Introduction to Computers

Introduction
to
Computers
Creator – Rohit Pant, India

Computer
¤ Its an electronic device which accepts input, processes
data, stores data, and produces output
¤ Input refer to whatever is sent to a Computer system
¤ Data refer to the symbols that represent facts, objects,
and ideas
¤ A computer processes data in a device called the
central processing unit (CPU)
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Main characteristics of the computer can be summarized
as:
1. Speed: Computer is very fast and accurate device. It
can process millions and millions of instructions within
seconds.
2. Accuracy: Computer results are highly accurate.
3. Memory: Computers have a large amount of memory to
hold a very large amount of data or information.
Characteristics
of Computer

4. Diligence: Computer is free from problems like lack of
concentration, and confusions & tiredness.
5. Versatility: We can perform different types of tasks
on computer. It is therefore versatile in nature.
6. Power of Remembrance: Unlike humans, computer
can store things for unlimited period of time.
Characteristics
of Computer

How Computers Work:
A computer is a machine composed of
hardware and software components.
A computer receives data through an
input unit based on the instructions it is
given and after it processes the data, it
sends it back through an output device.
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“ Functioning of Computers
6
• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage

Input
▸ Input is the set of instructions given to a computer.
▸ These instructions are given via input devices that
are connected to the computer.
▸ In computing, an input device is a piece of
equipment used to provide data and control signals
to an information processing system such as a
computer or information appliance. Examples
of input devices include keyboards, mouse,
scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and
microphones.
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Processor
▸ It is also called the central processing unit (CPU).
▸ It consists of electronic circuits that interpret and
execute program instructions, as well as
communicate with the input, output, and storage
devices.
▸ It is the central processing unit that actually
transforms data into information.
▸ Data is the raw material to be processed by a
computer.
▸ Computer memory, also known as primary storage,
is closely associated with the central processing
unit but separate from it.
8

Output
An output device is any piece of computer hardware
equipment which converts information into human-
readable form. It can be text, tactile, audio, etc.
▸ Output is usable information; that is, raw input
data that has been processed by the computer into
information.
▸ The most common output devices are computer
screens & printers. Screens can vary in their forms
of display, producing text, numbers, symbols, art,
photographs, and even video-in full color. Printers
produce printed reports as instructed by a
computer program, often in full color.
▸ You can produce output from a computer in other
ways, including film and voice output.
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Storage
▸ The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data and
get that data to the CPU as quickly as possible when it is
needed.
▸ Computers use disks for storage: most commonly, hard
disks that are located inside the computer (non-
removable), and floppy or compact disks that are used
externally (removable).
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Types of Computer
There are three basic kinds of
computers:
11
Digital Computers
Digital computer, any of a
class of devices capable of
solving problems by processing
information in discrete form
Analog Computers
A computer that uses the
continuously changeable
aspects of physical phenomena
such as electrical, mechanical,
or hydraulic quantities to model
the problem being solved..
Hybrid Computers
A hybrid computer is a computing system that
combines both digital and analog components.

Analog Computers
• Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they
have continuous states rather than discrete
numbered states.
• An analog computer can represent fractional values
exactly, with no round off.
• They handle or process information, which is of
physical nature.
• Examples: Computers in Chemical plants monitoring
temperatures, pressures, voltage, etc. Now these
days, we rarely came across of analog computers in
routine life.
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Digital Computers
• A digital computer uses discrete states.
• A binary digital computer uses digits and process
data, which is essentially in a binary state.
• Example: Personal Computers, scientific calculators,
etc.
13

Hybrid Computers
• It refers to computer that contain both digital and
analog circuit.
• For Example: A digital thermometer converts the
temperature (analog signals) and gives the output of
measurement in digits (digital signal)
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“ Classification of Computers
15
• Micro Computer
• Mini Computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Super Computer
• Personal Computer

Micro Computers
• Micro computer is general purpose computer.
• It uses microprocessor, CPU for manipulating data.
• It is smaller than Mini Computer, Mainframe
Computer and Super computer.
• It has storage capacity up to Terabytes (TB)
• It is used in general purpose.
• Example: IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, Sony VAIO, etc.
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Mini Computers
• Mini computer is smaller than Mainframe and Large
than micro computers.
• It is cheap than mainframe computers.
• It has storage capacity less than micro computers.
• Examples: Data General, Wang Laboratories, Apollo
Computer, and Prime Computer
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Mainframe
Computers
• Mainframe Computers are very powerful large-scale
general purpose computers.
• It’s memory capacity is in megabytes (MB) and
storage capacity is in terabytes (TB).
• They are used where large amount of data are to be
processed.
• Examples are: IBM 4300 series, IBM Enterprise,
System/9000 series
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Super Computers
• A supercomputer is a computer which has high
processing capacity – particularly speed of
calculation.
• It has high storage capacity in Petabyte (PB).
• It has number of CPUs to make more speed.
• Example: IBM roadrunner, Cray Jaguar, Cray Titan,
IBM Sequoia, etc.
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Personal Computers
• A personal computer (PC) is a multi-
purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price
make it feasible for individual use.
• Personal computers are intended to be operated
directly by an end user, rather than by a computer
expert or technician.
• Unlike large,
costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-
sharing by many people at the same time is not used
with personal computers.
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21
1 – Hardware ( Main )
2 – Software ( Main )

Hardware
• Computer hardware is a collective term used to
describe any of the physical components of an
analog or digital computer.
• The term hardware distinguishes the tangible
aspects of a computing device from software, which
consists of written instructions that tell physical
components what to do.
• Computer hardware can be categorized as having
either internal or external components. Internal
components include items such as the motherboard,
central processing unit (CPU), RAM, while internal
refers to the sockets, ports, etc. 22

Software
• Computer software, or simply software, is a
collection of data or computer instructions that tell
the computer how to work.
• This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which
the system is built and actually performs the work.
• In computer science and software engineering,
computer software is all information processed
by computer systems, programs and data.
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What about the bridge
connecting all computers
together?
Network.

Network
▸ A network consists of multiple devices that
communicate with one another.
▸ It can be as small as two computers or as large as
billions of devices. While a traditional network is
comprised of desktop computers, modern networks
may include laptops, tablets, smartphones,
televisions, gaming consoles, smart appliances, and
other electronics.
▸ Many types of networks exist, but they fall under two
primary categories: LANs and WANs.
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LAN
▸ A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network that interconnects computers within a
limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory,
university campus or office building.
▸ A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home
network with one user to an enterprise network with
thousands of users and devices in an office or
school.
▸ A larger network, such as the network of an
educational institution, may be comprised of many
switches, hubs, and Ethernet cables.
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WAN
▸ By contrast, a wide area network (WAN) not only
covers a larger geographic distance, but also
generally involves leased telecommunication
circuits.
▸ If the computers are far apart (such as across town
or in different cities), then a Wide Area Network
(WAN) is typically used.
▸ The Internet itself is the largest WAN since it
encompasses all locations connected to the Internet.
27

What is the internet?
▸ The internet is a global system that uses TCP/IP
protocol suite to link various types of electric devices
worldwide.
▸ The internet is a collection of interconnected
devices that are spread across the globe. The
internet is a network of networks which consist of
public, private, sales, finance, academic, business,
and government networks.
▸ The internet is a type of network and called a
network of networks.
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So, what is the intranet?
▸ An intranet is a private network which gives
employees in a company the ability to organise
information, manage documents, shares calendars
and to-do list. It normally runs in a client/server
environment in a local area network.
▸ In Intranet, every computer is connected via the LAN
and has something known as an MAC address. It is a
number that allows you to identify the place where
the computer is located.
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Some Important Applications, Elements & Softwares:
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• Web Browsers
• Search Engines
• Programming Languages
• Microsoft Text & Office Tools
• Adobe Photoshop & Lightroom
The following slides contain a little on every application/tool mentioned here.

Web Browsers
▸ A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser)
is a software application for accessing information
on the World Wide Web.
▸ When a user requests a web page from a
particular website, the web browser retrieves the
necessary content from a web server and then
displays the page on the user's device.
▸ Web browsers are used on a range of devices,
including desktops, laptops, tablets,
and smartphones.
31

Search Engines
▸ A web search engine or Internet search engine is
a software system that is designed to carry out web
search (Internet search), which means to search
the World Wide Web in a systematic way for
particular information specified in a textual web
search query.
▸ The search results are generally presented in a line of
results, often referred to as search engine results
pages (SERPs)
▸ Google, Bing are some of the well known search
engines.
32

Programming Languages
▸ A programming language is a formal
language comprising a set of instructions that
produce various kinds of output. Programming
languages are used in computer programming to
implement algorithms.
▸ Most programming languages consist
of instructions for computers. There are
programmable machines that use a set of specific
instructions, rather than general programming
languages.
▸ Python, C++, Java are examples of programming
languages. 33

MS Office Tools
▸ Microsoft Office, or simply Office, is a family
of client software, server software, and services
developed by Microsoft.
▸ Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled
set of productivity applications), the first version of
Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel,
and Microsoft PowerPoint.
▸ Over the years, Office applications have grown
substantially closer with shared features such as a
common spell checker, OLE data integration
and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language.
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Photoshop & Lightroom
▸ Photoshop and Lightroom are two essential software
developed by Adobe.
▸ Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics
editor developed and published by Adobe
Inc. for Windows and macOS. It was originally
created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll.
▸ Adobe Lightroom (officially Adobe Photoshop
Lightroom) is a family of image
organization and image manipulation software.
▸ These are great tools for artists offered on
computers.
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Advantages & Disadvantages
of Computer
Advantages
▸It makes our work easier,
faster and accurate.
▸It saves our cost and time
while collecting,
manipulating and storing
large amount of data
▸It helps in worldwide
communication.
Disadvantages
▸It is harmful to health, it
affects eyesight and
backbones if we work too
long.
▸It creates unemployment.
▸ It makes people dumb and
dull.
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THANKS!
Creator – Rohit Pant

Introduction to Computers

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