Lesson 03.ppt theory of automata including basics of it
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ZA description on theory of automata Let me provide a comprehensive overview of the Theory of Automata. The Theory of Automata is a fundamental branch of theoretical computer science that studies abstract machines and their computational capabilities. It is a critical area of study in computer science, mathematics, and computational theory, providing insights into the fundamental nature of computation and computational processes. Key Components of Automata Theory: Finite Automata (FA) Simplest type of computational model Can be deterministic (DFA) or non-deterministic (NFA) Capable of recognizing regular languages Used in pattern matching, text processing, and lexical analysis Has a finite set of states and transitions between these states based on input symbols Pushdown Automata (PDA) More complex than finite automata Includes a stack memory for additional computational power Can recognize context-free languages Fundamental to parsing programming languages and compiler design Allows for more sophisticated state transitions using stack operations Turing Machines Most powerful computational model Developed by Alan Turing in 1936 Can simulate any algorithm or computational process Has an infinite memory tape Can solve complex computational problems Serves as a theoretical foundation for understanding computability and computational complexity Fundamental Concepts: Languages: Sets of strings that can be recognized by an automaton State Transitions: Rules for moving between different states based on input Acceptance and Rejection: Criteria for determining whether an input string belongs to a language Computational Power: Different automata have varying levels of computational capabilities Practical Applications: Compiler Design Text Processing Pattern Matching Network Protocol Design Parsing and Syntax Analysis Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Theoretical Significance: Provides mathematical foundation for understanding computation Helps define the limits of what can be computed Bridges computer science with mathematical logic Explores fundamental questions about algorithmic processes and computational complexity Research Areas: Formal Language Theory Computational Complexity Algorithm Design Computability Theory The Theory of Automata continues to be a crucial field of study, helping researchers and computer scientists understand the fundamental principles of computation, design more efficient algorithms, and explore the theoretical limits of computational processes.
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SULPHONAMIDES AND SULFONES Medicinal Chemistry III.ppt
SULPHONAMIDES AND SULFONES Medicinal Chemistry III.pptHRUTUJA WAGH History
Discovered: 1900s by Gerhard Domagk; prontosil identified as antibacterial.
Mechanism: Prodrug prontosil converts to sulfanilamide—the active antibacterial agent.
Developments: Led to drugs like sulfapyridine (1938), sulfacetamide (1941), etc.
⚗️ Chemistry
Amphoteric compounds, weak acids (pKa: 4.79–8.56).
Solubility increases in alkaline pH.
Structural Designations: N4 (para-amino), N1 (sulfonamide NH).
N1 substitution: systemic action; N4: gut action.
🧪 Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR)
Sulphanilamide core is essential.
N4 amino group = modifiable (for prodrugs).
Activity depends on:
Substitution at N1
Unsubstituted benzene ring
Para-positioned amino group
Electron-donating heterocycles ↑ activity
📚 Classification
Based on Duration:
Extra-long acting: Sulphasalazine, Sulphalene
Long acting: Sulphadoxine, Sulphamethoxydiazine
Intermediate: Sulphamethoxazole
Short acting: Sulphamethiazole
Injectables: Sulphadiazine, Sulphamethoxine
Based on Structure:
N-substituted: Sulphadiazine, Sulphacetamide
N4-substituted (Prodrugs): Prontosil
N1 & N4-substituted: Succinyl sulphathiazole
Miscellaneous: Mefenide sodium
⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA)
Structural analogs of PABA, inhibit folic acid synthesis.
Block dihydropteroate synthase → inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis in bacteria.
💊 Uses
Infections: UTIs, dysentery, burns, conjunctivitis, meningitis, malaria.
Special cases:
IBD: Sulfasalazine
Burns: Silver sulfadiazine
Malaria: Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine (resistant P. falciparum)
🧬 Folate Reductase Inhibitors
Trimethoprim: DHFR inhibitor, synergistic with sulphonamides.
⚠️ Side Effects
Hypersensitivity, crystalluria, nausea, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, kernicterus in neonates.
Mycology:Characteristics of Ascomycetes Fungi
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What Are Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Immunobiology?
What Are Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Immunobiology?Kosheeka : Primary Cells for Research Dendritic cells are immune cells with unique features of their own. They possess the ability of cross-presentation. They can bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Their crucial role in the immune response has implicated them in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Kosheeka delivers dendritic cells from diverse species to assist in your research endeavors. Our team provides high-quality dendritic cells with assured viability, purity, and functionality.
Reticular formation_groups_organization_
Reticular formation_groups_organization_klynct Location of reticular formation, organization of reticular formation, organization of reticular formation include raphe group, paramedian group, lateral group, medial group, intermediate group, connections of reticular formation include afferent as well as efferent connections, divisions of reticular formation include midbrain reticular formation, medullary reticular formation ad well as pontine reticular formation, nuclei of reticular formation include nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, locus ceruleus nucleus, subcerulus reticular nucleus, tegmenti pontis reticular nucleus, pendulo pontine reticular nucleus and nucleus reticular cuneiformis, functions of reticular formation include ascending reticular activating system, descending reticular system, mechanism of action of ascending reticular activating system, descending reticular activating system include descending facilitatory reticular system and descending inhibitory reticular system.
Study in Pink (forensic case study of Death)
Study in Pink (forensic case study of Death)memesologiesxd A forensic case study to solve a mysterious death crime based on novel Sherlock Homes.
including following roles,
- Evidence Collector
- Cameraman
- Medical Examiner
- Detective
- Police officer
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Lesson 03.ppt theory of automata including basics of it
- 1. 1 Recap Lecture-2 Kleene Star Closure, Plus operation, recursive definition of languages, INTEGER, EVEN, factorial, PALINDROME, {an bn }, languages of strings (i) ending in a, (ii) beginning and ending in same letters, (iii) containing aa or bb (iv)containing exactly aa,
- 2. 2 Regular Expression As discussed earlier that a* generates Λ, a, aa, aaa, … and a+ generates a, aa, aaa, aaaa, …, so the language L1 = {Λ, a, aa, aaa, …} and L2 = {a, aa, aaa, aaaa, …} can simply be expressed by a* and a+ , respectively. a* and a+ are called the regular expressions (RE) for L1 and L2 respectively. Note: a+ , aa* and a* a generate L2 .
- 3. 3 Recursive definition of Regular Expression(RE) Step 1: Every letter of Σ including Λ is a regular expression. Step 2: If r1 and r2 are regular expressions then 1.(r1 ) 2.r1 r2 3.r1 + r2 and 4. r1 * are also regular expressions. Step 3: Nothing else is a regular expression.
- 4. 4 Defining Languages (continued)… Method 3 (Regular Expressions) Consider the language L={Λ, x, xx, xxx,…} of strings, defined over Σ = {x}. We can write this language as the Kleene star closure of alphabet Σ or L=Σ* ={x}* this language can also be expressed by the regular expression x* . Similarly the language L={x, xx, xxx,…}, defined over Σ = {x}, can be expressed by the regular expression x+ .
- 5. 5 Now consider another language L, consisting of all possible strings, defined over Σ = {a, b}. This language can also be expressed by the regular expression (a + b)* . Now consider another language L, of strings having exactly double a, defined over Σ = {a, b}, then it’s regular expression may be b* aab*
- 6. 6 Now consider another language L, of even length, defined over Σ = {a, b}, then it’s regular expression may be ((a+b)(a+b))* Now consider another language L, of odd length, defined over Σ = {a, b}, then it’s regular expression may be (a+b)((a+b)(a+b))* or ((a+b)(a+b))* (a+b)
- 7. 7 Remark It may be noted that a language may be expressed by more than one regular expressions, while given a regular expression there exist a unique language generated by that regular expression.
- 8. 8 Example: Consider the language, defined over Σ={a , b} of words having at least one a, may be expressed by a regular expression (a+b)* a(a+b)* . Consider the language, defined over Σ = {a, b} of words having at least one a and one b, may be expressed by a regular expression (a+b)* a(a+b)* b(a+b)* + (a+b)* b(a+b)* a(a+b)* .
- 9. 9 Consider the language, defined over Σ={a, b}, of words starting with double a and ending in double b then its regular expression may be aa(a+b)* bb Consider the language, defined over Σ={a, b} of words starting with a and ending in b OR starting with b and ending in a, then its regular expression may be a(a+b)* b+b(a+b)* a
- 10. 10 SummingUP Lecture 3 RE, Recursive definition of RE, defining languages by RE, { x}* , { x}+ , {a+b}* , Language of strings having exactly one aa, Language of strings of even length, Language of strings of odd length, RE defines unique language (as Remark), Language of strings having at least one a, Language of strings havgin at least one a and one b, Language of strings starting with aa and ending in bb, Language of strings starting with and ending in different letters.