6. METRICS USED
The Proposed Protocol will used two metric one is bandwidth and the other is delay
To calculate delay between two nodes we can use the following formula
D (A, B) = T (B) - T (A)
Where T (B) is the time at which packet is received at node B and T (A) is the time at which
Packet is send by the node A. End-to- end delay is the time taken by a packet to move from
source and the destination.
For bandwidth measurement between a links we can use either hello message method or listen
bandwidth estimation.
7. PROPOSED PROTOCOL
Our proposed QoS aware protocol will use multiple QoS constraint to provide QoS guarantee for
Ad hoc network. The constraints used for QoS are delay and the bandwidth, and we can use the
hop count to provide the short path. This protocol can generate multiple paths out of those only
one is selected to deliver the data packet from a source to the destination.
Proposed protocol has three phases:
a) Route Discovery
b) Route selection
c) Route maintenance

21
Notation for the network model:
6.1 Route Discovery
Suppose on application wishes to establish a connection between a source ‘s’ and destination ‘d’
with a delay constraint Dt and bandwidth constraint Bt then the following algorithm will be used
by source s to discover a path toward a destination d.
1. Source s sends a RREQ packet to its immediate neighbour. The RREQ packet of the protocol
contains type field, Source address, destination address, unique identification number, hope
field, delay and bandwidth.
SA (Source address) field: It carries the source address of the node, ID Field: Unique
identification number generated by the source to identify the packet. DS (Destination
Address) field: It carries the destination address of the node, Hope Field: It carries the hop
count; the value of hop count is incremented by one at each node through which packet
passes. Initially, by default this field contains zero value. D (delay) field; Indicate the duration
of time taken by a packet to move from one node to another node. BW (Bandwidth) field:
carries the bandwidth of the links through which the packet will pass. P (Path) field: It carries
the path accumulation, when the packet passes through a node; its address is appended at the
end of the field. The Fig 1 shows the RREQ packet. Contain the following information.
Fig 1: RREQ Packet
RREQ packet will contain the following values initially, SA=S, DA=D, BW=0, D=0. It
indicates that initially the path is null with zero bandwidth and zero delay.
2. Every node maintains a Information table(IT), to keep track of multiple RREQs with
following entries Source Address, Destination Address, Hops, Delay, Bandwidth
Fig 2: Node Information Table
As a RREQ reach at a node it enters its information in the IT. It makes all the entries for the
requests till the timer is expiring. After the timer goes off it accepts the request with the
highest bandwidth and minimum delay. If these two parameter are same then it use Hope
count as a base for acceptance .In the worst case the RREQ will be accept on the basic of first
come first serve by doing this we are able to prevent loops and unnecessary flooding of
RREQ packets
3. Any node which receive the RREQ packet will do following
a. It first check its address with the destination address if there is a match then the node
check the QoS constraint
BW (i,j) Available Bandwidth on a link (i,j)
D(i,j) Available delay on a link (i,j)
H No.of hop on a Path P(i,j)
Bt Threshold value for Bandwidth
Dt Threshold value of delay
P(i,j) Path between node i to node j

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If Dealy (P(s,d)) ≤ Dt
And BW (P(s,d)) ≥ Bt then destination node return a RREP to the source that indicate the
presence of an optimal path between source to destination.
b. If the immediate neighbour is not the destination then the immediate neighbour set a
timer after receiving a RREQ for the subsequent packets if any, with same identification
number, traveling through different path. Then it updates its IT (Information Table) and
follows the following algorithm. Let v be the intermediate neighbour then
Dealy(P) ← D (P(s,v)) + D (P)
If D(P) ≤ Dt
And BW(P(s,v) >=BWt then a path with satisfied QoS constraint is found
BW(P) ← BW (P(s,v)) + B (P)
H ← H+1
Then it will update RREQ packet by adding the updated delay, Hope count and
bandwidth with the route cache of RREQ by adding a path (s→v) and forward
RREQ to its neighbors
If the QoS constraints does not match then the immediate neighbour send a RERR packet
to source s which indicate that path is found but path is not satisfying the qos constraints.
c. Step b is repeated for each immediate neighbour until a path is found from source to
destination until.
d. If source does not get any reply from the destination and timer is expire then source can
perform a qos re-negotiation process by making proper changing in QoS constraints
value.
6.2 Route Selection
If source gets only one RREP that indicate the presence of single path from source s to destination
d and the path is selected for data transfer from source s to the destination d.
If source get more then one RREP it indicate the presence of multiple paths from source s to
destination d Then the source node will sort the path in the order of increasing bandwidth and
decreasing delay, so path with maximum bandwidth and minimum delay will be accepted for data
transfer and others are reserved at source node.
If bandwidth is same then delay will be used for selecting the path and if delay is same then
bandwidth is a base for selecting the path if both are same then no. of hop will be used to select
the path.
Keeping paths reserve provide flexibility in case of link broken and if source node is aware about
the broken link then source node can use alternate path from the paths it reserve.
6.3 Route maintenance
There are two approaches for the route maintenance when a path is established between a source s
and the destination d then all the nodes on the path sends hello message to each other after
duration if node does not get response from another after sending hello message then it indicates
broken of the link. So node send this information to the source node, now if source node still have
some data to send then again establish the path by using the route discovery process.
Let P is the path from s to d v

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P :
x
s v u dx
Figure 3: Route Maintenance
If link between u and x is broken u will not get any response from x after sending the hello
message then by using its route cache node u will send this information to source s, now s is
having multiple path from s to d so s will use path to send data from the source s to destination.
The other approach for route maintenance is to use delay and bandwidth check regularly after
some duration source s will send a probe message to destination d to enquire the value for delay
and the bandwidth after selecting the path between source s and d. if source encounter any change
in the bandwidth or delay that indicate a broken link in between the path so source s will delete
this path from its route and select another path for sending data from source s to destination if it
has still some data to send.
Figure 4 explain the route discovery process. source Node will send the RREQ packets to the
neighbour node,any intermediate node after receving the RREQ packet will check the destination
address with its address if a match is found then the intermediate node is the detination
node.Intermediate node will update the delay and bandwidth. If bandwidth is more then or equal
to the thershoald and delay is less then or equal to the end-to-end delay then it send a RREP
packet to the source node .
If the bandwidth and delay constraints are not satisfying then the intermediate node will send a
RERR message to the source node which indicate a path is found but not satisfying the QoS
constraints.
If the intermediate node is not the detination node then node will update the delay and compare it
with the delay thershoald if it is less then the thersholad then node will compare the bandwidth to
the bandwidth thershold if it is more or equal to the thershold, it will update the bandwidth and
the hop count. So an updated RREQ with updated bandwidth,Delay and hop will be further
rebroadcast.
The above exercise will be repeated untill the RREQ packet will reach to the destination

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Figure 4: Route Discovery
(8, 2) (10, 1)
(6, 3)
(5, 4)
(5, 2) (5, 4)
(8, 1)
(7, 2)
(5, 3)
(4, 3)
(4, 7) (5, 3)
2
3
6
87
9
1
4
5
Figure: 5: An Example Network With edges (Bandwidth, Delay)
7. EXAMPLE
To explain the working of above proposed protocol consider the figure 5, where the node
represents the mobile node and the edge represent the channel between the nodes through which
the packet will travel, every edge is having a set of parameter (a, b), where ‘a’ is the bandwidth of
the link and ‘b’ represent the delay. Node 1 is the source node and the node 6 is the destination
node. The bandwidth threshold is 5 and the end-end delay threshold is 10.
To send the packet node 1 send RREQ to its neighbours (2, 4, 7).
When node 2 receives the packet it has enters in its IT (1, 6, 1, 6, 3) it checks the QOS constraints
i.e. 6> 5 & 3 <4 so it updates the bandwidth field of RREQ to 6 and delay field to 3 and hop
count to 1,Path field to (1-2) and rebroadcast the RREQ to its neighbours.

25
At node 4 it receives two RREQ packet one from node 2 and one from 1 so it has two entries in
its IT (1,6,1,5,2) and (1,6,1,8,1) at this moment it select the one from node one with highest
bandwidth and minimum delay, so it will accept the RREQ packets from node1 and discard the
RREQ packet from node 2. Then it checks the QOS constraints as 8>5 and 1<4 so it add the
bandwidth field of RREQ to 8 and delay field to 1 , Hop count to 1 and path field to (1-4) it
broadcast the RREQ packet to its neighbours.
At node 7 it receives the RREQ packet from node 1 and it has a entry in its IT (1,6,1,4,3) but
QOS constraints is not satisfying as 4<5 so node 7 send a RERR packet to node 1 which indicate
that route is found but does not satisfying the QOS constraints.
At node 3 it receives a RREQ from node 2 then it has an entry in its IT (1,6,1,8,2) then QOS
constraints will be checked i.e. 8>5 and 5> 12 so it update the bandwidth field of RREQ to 12
,delay to 5, hop count to 2 and path field to (1-2-3) and rebroadcast RREQ to its neighbours.
At node 5 it receives a RREQ packet from node 4 so it update its IT (1,6,1,5,2) QoS constraints is
satisfied as 5 >= 5 and 3<10 so it update bandwidth field of RREQ to 13, delay to 3, hop count to
2 and path field as (1-4-5) and rebroadcast it to its neighbours.
At node 8 it receives a RREQ packet from node 4 so it has a entries in its IT (1,6,1,5,3) QOS
constraints is satisfying as 5>5 and 4<10 so it update bandwidth field of RREQ to 13, delay to 4 ,
hop count to 2 and path field as (1-4-8) and rebroadcast its to its neighbours.
At node 9 it receives two RREQ , one from node 5 and one from node 8 so it carries two entries
in its IT (1,6,1,7,2) and (1,6,1,5,3) it will select the one from node 5 with higher bandwidth and
minimum delay and discard the RREQ packet from node 8 . Then it update the bandwidth field of
RREQ to 20, delay to 5, hop count to 3 and path field as (1-4-5-9) and rebroadcast RREQ to its
neighbours .
At node 6 it receives three RREQ packets, one from node3, one from node 5 and one from node
9. It has three entries in its IT (1,6,1,12,1) , (1,6,1,5,4) and (1,6,1,3,4). Node 6 is the destination
node so first QoS constraints is checked for all the three entries which is satisfied as all are
satisfying the bandwidth and delay constraints so node 6 will send three RREP packets to node 1
by adding accumulative bandwidth and delay for the complete path as (1,6,1,26,6,{1-2-3-6},
{1,6,1,25,9,{1-4-5-9-6} and (1,6,1,18,7,{1-4-5-6} .
When the source node will receive the RREP packets from node 6(Destination) then it will select
the RREP with maximum bandwidth and minimum delay (1-2-3-6) for sending the data.
8. CONCLUSION
Proposed protocol provides multiple paths from source to destination; our protocol not only finds
a path from the source to the destination but also provides quality of services in terms of
bandwidth and the delay. Multiple paths provide a backup for source node. Any how, any how if
there is a link failure, then the source node can use another path for sending the data to
destination. In future we will implement this protocol on simulator and analyze its performance.
We will also compare our protocol with other existing protocols those provide multiple path from
the source and the destination.

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9. REFERENCE
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Networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference onCommunications (ICC), 2002,
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[2] I. Chlamtac, M. Conti and J. J.-N. Liu, "Mobile Ad hoc networking imperatives and challenges" Ad
Hoc Networks, Vol 1, 2003, pp.13-64.
[3] Perkins and P. Bhagwat" Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV)
for Mobile Computers", ACM SIGCOMM Conference On Communications Architectures, Protocols
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[7] David B. Johnson and David A. Maltz. Dynamic Source Routing in ad hoc Wireless Networks. In
Mobile Computing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
[8] C. Perkins and E. Royer. Ad-hoc on-demand Distance Vector Routing. pages 90–100,1999.
[9] V. Park and S. Corson, Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Version 1, Functional
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[10] Z.J. Hass, R. Pearlman, Zone routing protocol for ad-hoc networks, Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-
zrp-02.txt, work in progress, 1999.
[11] S. Radhakrishnan, N.S.V Rao, G. Racherla, C.N. Sekharan, S.G. Batsell, DST––A routing protocol
for ad hoc networks using distributed spanning trees, in: IEEE Wireless Communications and
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[12] N. Nikaein, H. Laboid, C. Bonnet, Distributed dynamic routing algorithm (ddr) for mobile ad hoc
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[13] ITU-T Rec. Y. 1241, "Support of 1.-based services using ip transfer capabilities," March,2001.
[14] Lei Wang, Lianfang Zhang, Yantai Shu & Miao Dong (2000) ,” Multipath source routing in wireless
ad hoc networks”, Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer .
[15] M. K. Marina & S. R. Das, (2001) "On-Demand MultiPath Distance Vector Routing in Ad hoc
Networks",Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP},IEEE
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[16] Jiwon Park, Sangman Moht & Ilyong Chung (2008),” Multipath AODV Routing Protocol in Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks with SINR-Based Route Selection”, International Symposium on Wireless
Communication Systems, IEEE ,pp:682-688.
[17] Lei Wang, Lianfang Zhang, Yantai Shu & Miao Dong (2000) ,” Multipath source routing in wireless
ad hoc networks”, Proceedings of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol
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[18] C. E. Perkins & E. M. Royer, (2003) "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) ", IETF
RFC 3561.
[19] W. Hardy, QoS: Measurement and Evaluation of Telecommunications Quality of Service Wiley,
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Authors
Short Biography: Author is working as an associate Professor At Institute of Management &
Research. He has done MCA And M.Tech(CSE). Now he is pursuing P.Hd(CSE) from
Banasthali University ,Rajasthan On wireless network. His area of expertise is Automata
theory, Computer Architecture and computer networks. Author has published 5 research
paper in international Journal and many papers in the national and international conferences.

Multipath qos aware routing protocol

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