Introduction to Embedded Systems I : Chapter 1

Introduction to
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
SHIBU K V
Dr Moe Moe Myint
Department of Computer Engineering & Information Technology
Mandalay Technological University
www.slideshare.net/MoeMoeMyint
moemoemyint@moemyanmar.ml
moe2myint.mdy@gmail.com
drmoemoemyint.blogspot.com
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Course Objectives
 Recognize the major components that constitute an embedded
system
 Apply small programs to solve well-defined problems on an
embedded platform
 Practice familiarity with tools used to develop in an embedded
environment
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Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology

Course Outcomes
 Classify the differences between the general computing system and the
embedded system
 Become familiar with programming environment used to develop
embedded systems and also recognizes the key concepts of embedded
systems like IO, timers, interrupts, interaction with peripheral devices
 Practice to do hardware/software co-design for embedded systems
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Agenda
1.1 What is an Embedded Systems 4
1.2 Embedded Systems vs. General Computing Systems 4
1.3 History of Embedded Systems 5
1.4 Classification of Embedded Systems 6
1.5 Major Application Areas of Embedded Systems 7
1.6 Purpose of Embedded Systems
1.7 ‘Smart’ Running Shoes from Adida_The Innovative Bonding of
Lifestyle with Embedded Technology 11
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Chapter 1 : Learning Objectives
 Learn what an Embedded System is
 Learn the difference between Embedded Systems and General Computing
Systems
 Know the history of Embedded Systems
 Learn the classification of Embedded Systems based on performance,
complexity and the era in which they evolved
 Know the domains and areas of applications of Embedded Systems
 Understand the different purposes of Embedded Systems
 Analysis of a real life example on the bonding of embedded technology
with human life
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1.1 What is an Embedded System?
 An ES is an electronic/electro-mechanical
system designed to perform a specific
function
 And a combination of both hardware and
firmware (software)
 Every ES is Unique and hardware as well as
the firmware is highly specialized to the
application domain
 ES are becoming an inevitable part of any
product or equipment in all fields including
household appliances, telecommunications,
medical equipment, industrial control,
consumer products, etc.
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CPU
mem
input
output analog
analog
embedded
System

1.2 Comparison of ES & General Purpose Computing System
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Criteria General Purpose Computer Embedded System
Contents A system which is a combination
of a generic hardware and a
General Purpose Operating System
for executing a variety of
applications.
A system which is a combination of
special purpose hardware and
embedded OS/firmware for executing a
specific set of applications
OS It contains a general purpose
operating system (GPOS).
It may or not contain an operating
system for functioning.
Alterations Applications are alterable by the
user.
Applications are not-alterable by the
user.
Key factor Performance is key factor. Application specific requirements are
key factors.
Power
Consumption
More Less
Response Time Not critical Critical for some applications
Execution Need not be deterministic Deterministic for certain types of ES
like ‘Hard Real Time’ systems.

Major
Applications
Areas
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1.5 Major Application Areas of ES
 The application areas and the products in the embedded
domain are countless.
1. Consumer electronics: Camcorders, cameras, etc.
2. Household appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine,
fridge, microwave oven, etc.
3. Home automation and security systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers,
intruder detection alarms, closed circuit television cameras, fire
alarms, etc.
4. Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), engine
control, ignition systems, automatic navigation systems, etc.
5. Telecom: Cellular telephones, telephone switches, handset
multimedia applications, etc.
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Cont’d10
6. Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc.
7. Computer Networking systems: Network routers, switches, hubs,
firewalls, etc.
8. Healthcare: Different kinds of scanners, EEG, ECG machines etc.
9. Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters, digital CROs,
logic analyzers PLC systems, etc.
10. Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines (ATM) and currency
counters, point of sales (POS).
11. Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices, etc.

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Logic analyzers PLC systems
Point of Sales (POS)
Hand Held Devices
Back

1.6 Purpose of ES
 Each embedded system is designed to serve the purpose of any one or a
combination of the following tasks:
1. Data collection/Storage/Representation
2. Data Communication
3. Data (signal) processing
4. Monitoring
5. Control
6. Application specific user interface
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Cont’d
1. Data Collection/Storage/Representation
 Embedded systems designed for the purpose of data collection performs
acquisition of data from the external world.
 Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis, manipulation and
transmission.
 Data can be either analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
 Embedded systems with analog data capturing techniques collect data
directly in the form of analog signal whereas embedded systems with
digital data collection mechanism converts the analog signal to the digital
signal using analog to digital (A/D) converters and then collects the
binary equivalent of the analog data.
 If the data is digital, it can be directly captured without any additional
interface by digital embedded systems.
 A digital camera is a typical example of an embedded system with data
collection/storage/representation of data.
 Images are captured and the captured image may be stored within the
memory of the camera. The captured image can also be presented to the
user through a graphic LCD unit.
13

Cont’d
2. Data Communication
 Embedded data communication systems are deployed in
applications from complex satellite communication systems to
simple home networking systems.
 The transmission is achieved either by a wire-line medium or by a
wire-less medium.
 Data can either be transmitted by analog means or by digital means.
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 The data collecting embedded terminal itself can incorporate data
communication units like Wireless modules (Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-
Fi, EDGE, GPRS, etc.) or wire-line modules (RS-232C, USB, TCP/IP,
PS2,etc).
 Network hubs, routers, switches, etc. are typical examples of
dedicated data transmission embedded systems.
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Cont’d

Cont’d
3. Data (Signal) Processing
 Embedded systems with
signal processing functionalities are employed in applications demanding
signal processing like speech coding, synthesis, audio video codec,
transmission applications, etc.
 A digital hearing aid is a typical example of an embedded system
employing data processing.
 Digital hearing aid improves the hearing capacity of hearing
impaired persons.
16

Cont’d
4. Monitoring
 Almost all embedded products coming under the medical domain
are with monitoring functions only.
 Electro cardiogram machine (ECG) is intended to do the monitoring
of the heartbeat of a patient but it cannot impose control over the
heartbeat.
 Other examples with monitoring function are digital CRO, digital
multimeters, and logic analyzers.
17

Cont’d
5. Control
 A system with control functionality contains both sensors and
actuators.
 Sensors are connected to the input port for capturing the changes in
environmental variable or measuring variable.
 The actuators connected to the output port are controlled according
to the changes in the input variable.
 Air conditioner system used in our home to control the room
temperature to a specified limit is a typical example for ES for
CONTROL purpose.
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Cont’d
6. Applications specific user interface
 Buttons, switches, keypad, lights, speakers, display units, etc. are
application-specific user interfaces.
 Mobile phone is an example of application specific user interface.
 In mobile phone the user interface is provided through the keypad,
graphic LCD module, system speaker, vibration alert, etc.
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Understanding Test Questions I
1. Embedded systems are
(a) General purpose (b) Special purpose
2. Embedded system is
(a) An electronic system (b) A pure mechanical system
(c ) An electro-mechanical system (d) (a) or ( c )
3. Which of the following is not true about embedded systems?
(a) Built around specialized hardware
(b) Always contain an operating system
(c ) Execution behavior may be deterministic
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
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Cont’d
4. Which of the following is (are) an intended purpose(s) of
embedded systems?
(a) Data collection (b) Data processing (c ) Data communication
(d) All of these (e) None of these
5. Which of the following is an (are) example(s) of embedded system
for data communication?
(a) USB Mass storage device (b) Network router
(c ) Digital camera (d) Music player
(e) All of these (f) None of these
6. A digital multi meter is an example of an embedded system for
(a) Data communication (b) Monitoring
(c) Control (d) All of these
(e) None of these
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Review Questions I
1. What is an embedded system? Explain the different
applications of embedded systems.
2. Explain the various purposes of embedded systems in
detail with illustrative examples.
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Assignment I
Define Embedded System with the help of
Group 1: Traffic Light
Group 2: Digital Hearing Aid
Group 3: Bluetooth Controlled Car
Group 4: Obstacle Avoiding Car
Group 5: Intruder Detection Alarm
Group 6: Sprinklers
As an example.
Deadline : 19.12.17 (Coming Tuesday)
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 Only Original Owner has full rights reserved for copied images.
 This PPT is only for fair academic use.
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Introduction to Embedded Systems I : Chapter 1

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