Face Recognition Smart Attendance System: (InClass System)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2727
Face Recognition Smart Attendance System: (InClass System)
Abhishek Gavkare1, Abhishek Mutkule1, Ashish Mandlik1, Rajesh Prasad1
Students1, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, MIT Arts Design and Technology
University, Pune, 412201, India
----------------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract:
A biometric is a study of human features and
characteristics. Although no faces can be prevented as
a security solution, it helps to some extent. Face
recognition is a rising field for object detection. It's
also used in various fields like attendance, security,
medical, etc. Attendance is vitally important in schools
and universities. As we know, Manual attendance
systems have various drawbacks, such as being less
accurate and difficult to maintain. Nowadays, we see
several systems such as IoT and passive infrared
sensor (PIR) bases and various models. So, for the
sensor, we want to keep it in good condition, so it
doesn't become damaged. In diverse models, we
confront problems such as selecting which feature to
use or, more importantly, managing variance in
lighting, postures, and size. As a result, we are
attempting to construct an "InClass" solution to
address the above mentioned issue and digitally
provide a valid attendance sheet. For this, we used a
CNN face detector that is both highly accurate and very
robust, capable of detecting faces for varying angles,
lighting conditions, and occlusion.
Keywords: Face Recognition, Face feature, Face
selection, Feature Extraction
I. Introduction
In today's world, the face recognition technique changes
the biometrics field. In this technique, we use people’s
faces for identification. Each person has unique facial
traits, so it’s very easy to differentiate or uniquely identify
an individual. Face recognition, which has gallantly
outperformed in various disciplines, has the potential to be
employed efficiently for security systems but has not been
explored owing to obvious weaknesses. As we know, the
traditional pen-paper system has its pros and cons. The
manual attendance marking method is susceptible and
time demanding, resulting in a setback for the kids. To
address this issue, advances have resulted in the
widespread usage of biometrics. As we know, the
biometric technique for attendance comes at an
uncomfortably high cost for users and is very time-
consuming on the user's part. So face recognition is a very
valuable technology And develops strategies that
incorporate it into our system.
Attendance Management with biometrics is being
developed and adopted as multi-tech classrooms become
more prevalent. In most cases, iris recognition or thumb
scanning is used in attendance management. With time,
advances are also required to keep up with ever-increasing
technology. As marking procedures advance, the notion
under consideration is the urgent need to remove
impediments, the complexity of devices, delays, and
genuine attendance.
Unlike all traditional systems which are comparatively
slow and susceptible, the InClass system employs face
recognition to identify and note student attendance. In our
system, there is no requirement for equipment further
than a camera or laptop. The students' presence is
validated via the use of their faces. This method is very
effective for recording attendance and keeping the record
with us or the person taking the attendance (Instructor,
administration). Algorithms are employed to match the
student's faces with those in the database. In this system,
we also use a mail function. We will help to store the
attendance on the drive which is also helpful to reduce the
usage of paper and whenever the record of attendance is
required it can be fetched easily and anywhere.
According to us, reading about older projects like systems
using Biometrics and thumb scanners is very time
consuming because it will go one by one mark attendance
and also such products are very difficult to maintain. With
the time begging, as we are in the 21st century and it
needs us to upgrade the technology that’s why we are
coming with “InClass System” to overcome these problems.
II. Literature Survey
Sajid and colleagues (2014) [1] In this study, he developed
a model for identifying people when females wear
headscarves and males have beards. For face detection,
they use a Local Binary Algorithm (LBA). In this, they use

fiducial points for matching the Face. In this system, two
databases are used. First, one memory collection includes
previously saved photos, while the second database has
attendance data used to check attendance.
They use an image for marking attendance, so capture an
image. Then they removed Background and noise from
that Image, and using the Gabor filter, they marked 31
fiducial points, which will help calculate facial features.
Then it will match with the database, and attendance is
marked. They capture the images three times in between
lectures to validate attendance.
Raghuwanshi et al. (2017) [2] In this paper, they compare
two feature extraction methods: Principal Component
Analysis(Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and Linear
Discriminant Analysis(LDA). Principal Component
Analysis(PCA) is used to reduce the number of face
recognition variables, and Linear Discriminant
Analysis(LDA) is used to minimize the within-class scatter
means moving the same faces together. For their
comparison, they selected three parameters: Time elapsed,
Subspace Projection, and Accuracy based on an oral and
class database.
They use two databases, the first is the oral database
which contains 400 images of 40 individuals, and the
second is the Class database which includes 25 images of 5
individuals. Also, they plot ROC and CMC graphs for
analysis and comparison of databases. The ROC plot is
used for different possible cute points of a diagnostic test,
and CMC is used to measure recognition performance.
Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and Linear
Discriminant Analysis(LDA) work well in normal light,
Distance from the camera is 1 to 3 feet, with no pose
variation.
Winarno et al.(2017)[3] In this paper, we can see they use
a 3 WPCA(Three-level model wavelet decomposition
Principal component analysis ) method for face
recognition. Initially, they took images of a person from
two cameras on the left and right. After capturing the
Image, they normalize the images. Normalization is done in
two steps: first is preprocessing, and another is half joint.
The half joint is used to minimize the forgery of facial data.
They use RGB to Gray conversion and cropping, resizing,
and adjusting contrast brightness in preprocessing.
For feature extraction, they use the 3 WPCA(Three-level
model wavelet decomposition Principal component
analysis ), in which they reduce the dimensionality of the
images so that feature extraction using Principal
Component Analysis(PCA) is done very quickly. For
classification, they tested two methods, Euclidean and
Mahalanobis distance methods. For testing, they consider
two parameters: Recognition Rate and Recognition Time,
in which the Mahalanobis gives more remarkable results.
They achieve 98% accuracy on a small dataset.
Soniya et al. (2017) [4] In this paper, they proposed an
IOT-based system that uses Adriano-UNO and Camera.
They are arranging that system to create a student
database, which gives the user access to add a new entry,
which will help users register new users quickly. They use
the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) algorithm for
feature detection and face Recognition. They try to
establish such a feature if students leave the class in
between, and if they do not again enter within 15 min, they
are marked absent. For face recognition, they use face
tracking and Face location. Face tracking is used for size,
length, breadth pixel of Face, and face location to detect
suitable location. They plotted an FMR (occurred when a
genuine match was obtained), FNMR (when a genuine user
is blocked), and a graph.
In this system, they use a camera with an image resolution
of 300k pixels and light sensors for switching on 4 LEDs
when in the dark. Sharpness, Image control, brightness,
and saturation are the features provided by that camera.
The main drawbacks are they take attendance one student
at a time which is very time-consuming for many people.
Nazare et al.(2016)[5] In this paper, they proposed a
system using a combination of Alignment- free partial face
recognition and the Viol-Jones algorithm. The Alignment-
Free partial Face algorithm uses MKD (Multi-key
Descriptor), which is used for prob images and dictionary
creation. Each Image in the dictionary is represented in
sparse representation and then uses GTP (Gabor Ternary
Pattern) for robust and discriminative face recognition.
Due to this, we can easily detect a person.
For the creation of data, they gave the feature for
registration, and in that, they took three images of each
person from the front, left, and right side view. They also
arrange a camera at the middle top of the blackboard,
covering maximum faces. They consider one lecture for 1
hour, and they take three images of the class in between 20
min gaps. So that they get a valid result. For capturing
images, they use a camera having a resolution of 20
Megapixels.
Wagh et al. (2015)[6] This paper is based on Principal
Component Analysis(PCA) and EigenFace algorithm. They
are addressing the issues like head pose problems as well
as the intensity of light. For these problems, they use

techniques like the illumination variant viola-jones
algorithm. They also use the RGB-Gray conversion,
Histogram normalization, and skin classification to
improve face detection accuracy.
Here they use this technique one person at a time, which is
very time-consuming and one of the system's drawbacks.
Also, they are not addressing the issues when the person
with a beard, mask, etc.
Chintalapati et al.(2013)[7] In this paper, they develop a
system with a different algorithm for face detection and
their classification and their combination. (i.e. are
Principal Component Analysis(PCA)+ Distance Classifier,
Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)+ Distance
Classifier,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)+Support
Vector Machine(SVM), Principal Component
Analysis(PCA)+ Bayes, LBPH+ Distance Classifier). For
comparing that technique, they use various parameters:
Occluded faces, the false Positive rate, Recognition
Rate(real-time video), Distance of the object for correct
Recognition, Recognition Rate (static Image), and Training
Time.
According to their data, Principal Component
Analysis(PCA) with Support Vector Machine(SVM) gives
excellent results in each aspect. But they do not highlight
the Recognition of faces with beards, scarfs, and tonsure
heads. Also, when the system recognizes a face up to a 30-
degree angle, it will not recognize if it encounters the Face
more than a 30-degree angle.
Akay et al.(2020)[8] In this paper, they tested two
techniques for face detection, namely HOG (Histogram of
Oriented Gradient) and another one is the Haar-Cascade
algorithm. HOG is based on contras in different regions,
and Haar-Cascade is based on light and dark transitions.
They tried both methods based on the parameters; True
positive, True Negative, False positive images, Precision,
recall, F1-Score, and Training time.
In this, they also introduce medical mask detection due to
covid-19, which will also be helpful for mask detection. For
Recognition and classification, they use CNN and Support
Vector Machine(SVM), respectively. According to their
research between HOG and Haar-Cascade, HOG gives more
significant results on given parameters and works well in
changing lighting conditions.
A biometric attendance management system was
developed by Varadharajan et al. (2016)[9] In this paper,
they introduce the system using the EigenFace method,
which is a set of Eigenvectors. Each Face is represented in
Eigenface, and this Face is converted into an Eigenvector
with Eigenvalue. They use the Jacobi method to calculate
this value because their Accuracy and reliability are high.
They also use different parameters for face detection and
Recognition that are Face with a veil, Unveil Face, and
beard. So the Unveil Face gives greater accuracy, 93% for
detection and 87% for Recognition.
Rekha et al.(2017)[10] In this paper, they integrated two
techniques that are Principal Component Analysis(PCA)
and an Eigenface database. They address various issues
like Image size, Image quality, varying intensity of light,
and Face angle. For creating the EigenFace database, they
took 15 people to ten images each. For comparing the
Training and Testing image, they use Euclidean
DistanceDistance in the Recognition part. This uses
MATLAB for creating GUI and Training algorithms.
In this paper, Y.Sun et al.(2020)[11], we see that various
CNN models will be tested with different parameters. They
tested these models on CIFAR10 and CIFAR100. It was also
tested on a system with a GPU. In this paper, we see they
are tested manually designed, automatic+manually
designed, and fully automatic types of systems. According
to their results, CNN –GA works well in all parameters and
on GPU.
Ammar et al.(2021)[12]In this paper, we see a comparison
of 3 object detection methods: Faster R-CNN, YOLOv4, and
YOLOv3.This comparison uses the PSU (Prince Sultan
University) dataset and the Stanford dataset. They use
parameters like Input Size, AP, TP, FN FP, F1 Score, FPS,
Interface Time, Precision, and Recall for comparison. Also
for Faster R-CNN, YOLOv3, and YOLOv4 use InceptionV2,
Barnet-53, and CSPDarknet-53 for feature Extraction. This
comparison is used for vehicle detection.
S.Gidaris et al(2015)[13]In this research paper object
detection using the CNN model. But for this, they focused
mainly on two factors. The first is the diversification of the
discriminative appearance and the second is the encoding
of semantic segmentation-aware features. The First factor
is used for focusing on the various regions of the object.
Yuhan et al()[14] In this paper, we can see the main focus
on improving the cross-domain robustness of object
detection. They focused on two factors that are Image-level
shift and Instance-level shift. They use the state-of-the-art
Faster R-CNN model and focus on these two factors to
reduce the domain discrepancy. In the Image-Level shift,
we can see image style and illumination; in the Instance-

Level shift, we can see the appearance of objects in the
image and the size of the image.
D. Varshani et al.(2019)[15]In this paper we can see the
application of object detection in medical fields. In this,
they used a pre-trained CNN model. They use different
classifiers for classification like Support Vector
Machine(SVM), k-nearest neighbour’s Random Forest, and
Naïve Bayes. For feature extraction the uses X Caption,
VGG-16, VGG-19, ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, and DenseNet-
169.They tested all combinations but according to their
result, the DenseNet-169 and Support Vector
Machine(SVM) combination is best for X-Ray type images.
III. Methodology
This is a prototype face detection and identification
algorithm in real-time. The system is made up of a camera
that is mounted in the classroom and captures video
frames before detecting several faces. The amount of bits
to be processed is reduced by cropping and converting
these faces to grayscale. These faces are then matched to
those in the database, and the outcome is shown along
with attendance.
3.1. Face Database Creation of Students:
Each student can register on the system and their
information is also gathered. This information is stored in
the database and their Photos are stored on the computer
itself. All the attendance is also stored on the server.
3.2. Face-Recognition:
The recognition technique revolves around face
recognition. Face recognition is a computer vision
technology that analyses a person's facial characteristics to
determine their identity. Face recognition has two
components: detection and matching. Face recognition
takes into account a person's facial features and a face
photograph or video feed. If a human face is present,
determine each major facial organ's position, size, and
placement. To determine the identity of each face, the
identifying attributes provided in each face are retrieved
and matched to known faces.
Face recognition is a sort of biometric recognition that
comprises four steps: face picture collection, face image
preprocessing, face image feature extraction, matching,
and combining hard recognition.
3.2.1 Neural network:
In membrane recognition, a neural network is a widely
utilized approach. Its concept is constructing a hierarchical
structure out of a huge number of simple calculating units.
Each basic unit can only perform simple calculations, but a
system of units in complex structures might be a difficult
problem to solve. Face recognition has also been successful
using the neural network approach. There are enough
training examples to theoretically recognize all faces, as
long as the network is large enough. BP networks, self-
organizing networks, convolutional networks, and other
regularly used algorithms are examples.
While neural networks have some advantages in face
recognition, they also have significant flaws. Neural
networks have a large and complex structure,
necessitating a large sample library for training. Days or
even months of training are not uncommon. There is
insufficient speed. As a result, when it comes to facial
recognition, neural networks are rarely used.
3.2.1.1 CNN:
CNN is a modified feed-forward ANN that can extract
significant properties from input pictures to characterize
each. Feature extraction is not required with CNN. It learns
by extracting significant features from the input photos
during the training process. CNN keeps vital details while
also accounting for spatial and temporal errors. It is
invariable for rotation, translation, compression, scaling,
and other geometric changes.
Scaling, shifting, and distortion invariance are three
designs that CNN integrated. Back propagation neural
networks were used to train the CNN network. CNN uses a
collection of connection procedures to classify the input.
Face recognition uses a CNN architecture with five
convolutional layers, a pooling layer, and fully linked
layers, as illustrated in the diagram.

Fig. 1 CNN Architecture
The convolutional operation between the input picture
and the 3x3 kernel was done in the convolutional layer.
The feature map with the reduced size is the convolutional
network's output. Because feature maps are linear,
keeping them that way is critical. To make a convolutional
mask, you may use many types of filters.
Fig. 2 ReLU
The Rectifier Linear Unit (ReLu) is used to augment the
non-linearity of a feature map. The system becomes
unstable due to linear function. The pooling layer is used
to keep the image's properties. Image size is reduced by
grouping. Mean, maximum, sub-sampling, and more types
of pooling exist. The cluster's minimum value is taken from
the minimum pool. The sampling reduction process is the
same as the maximum grouping.
Fig. 3 Fully Connected layer CNN
To minimize over-processing, the maximum combination
limits usable parameters. The type of mean pooling used is
a sub-sampling. The average value is used to create this.
Flattening is converting a two-dimensional picture into a
single one-dimensional vector. Each cell has a unique
vector placed into the completely linked layer. An artificial
neural network is another name for the fully linked layer
(ANN). Each neuron in one layer communicates with each
neuron in the following layer via completely related layers.
Softmax is a method for predicting a class from mutually
exclusive classes.
3.3. Comparison / Recognition:
The face with the highest degree of correlation is
recognized as the matched face, and the related name of
the face is collected from the database using the classifier.
3.3.1Speed comparison of the methods
We used 300*300 image for comparison of the method
that are :
1. Haar Cascade Face Detector in OpenCV (Haar)
2. Deep learning based Face Detector in OpenCV
(DNN)
3. HOG Face Detector in Dilb (HoG)
4. Deep Learning based Face Detector in Dilb
(MMOD)

We run each method 1000 times on the given image and
take 10 such iterations and the time taken.
Here we run MMOD in normal CPU and NVIDI-GPU
Fig. 4 Speed Comparison
3.3.2 Accuracy Comparison:
We compare these 4 models on the FDDB database. Given
below are the Precision scores for the 4 methods.
Fig. 5 Accuracy Comparison
Where,
AP_50 = Precision when overlap between Ground Truth
and predicted bounding box is at least 50% ( IoU = 50% )
AP_75 = Precision when overlap between Ground Truth
and predicted bounding box is at least 75% ( IoU = 75% )
AP_Small = Average Precision for small size faces ( Average
of IoU = 50% to 95% )
AP_medium = Average Precision for medium size faces (
Average of IoU = 50% to 95% )
AP_Large = Average Precision for large size faces ( Average
of IoU = 50% to 95% )
mAP = Average precision across different IoU ( Average of
IoU = 50% to 95% )
IV. Flow chart
Fig. 6 Flow chart
V. Result
When we login into the system then this page occurs, in
which there are four sections:
1. Take attendance
2. Add new student details
3. Update existing student details
4. Search attendance.

Fig. 7 UI
1. Take attendance:
After filling in all the details in that field, we have to click
on the take attendance button.
When we click the take attendance button, the camera will
open and start recognizing students.
2. Add students:
In this section, we add new student details like student's
name, registration ID, branch, class, year, and profile photo
and store them in databases.
3. Update student details:
This section updates student details like profile photo,
branch, etc.
Fig. 8 Update section
4. Search attendance:
In this attendance section, we search the student's
attendance using various filters such as Registration ID,
name, date, section, and year.
Fig. 9 Search Students Attendance
VI. Challenges
We all know that human faces are unique and stiff things.
Several aspects influence the appearance of the structure
of faces. The origin of the diversity of facial appearance can
be classified into two kinds of appearance. They are
intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. So intrinsic factors
are related purely to the physical traits of the face and are
independent of the observer. This intrinsic factor is further
split into two categories that are intrapersonal and
interpersonal. The intrapersonal aspects can affect the
facial appearance of the same person, with some examples
such as age, facial stuff like glass, facial hair cosmetics, and
so forth, and facial expression. Interpersonal aspects, one

on each hand, are essential for the variance in facial
appearance—for example, ethnicity and gender. Extrinsic
factors contribute to the appearance of the face-changing
due to the interplay of light with the face and the observer.
These elements include resolution, imaging, noise, and
focus.
Assessments of state-of-the-art techniques undertaken in
recent years, such as FRVT 2002 as well as FAT 2004, have
demonstrated that lightning, age, and pose variation are
three fundamental issues with current facial recognition.
VII. Conclusion
The primary goal in establishing this system was to
eliminate all of the shortcomings and unusual techniques
of manually handling attendance. The face recognition
attendance system is designed to solve the issues with
manual methods. We used the facial recognition idea to
track student attendance and constructed a web-based
application to improve the user experience and the system.
The method works effectively in a variety of stances and
variations. It may be argued that utilizing human face
recognition technology in a classroom to automate student
attendance works reasonably effectively. It can certainly
be enhanced to produce a better outcome, especially by
paying attention to the feature extraction or identification
process.
A CNN face detector that is both highly accurate and very
robust, capable of detecting faces from varying viewing
angles, lighting conditions, and occlusion. But the face
detector can run on an NVIDIA GPU, making it super fast!.
So we required high-end computation power devices to
achieve greater accuracy. This system can be used in
various places like validation of employees in offices, car
detection, security purpose, and criminal detection. As we
are using the pre-train model, we define features for
recognition, so in some cases, our system may fail. Like in-
car detection, our model is trained with a human face so it
is not proper in-car detection.
VIII. Reference
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