Java Repetiotion Statements

Oct 28, 20210 likes86 views

Huda Alameen

JAva course

University of Kufa
Collage of Computer Science and
Mathematics
lecture5
‫م‬
.
‫م‬
‫االمين‬ ‫الحسن‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫هدى‬

Repetition Statements
 Repetition statements allow us to execute a statement multiple times
 Often they are referred to as loops
 Like conditional statements, they are controlled by boolean
expressions
 Java has three kinds of repetition statements: while, do while,
and for loops

The while Statement
 A while statement has the following syntax:
while ( condition )
statement;
 If the condition is true, the statement is executed
 Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is still true, the statement is
executed again
 The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes false

The while Statement
 An example of a while statement:
 If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the statement is never executed
 Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero or more times
int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
System.out.println (count);
count++;
}
Output :
1
2
3
4
5

Nested Loops
 Similar to nested if statements, loops can be nested as well
 That is, the body of a loop can contain another loop
 For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop iterates
completely

How many times will the string "Here" be printed?
count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
count2 = 1;
while (count2 < 20)
{
System.out.println ("Here");
count2++;
}
count1++;
}

How many times will the string "Here" be printed?
count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
count2 = 1;
while (count2 < 20)
{
System.out.println ("Here");
count2++;
}
count1++;
}
10 * 19 = 190

The Do while Statement
 Do-while loop is similar to while loop, however there is a
difference between them: In while loop, condition is
evaluated before the execution of loop’s body but in do-
while loop condition is evaluated after the execution of
loop’s body.

The Do while Statement
 Syntax of do-while loop:
Do
{ statement (S);
} while (condition);

How do-while loop works?
 First, the statements inside loop execute and then the
condition gets evaluated, if the condition returns true
then the control gets transferred to the “do” else it jumps
to the next statement after do-while.

For Loop
 A For statement has the following syntax:
for(initialization; condition ; increment/decrement)
{ statement (S) ;
}

Flow of Execution of the for Loop
 As a program executes, the interpreter always keeps track of which
statement is about to be executed. We call this the control flow, or the flow
of execution of the program.

For Loop
 First step: In for loop, initialization happens first and only one time, which
means that the initialization part of for loop only executes once.
 Second step: Condition in for loop is evaluated on each iteration, if the
condition is true then the statements inside for loop body gets executed.
Once the condition returns false, the statements in for loop does not execute
and the control gets transferred to the next statement in the program after
for loop
 Third step: After every execution of for loop’s body, the
increment/decrement part of for loop executes that updates the loop
counter.
 Fourth step: After third step, the control jumps to second step and condition
is re-evaluated.

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Introduction to Macrolide Antibiotics Effective against Gram-positive cocci & bacilli, and some Gram-negative cocci. Commonly used for respiratory, skin, tissue, and genitourinary infections. 🧬 History Erythromycin: First discovered in 1952. Developed as a penicillin alternative. Followed by azithromycin, clarithromycin (chemically improved versions). ⚗️ Chemistry Macrolides share: A macrocyclic lactone ring (12–17 atoms). A ketone group. Amino sugars and neutral sugars linked to the ring. A dimethylamino group (contributes to basicity and salt formation). 🔬 Mechanism of Action Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit (specifically 23S rRNA). Inhibits peptidyl transferase activity. Prevents protein synthesis by blocking translocation of amino acids. 🛡️ Resistance Mechanisms Alteration of binding site (erm gene-mediated methylation of 23S rRNA). Enzymatic inactivation (esterases, phosphotransferases). Efflux pumps actively remove drug from bacterial cell. 💊 Therapeutic Uses Babesiosis Bacterial Endocarditis Bartonellosis Bronchitis, Pneumonia Rheumatic fever prophylaxis Sinusitis, Skin infections Dental abscess ⚠️ Side Effects Minor: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tinnitus Major: Allergic reactions, cholestatic hepatitis Drug Interaction: Avoid with colchicine → risk of toxicity 🔹 Erythromycin Bacteriostatic, used in penicillin-allergic patients Produced by Saccharopolyspora erythraea Forms: oral, IV, topical Risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) in newborns 🔹 Clarithromycin Semisynthetic (developed from erythromycin) Greater acid stability, fewer GI effects Inhibits CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein 🔹 Azithromycin Broader spectrum, long half-life, better tissue penetration Effective against Gram-negative, atypical organisms (e.g., Chlamydia, Mycoplasma) Safe during pregnancy Studied in COVID-19 therapy (March 2020, France) 🧪 Chloramphenicol Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic Treats: meningitis, cholera, typhoid, conjunctivitis MOA: Binds to 50S ribosome, inhibits peptidyl transferase Side effects: Bone marrow depression Gray baby syndrome Superinfections Probable carcinogen (WHO classification) 📚 Macrolide Classification Ring Size Examples 12-Membered Methymycin 14-Membered Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin 15-Membered Azithromycin 16-Membered Spiramycin, Josamycin 17-Membered Lankacidin complex

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SULPHONAMIDES AND SULFONES Medicinal Chemistry III.pptHRUTUJA WAGH

History Discovered: 1900s by Gerhard Domagk; prontosil identified as antibacterial. Mechanism: Prodrug prontosil converts to sulfanilamide—the active antibacterial agent. Developments: Led to drugs like sulfapyridine (1938), sulfacetamide (1941), etc. ⚗️ Chemistry Amphoteric compounds, weak acids (pKa: 4.79–8.56). Solubility increases in alkaline pH. Structural Designations: N4 (para-amino), N1 (sulfonamide NH). N1 substitution: systemic action; N4: gut action. 🧪 Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) Sulphanilamide core is essential. N4 amino group = modifiable (for prodrugs). Activity depends on: Substitution at N1 Unsubstituted benzene ring Para-positioned amino group Electron-donating heterocycles ↑ activity 📚 Classification Based on Duration: Extra-long acting: Sulphasalazine, Sulphalene Long acting: Sulphadoxine, Sulphamethoxydiazine Intermediate: Sulphamethoxazole Short acting: Sulphamethiazole Injectables: Sulphadiazine, Sulphamethoxine Based on Structure: N-substituted: Sulphadiazine, Sulphacetamide N4-substituted (Prodrugs): Prontosil N1 & N4-substituted: Succinyl sulphathiazole Miscellaneous: Mefenide sodium ⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA) Structural analogs of PABA, inhibit folic acid synthesis. Block dihydropteroate synthase → inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis in bacteria. 💊 Uses Infections: UTIs, dysentery, burns, conjunctivitis, meningitis, malaria. Special cases: IBD: Sulfasalazine Burns: Silver sulfadiazine Malaria: Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine (resistant P. falciparum) 🧬 Folate Reductase Inhibitors Trimethoprim: DHFR inhibitor, synergistic with sulphonamides. ⚠️ Side Effects Hypersensitivity, crystalluria, nausea, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, kernicterus in neonates.

Antimalarial drug Medicinal Chemistry IIIHRUTUJA WAGH

Antimalarial drugs Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with the Plasmodium parasite bites you. There are four kinds of malaria parasites that can infect humans: Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. - P. falciparum causes a more severe form of the disease and those who contract this form of malaria have a higher risk of death. An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth. This is known as congenital malaria. Malaria is transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood meals for egg production, and these blood meals are the link between the human and the mosquito hosts in the parasite life cycle. Whereas, Culicine mosquitoes such as Aedes spp. and Culex spp. are important vectors of other human pathogens including viruses and filarial worms, but have never been observed to transmit mammalian malarias. Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be transmitted through: (i) an organ transplant; (ii) a transfusion; (iii) use of shared needles or syringes. Here's a comprehensive overview of **Antimalarial Drugs** including their **classification**, **mechanism of action (MOA)**, **structure-activity relationship (SAR)**, **uses**, and **side effects**—ideal for use in your **SlideShare PPT**: --- ## 🦠 **ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS OVERVIEW** --- ### ✅ **1. Classification of Antimalarial Drugs** #### **A. Based on Stage of Action:** * **Tissue Schizonticides**: Primaquine * **Blood Schizonticides**: Chloroquine, Artemisinin, Mefloquine * **Gametocytocides**: Primaquine, Artemisinin * **Sporontocides**: Pyrimethamine #### **B. Based on Chemical Class:** | Class | Examples | | ----------------------- | ------------------------ | | 4-Aminoquinolines | Chloroquine, Amodiaquine | | 8-Aminoquinolines | Primaquine, Tafenoquine | | Artemisinin Derivatives | Artesunate, Artemether | | Quinoline-methanols | Mefloquine | | Biguanides | Proguanil | | Sulfonamides | Sulfadoxine | | Antibiotics | Doxycycline, Clindamycin | | Naphthoquinones | Atovaquone | --- ### ⚙️ **2. Mechanism of Action (MOA)** | Drug/Class | MOA | | ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Chloroquine** | Inhibits heme polymerization → toxic heme accumulation → parasite death | | **Artemisinin** | Generates free radicals → damages parasite proteins | | **Primaquine** | Disrupts mitochondrial function in liver stages | | **Mefloquine** | Disrupts heme detoxification pathway | | **Atovaquone** | Inhibits mitochondrial electron transport | | **Pyrimethamine** | Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (

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Java Repetiotion Statements

1. University of Kufa Collage of Computer Science and Mathematics lecture5 ‫م‬ . ‫م‬ ‫االمين‬ ‫الحسن‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫هدى‬

2. Repetition Statements  Repetition statements allow us to execute a statement multiple times  Often they are referred to as loops  Like conditional statements, they are controlled by boolean expressions  Java has three kinds of repetition statements: while, do while, and for loops

3. The while Statement  A while statement has the following syntax: while ( condition ) statement;  If the condition is true, the statement is executed  Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is still true, the statement is executed again  The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes false

5. The while Statement  An example of a while statement:  If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the statement is never executed  Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero or more times int count = 1; while (count <= 5) { System.out.println (count); count++; } Output : 1 2 3 4 5

6. Nested Loops  Similar to nested if statements, loops can be nested as well  That is, the body of a loop can contain another loop  For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop iterates completely

7. How many times will the string "Here" be printed? count1 = 1; while (count1 <= 10) { count2 = 1; while (count2 < 20) { System.out.println ("Here"); count2++; } count1++; }

8. How many times will the string "Here" be printed? count1 = 1; while (count1 <= 10) { count2 = 1; while (count2 < 20) { System.out.println ("Here"); count2++; } count1++; } 10 * 19 = 190

9. The Do while Statement  Do-while loop is similar to while loop, however there is a difference between them: In while loop, condition is evaluated before the execution of loop’s body but in do- while loop condition is evaluated after the execution of loop’s body.

10. The Do while Statement  Syntax of do-while loop: Do { statement (S); } while (condition);

11. How do-while loop works?  First, the statements inside loop execute and then the condition gets evaluated, if the condition returns true then the control gets transferred to the “do” else it jumps to the next statement after do-while.

13. do-while loop example

14. do-while loop example

15. For Loop  A For statement has the following syntax: for(initialization; condition ; increment/decrement) { statement (S) ; }

16. Flow of Execution of the for Loop  As a program executes, the interpreter always keeps track of which statement is about to be executed. We call this the control flow, or the flow of execution of the program.

18. For Loop  First step: In for loop, initialization happens first and only one time, which means that the initialization part of for loop only executes once.  Second step: Condition in for loop is evaluated on each iteration, if the condition is true then the statements inside for loop body gets executed. Once the condition returns false, the statements in for loop does not execute and the control gets transferred to the next statement in the program after for loop  Third step: After every execution of for loop’s body, the increment/decrement part of for loop executes that updates the loop counter.  Fourth step: After third step, the control jumps to second step and condition is re-evaluated.

19. Example of Simple For loop

20. Example of Simple For loop

Java Repetiotion Statements

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