Regression analysis models the relationship between variables, where the dependent variable is modeled as a function of one or more independent variables. Linear regression models take forms such as straight-line, polynomial, Fourier, and interaction models. Multiple linear regression is useful for understanding variable effects, predicting values, and finding relationships between multiple independent and dependent variables. Methods like robust, stepwise, ridge, and partial least squares regression address issues like outliers, multicollinearity, and correlated predictors. Response surface and generalized linear models extend linear regression to nonlinear relationships. Multivariate regression models multiple dependent variables.