Firewall in Network Security
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This document discusses different types of firewalls and how they work. It begins by explaining that firewalls come in many shapes and sizes, and sometimes a firewall is a collection of computers. All communication must pass through the firewall. It then discusses packet filters, stateful packet inspection engines, application gateways, and circuit-level gateways. Packet filters use transport layer information like IP addresses and port numbers to filter traffic. Stateful packet filters track client-server sessions to match return packets. Application gateways run proxy programs that filter traffic at the application layer. Circuit-level gateways filter traffic at the circuit level. A combination of these is known as a dynamic packet filter. The document also discusses additional firewall functions like network address
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Exception Handling in Javalalithambiga kamaraj The document discusses exception handling in programming. It defines different types of errors like syntax errors, semantic errors, and logical errors. Runtime errors can occur due to issues like division by zero. Exception handling involves finding and throwing exceptions using try, catch, and throw keywords. The catch block handles the exception. Common Java exceptions include NullPointerException, FileNotFoundException, and ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
Data structure
Data structurelalithambiga kamaraj Breadth First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search (DFS) are two graph traversal algorithms. BFS uses a queue to visit all neighbor nodes at the present depth prior to moving to the next depth level, while DFS uses a stack to explore as far as possible along each branch before backtracking. The document provides pseudocode for BFS and DFS algorithms and explains their process through examples of traversing graphs from a starting node.
Digital Image Processing
Digital Image Processinglalithambiga kamaraj The document discusses different methods of thresholding for image segmentation. It begins by introducing thresholding as a simple segmentation technique that separates pixels into binary regions based on intensity values. It then describes several types of thresholding including global, variable, local/regional, and adaptive thresholding. The document also discusses challenges of thresholding, such as not considering pixel relationships, and methods for choosing optimal threshold values including analyzing the image histogram and using Otsu's method to maximize inter-class variance. It concludes by introducing local and adaptive thresholding techniques to address issues with uneven illumination.
Digital Image Processing
Digital Image Processinglalithambiga kamaraj This document summarizes techniques for least mean square filtering and geometric transformations. It discusses minimum mean square error (Wiener) filtering, constrained least squares filtering, and geometric mean filtering for noise removal. It also covers spatial transformations, nearest neighbor gray level interpolation, and bilinear interpolation for geometric correction of distorted images. Examples are provided to demonstrate geometric distortion, nearest neighbor interpolation, and bilinear transformation.
Estimating Software Maintenance Costs
Estimating Software Maintenance Costslalithambiga kamaraj Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
Datamining
Datamininglalithambiga kamaraj This document discusses data discretization techniques in data mining. It describes three types of attributes - nominal, ordinal and continuous. Discretization is the process of dividing the range of continuous attributes into intervals. This allows some classification algorithms to work with categorical data and reduces data size. Methods like binning, histogram analysis, clustering analysis and entropy-based discretization are covered. The document also discusses equal-width and equal-depth partitioning for discretization and provides an example.
Digital Components
Digital Componentslalithambiga kamaraj This document provides an overview of digital components including integrated circuits, decoders, encoders, multiplexers, registers, shift registers, binary counters, and memory units. It describes the basic functions and operations of these components. Integrated circuits contain electronic components on a small silicon chip. Digital logic families include TTL, ECL, MOS, and CMOS. Decoders and encoders convert between binary and decoded representations. Registers store binary data and shift registers can shift data serially or in parallel. Counters sequence through binary numbers. Memory units like RAM and ROM store and retrieve binary words from addresses.
Deadlocks in operating system
Deadlocks in operating systemlalithambiga kamaraj This document discusses deadlock in computer systems. It defines deadlock as when a set of processes are blocked waiting for resources held by other processes in the set. Four necessary conditions for deadlock to occur are outlined: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Strategies to handle deadlock such as prevention, detection, avoidance, and an integrated approach combining multiple strategies are also discussed. Examples of different resource types that can be involved in deadlock are provided.
Io management disk scheduling algorithm
Io management disk scheduling algorithmlalithambiga kamaraj The document discusses input/output (I/O) devices and their classification, data transfer rates, applications, complexity of control, units of data transfer, and error handling. It describes different I/O techniques including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access. It also covers I/O buffering approaches like single buffering, double buffering, and circular buffering which help smooth data transfer between devices and processes. Logical I/O structures in operating systems separate functions by complexity into logical, device, and scheduling/control layers.
Recovery system
Recovery systemlalithambiga kamaraj This document discusses recovery systems in relational database management. It covers failure classification, storage structures, log-based recovery using deferred and immediate database modification, shadow paging, checkpoints, and the ARIES recovery algorithm. Log-based recovery uses write-ahead logging and redo/undo operations to recover transactions and ensure atomicity and consistency after failures. Checkpoints improve recovery efficiency by limiting the log records that need to be processed.
File management
File managementlalithambiga kamaraj The document discusses file management in C programming. It defines a file as a sequence of bytes stored on disk for permanent storage of data. It describes basic file operations like opening, reading, writing and closing files. It explains functions for high level input/output like fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc(), fprintf(), fscanf(), getw(), putw() and their usage. It also covers error handling functions like feof() and ferror(). The document discusses random access of files using functions like ftell(), fseek() and rewind(). It finally talks about command line arguments and how they are passed to main() in C programs.
Preprocessor
Preprocessorlalithambiga kamaraj The document summarizes key aspects of the C preprocessor including macro substitution, file inclusion, compiler control directives, and ANSI additions. It discusses how the preprocessor processes source code before compilation through text substitution and conditional compilation. Common preprocessor directives like #define, #include, #if, #else, and #error are described along with uses for macro definitions, file inclusion, and conditional compilation. New ANSI additions like #elif, #pragma, and stringizing operators are also covered.
Inheritance
Inheritancelalithambiga kamaraj The document discusses inheritance in object-oriented programming. It defines inheritance as creating new classes from existing classes, where the new class inherits properties and behaviors. It describes different types of inheritance including single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical, and hybrid inheritance. It also discusses access specifiers like public, private, and protected inheritance and how they affect accessibility. The diamond problem that can occur with hybrid inheritance is also summarized.
Managing console of I/o operations & working with files
Managing console of I/o operations & working with fileslalithambiga kamaraj This document discusses C++ stream classes and file input/output. It covers ios class functions and flags, manipulators, and user-defined output functions that format console I/O. It also discusses opening and reading/writing to files using ifstream, ofstream and fstream classes. Functions like get(), put(), read(), write(), seekg(), seekp(), tellg(), and tellp() are used to manipulate file pointers and perform I/O on files. Exceptions while accessing files and using command line arguments are also covered.
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Firewall in Network Security
- 1. FIREWALLS PRESENTED BY, R.RAMADEVI, II – M. SC(CS&IT).
- 2. UNDERSTANDING FIREWALLS • Firewalls come in many different shapes and size and sometime the firewall is actually a collection of several different computer. • All communication must pass through the firewall.The effectiveness of the firewall is greatly reduced if an alternative network routing path • The firewall permits only traffic that is authorized.The firewall cannot be relied upon to differentiate between authorized and unauthorized traffic
- 3. • The firewall can withstand attacks upon itself.The firewall is relied upon to stop attacks and nothing is deployed to protect the firewall • Firewall strengths and weaknesses: Firewall are singular in purpose .compromises do not need to be made between security and usability Firewall are excellent auditor. Plenty of disk space or remote logging capabilities Firewall are very good at alerting appropriate people of specified events
- 4. • Firewall weaknesses: Firewall are only as effective as the rules they are configured to enforce Firewall cannot stop social engineering attacks or an authorized user intentionally using their access for malicious packet filters Application gateways Circuit _ level gateways Stateful packet _ inspection engines Combination of above is dynamic packet filter
- 5. FIREWALLS – PACKET FILTERS
- 6. FIREWALLS – PACKET FILTERS • Simplest of components • Uses transport-layer information only • IP Source Address, Destination Address • Protocol/Next Header (TCP, UDP, ICMP, etc) • TCP or UDP source & destination ports • TCP Flags (SYN, ACK, FIN, RST, PSH, etc) • ICMP message type • Examples • DNS uses port 53 • No incoming port 53 packets except known trusted servers
- 7. SECURITY & PERFORMANCE OF PACKET FILTERS • IP address spoofing • Fake source address to be trusted • Add filters on router to block • Tiny fragment attacks • Split TCP header info over several tiny packets • Either discard or reassemble before check • Degradation depends on number of rules applied at any point • Order rules so that most common traffic is dealt with first • Correctness is more important than speed
- 8. PORT NUMBERING • TCP connection • Server port is number less than 1024 • Client port is number between 1024 and 16383 • Permanent assignment • Ports <1024 assigned permanently • 20,21 for FTP 23 for Telnet • 25 for server SMTP 80 for HTTP
- 9. FIREWALLS – STATEFUL PACKET FILTERS • Traditional packet filters do not examine higher layer context • ie matching return packets with outgoing flow • Stateful packet filters address this need • They examine each IP packet in context • Keep track of client-server sessions • Check each packet validly belongs to one
- 11. FIREWALL OUTLINES • Packet filtering • Application gateways • Circuit gateways • Combination of above is dynamic packet filter
- 12. FIREWALL GATEWAYS • Firewall runs set of proxy programs • Proxies filter incoming, outgoing packets • All incoming traffic directed to firewall • Policy embedded in proxy programs • Two kinds of proxies • Application-level gateways/proxies • Circuit-level gateways/proxies
- 13. APPLICATION-LEVEL FILTERING • Has full access to protocol • user requests service from proxy Need separate proxies for each service • E.g., SMTP (E-Mail),NNTP (Net news)
- 14. FIREWALLS - CIRCUIT LEVEL GATEWAY, SCREENED HOST ARCHITECTURE
- 15. SCREENED SUBNET USING TWO ROUTERS
- 16. DYNAMIC PACKET FILTERS • Most common • Provide good administrators protection and full transparency • Network given full control over traffic • Captures semantics of a connection
- 18. DUAL HOMED HOST ARCHITECTURE
- 19. ADDITIONAL FIREWALL FUNCTIONS Firewalls are ideally situated for performing several additional function These function include network address transation(NAT) one ip address to another details logging of traffic and encryption necessary communication channel(VPNs)
- 20. NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION(NAT) • Static nat • Dynamic nat • port address translation • Auditind and logging • Virtual private network
- 21. NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION(NAT) • NAT is usually implemented in a firewall separately from the policy or rule set • It useful to remember that just because a NAT has been defind to translate addresses between one host and another
- 22. THANK YOU