Improving energy saving and reliability in wireless

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Improving Energy Saving and Reliability in Wireless Sensor
Networks Using a Simple CRT-Based Packet-Forwarding
Solution

Abstract—
This paper deals with a novel forwarding scheme for wireless sensor networks
aimed at combining low computational complexity and high performance in terms
of energy efficiency and reliability. The proposed approach relies on a packet-
splitting algorithm based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) and is
characterized by a simple modular division between integers. An analytical model
for estimating the energy efficiency of the scheme is presented, and several
practical issues such as the effect of unreliable channels, topology changes, and
MAC overhead are discussed. The results obtained show that the proposed
algorithm outperforms traditional approaches in terms of power saving, simplicity,

and fair distribution of energy consumption among all nodes in the network.

Existing system:
With regards to energy saving, two main approaches can be found in the literature:
duty cycling and in-network aggregation; respectively. The first approach consists
in putting the radio transceiver on sleep mode (also known as power-saving mode)
whenever communication is not needed. The second approach is intended to merge
routing and data aggregation techniques and is primarily aimed at reducing the
number of transmissions.

Demerits:
Although the first method is the most effective way to reduce energy consumption,
a sleep/wakeup scheduling algorithm is required (which implies solving critical
synchronization issues), and energy saving is obtained at the expense of an
increased node complexity and network latency.

The second method takes into care the attacks in a WSN.

Proposed system:
With the aim of reducing energy consumption while taking the algorithmic
complexity into account, we propose a novel approach that splits the original
messages into several packets such that each node in the network will forward only
small sub packets. The splitting procedure is achieved applying the Chinese
Remainder Theorem (CRT) algorithm, which is characterized by a simple
modular division between integers. The sink node, once all sub packets (called
CRT components) are received correctly, will recombine them, thus reconstructing
the original message. The splitting procedure is especially helpful for those
forwarding nodes that are more solicited than others due to their position inside the
network. Regarding the complexity, in the proposed approach, almost all nodes
operate as in a classical forwarding algorithm and, with the exception of the sink, a
few low-complex arithmetic operations are needed. If we consider that the sink
node is computationally and energetically more equipped than the other sensor
nodes, the overall complexity remains low and suitable for a WSN. Moreover, the
proposed technique does not require the use of disjoint paths.

The document proposes a new routing protocol called Sector Tree-Based Clustering for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (STB-EE) for wireless sensor networks. STB-EE partitions the sensor field into dynamic sectors to balance the number of nodes per cluster. Within each sector, STB-EE constructs a minimum spanning tree to connect nodes and reduce long-distance communication. STB-EE selects cluster heads based on remaining energy and distance to the base station. Simulation results show STB-EE can improve network lifespan by about 15-16% compared to other protocols.

Energy efficient wireless sensor networks using linear programming optimizati...LogicMindtech Nologies

An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR

One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.

AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal

In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.

RITISH AGGARWAL9914814928

This document discusses clustering in wireless sensor networks. It begins with introducing wireless sensor networks and describing their architecture and applications. It then discusses the objective of clustering in wireless sensor networks, which is to minimize energy dissipation and maximize network lifetime. Various clustering algorithms are described, including LEACH and EEUC. EEUC is an energy-efficient unequal clustering algorithm that forms clusters of unequal size to reduce energy consumption of nodes farther from the base station. The document concludes that EEUC helps balance energy consumption among nodes and improves network lifetime.

A Survey on the Mobile Sink Hierarchical Routing Protocols in the Wireless Se...Eswar Publications

This document summarizes and compares various hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks. It describes protocols that use grids, clustering, trees, backbones, and environmental structures to create virtual hierarchies in the network. The protocols are evaluated based on factors like overhead, support for multiple sinks, data aggregation ability, and type of virtual structure. Some examples of protocols discussed are TTDD, GBEER, HCDD, EEMSRA, and MSRP which use grids, clustering, or trees to organize the network and route data to a mobile sink efficiently.

Mobile data gathering with load balancedjpstudcorner

HEAD OFFICE (CHENNAI): JP INFOTECH, Old No. 31, New No: 86, 1st Floor, 1st Avenue, Ashok Nagar (Ashok Pillar), Chennai – 83. Landmark: Next to Kotak Mahendra Bank / Bharath Scans MOBILE: (0)9952649690 LANDLINE: (044) 43012642 E-MAIL: jpinfotechprojects@gmail.com PUDUCHERRY / PONDICHERRY OFFICE: JP INFOTECH, #45, Kamaraj Salai, Thattanchavady, Pondy-Tindivanam High Road, Puducherry/Pondicherry – 605009. Landmark: Opp. To Thattanchavady Industrial Estate and Next to VVP Nagar Arch. MOBILE: (0)9952649690 / (0) 8608600246 LANDLINE: (0413)4300535 E-MAIL: jpinfotechprojects@gmail.com

Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal

Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS). In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.

Abstract on Implementation of LEACH Protocol for WSNsaurabh goel

LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is an energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks that utilizes randomized rotation of cluster heads to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. The paper implements and evaluates the LEACH protocol to analyze its effectiveness in improving network lifetime for wireless sensor networks.

Performance evaluation of variants of particle swarm optimization algorithms ...Aayush Gupta

The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and energy efficient routing protocols. It provides background on the challenges of WSNs including limited energy. It describes that communication is the most energy expensive activity and multihop transmission can help. It then discusses the LEACH routing protocol, a hierarchical clustering protocol, including its phases and stochastic threshold algorithm for selecting cluster heads. It proposes adapting k-means clustering for LEACH to select cluster heads more efficiently and compares performance of random LEACH versus adaptive k-means LEACH.

An Adaptive Cluster Based Routing Protocol for WSNEswar Publications

The Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consisting of a large number of sensors that are effective for gathering data in a variety of environments, as the sensor operate on battery which is of limited power. To support high scalability and better data aggregation in fixed base station communication, sensor nodes are often grouped into disjoint, non overlapping subsets called clusters. Clusters create hierarchical WSN which incorporate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes. These clusters are formed by specialized cells. Each cluster is managed by a special node called cluster head and advanced node. An algorithm for better cluster head selection based on the node energy and the distance from base station to the cluster head for the efficient transmission and to reduce energy consumption by the sensor nodes is proposed in this paper. And the same algorithm is compared with the LEACH algorithm in terms of energy consumption.

Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR

This document summarizes various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. It describes clustering algorithms such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering (LEACH), Event-to-Sink Directed Clustering, K-means algorithm, Load Balanced Clustering scheme, and Weight-Based Clustering protocols. These clustering techniques aim to improve network lifetime and energy efficiency by distributing load evenly and reducing data redundancy in wireless sensor networks. The document concludes that Weight Based Clustering technique is the most efficient as it avoids selecting low energy nodes as cluster heads, but it can sometimes generate unnecessary extra cluster heads.

Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal

In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.

34 9141 it ns2-tentative route selection approach for edit septianIAESIJEECS

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) assume a crucial part in the field of mechanization and control where detecting of data is the initial step before any automated job could be performed. So as to encourage such perpetual assignments with less vitality utilization proportion, clustering is consolidated everywhere to upgrade the system lifetime. Unequal Cluster-based Routing (UCR) [7] is a standout amongst the most productive answers for draw out the system lifetime and to take care of the hotspot issue that is generally found in equivalent clustering method. In this paper, we propose Tentative Route (TRS) Selection approach for irregular Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks that facilitates in decision an efficient next relay to send the data cumulative by Cluster Heads to the Base Station. Simulation analysis is achieved using the network simulator to demonstrate the effectiveness of the TRS method.

eecaYazhini Neha

This document summarizes an energy efficient clustering algorithm proposed for wireless sensor networks. It discusses the objectives, existing system, proposed system, simulation results and conclusions. The existing system uses a distributed self-organization balanced clustering algorithm (DSBCA) that has uniform cluster sizes and issues with node dropout. The proposed energy efficient clustering algorithm (EECA) forms unequal cluster sizes based on average neighbor energy and selects cluster heads through uneven competition ranges. Simulation results show the heterogeneous EECA provides longer network lifetime, higher efficiency and throughput than the homogeneous EECA.

Study On Energy Efficient Centralized Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor N...Al Imran, CISA

This document summarizes a study on developing an energy efficient centralized routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on LEACH-C. It proposes a new protocol that uses a modified parallel simulated annealing algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that distributes energy usage more evenly among sensor nodes. The protocol aims to maximize network lifetime and minimize energy dissipation. Initial simulation results show it performs better than LEACH and LEACH-C in terms of increasing the number of nodes alive over time. Further work could improve its performance even more.

An energy efficient cross layer networkjpstudcorner

Dynamic selection of cluster head in in networks for energy managementeSAT Journals

Abstract In this project, we presented Multipath Region Routing (MRR) protocol for energy conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Large scale dense WSNs are used in different types of applications for accurate monitoring. Energy conservation is an important issue in WSNs. In order to save energy, Multipath Region Routing protocol is used which provides balance in energy consumption and sustains the network life-span. By using this method, we can reduce the number of energy dissipation because the cluster head will collect data directly from other nodes. Hence, the energy can be preserved and network life time is extended to reasonable time. Keywords: Clustering; Wireless Sensor Networks; Security; Multipath Region Routing;

Dynamic selection of cluster head in in networks for energy managementeSAT Publishing House

IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology

IRJET- Study on Hierarchical Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Routing in Wi...IRJET Journal

This document discusses energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and explaining that energy efficiency is a key challenge due to limited battery power. It then discusses clustering structures commonly used in wireless sensor networks, including hierarchical clustering where clusters form larger clusters in a tree structure. The document goes on to describe several hierarchical cluster-based routing protocols - LEACH, PEGASIS and TEEN - and compares their approaches to routing data to extend network lifetime. It concludes that these protocols each have advantages and disadvantages depending on the network topology, and that cluster formation and communication between clusters requires further research.

An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.

Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay node selection in wireless sensor n...LogicMindtech Nologies

Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay nodejpstudcorner

The document proposes an energy-efficient opportunistic routing algorithm called ENS_OR for wireless sensor networks. ENS_OR selects relay nodes based on an "energy equivalent node" concept from opportunistic routing theory to minimize energy consumption and maximize network lifetime. It prioritizes nodes as forwarders according to their transmission distance from equivalent nodes and remaining energy levels. Simulations and testbed results show ENS_OR significantly improves energy savings and connectivity over existing routing schemes.

Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay node selection in wireless sensor n...redpel dot com

Kianoosh&sajjadbardia kazemi

This document outlines various clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSN). It begins by defining keywords related to HWSN and challenges in these networks, such as limited energy and heterogeneous hardware. The goals of clustering protocols are then discussed, including load balancing, fault tolerance and energy efficiency. Various clustering methods, attributes and models are classified. Examples of heterogeneous resources, impacts and performance measures are provided. The document also lists relevant conferences, simulators and laboratories, and provides author details.

A LOW-ENERGY DATA AGGREGATION PROTOCOL USING AN EMERGENCY EFFICIENT HYBRID ME...IJCNCJournal

Recent wireless sensor network focused on developing communication networks with minimal power and cost. To achieve this, several techniques have been developed to monitor a completely wireless sensor network. Generally, in the WSN network, communication is established between the source nodes and the destination node with an abundant number of hops, an activity which consumes much energy. The node existing between source and destination nodes consumes energy for transmission of data and maximize network lifetime. To overcome this issue, a new Emergency Efficient Hybrid Medium Access Control (EEHMAC) protocol is presented to reduce consumption of energy among a specific group of WSNs which will increase the network lifetime. The proposed model makes a residual battery is utilized for effective transmission of data with minimal power consumption. Compared with other models, the experimental results strongly showed that our model is not only able to reduce network lifetime but also to increase the overall network performance.

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in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.

Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com

In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.

CBHRP: A Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkCSEIJJournal

A new two layer hierarchical routing protocol called Cluster Based Hierarchical Routing Protocol (CBHRP) is proposed in this paper. It is an extension of LEACH routing protocol. We introduce cluster head-set idea for cluster-based routing where several clusters are formed with the deployed sensors to collect information from target field. On rotation basis, a head-set member receives data from the neighbor nodes and transmits the aggregated results to the distance base station. This protocol reduces energy consumption quite significantly and prolongs the life time of sensor network. It is found that CBHRP performs better than other well accepted hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH in term of energy consumption and time requirement.

Multicast Routing Protocol with Group-Level Congestion Prediction and Perman...IOSR Journals

This document proposes a cross-layered model for congestion prediction and management in mobile ad hoc networks that aims to efficiently distribute network resources. The model incorporates two algorithms: Group-level Congestion Prediction (GCP) that predicts congestion levels at relay nodes with high accuracy, and Group-level Egress Permanence (GEP) that works sequentially with GCP for congestion detection and management. The document discusses related work on multicast routing protocols and energy-efficient multicasting. It then describes the proposed congestion control mechanism under constrained energy utilization and outlines the proposed model with relevant notations before focusing on the GCP and GEP algorithms.

Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio

Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.

Enhanced Hybrid Clustering Scheme for Dense Wireless Sensor NetworksAssociate Professor in VSB Coimbatore

Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.

2. 8482 1-pbIAESIJEECS

The hierarchical routing of data in WSNs is a specific class of routing protocols it encompasses solutions that take a restructuring of the physical network in a logical hierarchy system for the optimization of the consum-ption of energy. Several hierarchical routing solutions proposed, namely: the protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) consist of dividing the network in distributed clusters at one pop in order of faster data delivery and PEGASIS protocol (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) which uses the principle of constructing a chain’s sensor node. Our contribution consists of a hierarchical routing protocol, which is the minimization of the energy consumption by reducing the transmission distance of data and reducing the data delivery time. Our solution combines the two hierarchical routing approaches: chain based approach and the cluster based approach. Our approach allows for multi-hop communications, intra- and intercluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data in each Cluster, and a collaborative aggregation of data at each sensor node.

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK CLUSTERING USING PARTICLES SWARM OPTIMIZATION FOR RED...IJMIT JOURNAL