Energy Efficient Heuristic Base Job Scheduling Algorithms in Cloud Computing

IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 19, Issue 1, Ver. I (Jan.-Feb. 2017), PP 50-55
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1901015055 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Energy Efficient Heuristic Base Job Scheduling Algorithms in
Cloud Computing
Jaspreet Singh, Deepali Gupta
1
(Ph.D Research Scholar, Dept of CSE, MM University, Sadopur, Ambala, India)
2
(Professor & Head, Dept of CSE, MM University, Sadopur, Ambala, India)
Abstract: Cloud computing environment provides the cost efficient solution to customers by the resource
provisioning and flexible customized configuration. The interest of cloud computing is growing around the
globe at very fast pace because it provides scalable virtualized infrastructure by mean of which extensive
computing capabilities can be used by the cloud clients to execute their submitted jobs. It becomes challenge for
the cloud infrastructure to manage and schedule these jobs originated by different cloud users to available
resources in such a manner to strengthen the overall performance of the system. As the number of user
increases the job scheduling become an intensive task. Energy efficient job scheduling is one constructive
solution to streamline the resource utilization as well as to reduce the energy consumption. Though there are
several scheduling algorithms available, this paper intends to present job scheduling based on two Heuristic
approaches i.e. Efficient MQS (Multi-queue job scheduling) and ACO (Ant colony optimization) and further
evaluating the effectiveness of both approaches by considering the parameter of energy consumption and time
in cloud computing.
Keywords: Cloud Computing, Energy Efficient Job Scheduling, Efficient MQS in Cloud Computing, ACO
I. Introduction
The name cloud computing was came from the cloud symbol that is most commonly used to portray
the Internet in flow charts and diagrams. Cloud Service providers and cloud end-users are the key players for the
cloud computing paradigm. Based upon the dynamic requirements the cloud infrastructure focused to provide
the computing environment to end user with QOS (Quality of Service) and make profits for the cloud service
providers. Cloud environment charging pay per use from the cloud clients over the internet and is entitled by
virtualization and the abstraction technology. So this environment is a distributed paradigm spread over the
large scale which is providing the on demand services such as non interfering resource pooling, rapid elasticity
and location independence with the help of virtualization support and hides the details of system implementation
from cloud users with abstraction support [1] [16]. The paper is organized as follows: In Section II the
discussion done about the architecture, characteristics of cloud computing followed by suitable example of
cloud environment. In section III, we have discussed about job scheduling techniques in cloud computing. In
section IV discussion is made on heuristic base job scheduling techniques i.e. Efficient Multi-queue job
scheduling (MQS) and Ant colony optimization (ACO) in Cloud computing environment. Section V discuss
about comprehensive experimental results achieved by implementing from both the technique. Conclusion and
future work can be found in the section VI.
II. Cloud Computing Architecture
The model of cloud offers services that can be grouped in three classes mentioned below:
 Software as a Service: SaaS provide the service to end user over the internet to develop application as
demanded by the user. Zero maintenance cost is required at the user side because by the mean of internet,
users are able to use the software and the service provider is responsible for managing the software [1] [16].
 Platform as a Service: All resources needed to build an application is provided by PaaS. It provides
support of operating system and software development framework on which user can build and host their
own applications [1].
 Infrastructure as a Service: IaaS allows clients with the access to server hardware, storage and bandwidth.
The clients of IaaS pay on per user basis like by the hour, week or month [1].
(A) The Essential Types and Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
The environment of cloud computing can be viewed in three parts Public Cloud, Private Cloud and
Hybrid Cloud [8]. A Public Cloud is made available in a pay-as-you-go manner and is owned by a third-party
cloud provider. A private cloud makes services accessible for one designated organization and is restricted to
employees and trusted partners of that organization. Hybrid clouds are combinations of public and private
clouds that work together. In this model, outsourcing of processing and non critical information is done to public
cloud while the data and services which are significant to the business are kept in control [11]. Some of the

Energy Efficient Heuristic Base Job Scheduling Algorithms in Cloud Computing
essential characteristics of cloud computing includes On-demand Service, Resource Pooling, Reliability,
Scalability and Rapid Elasticity [2].
(B) Some Examples Associated with Cloud Environment are described below :
 Amazon’s Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2) Provides resizable compute capacity (CPU cycles) to users.
Amazon EC2 decreases the time required to obtain and boot new virtual server instances to minutes, and
allow us to configure security [11].
 Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) provide provides the web service interface by virtue of which we
can store and retrieve any amount of data at any instant from anywhere by internet [11].
 CRM services provided by salesforce.com which can manage customer information like name, address,
phone no etc and keep track on the customer activity [11].
III. Job Scheduling Techniques in Cloud Computing
Job Scheduling is the process of deciding the distribution of the virtual resources between the several
different user jobs. The objective of job scheduling is to achieve high system throughput and minimizing total
processing time. Based upon the certain parameter the job scheduler allocates the different user jobs to available
resources. Each resource processes the assigned job and the result is returned by the resources to scheduler. Max
throughput, Min turnaround time, Min waiting time, Min response time and High CPU Utilization are the several scheduling
criteria that scheduler should consider when scheduling user job to adaptable resources in a adaptable time. So cloud job
scheduling is the NP complete problem. The solution to this problem is given by the Enumeration method,
Heuristic method and by Approximation method. Enumeration Method, selects an optimal solution if all
possible solution are enumerated and compared one by one, but when no of instances is large exhaustive
enumeration is not feasible then in that case heuristic uses suboptimal algorithm to find good solution in a fast
manner. Approximate Algorithms finds the approximate solution to optimized solution [3] [8] [10]. The process
of scheduling in cloud computing can be concluded in three stages as mentioned below [3]:
 Resource Discovery and Filtering: Searching of resources is done in the network and their related status
information is collected out.
 Resource Selection: Based upon the certain parameter the target resource is selected.
 Task Submission: User task is submitted to the selected resource for processing.
Based upon the work done in [9] classification of task scheduling is done as in the distributed
environment the scheduling method composes of Heuristic and Hybrid Technique. Heuristic method performs
the Static and Dynamic Scheduling. Static Scheduling Method works on the principle that user job arrive at the
same period of time and they are independent of the system resource’s states and their availability. In Dynamic
Scheduling Method jobs arrive at different period of time and it is dependent on the system machine state. The
various fundamental components for cloud computing scenario are described below:
 Computing entity: All the Virtual Machines providing the computing facilities like operating system,
software etc. is present in the cloud system environment to execute the user submitted jobs [9].
 Job scheduler: It is responsible to decide execution order of the user jobs by selecting the optimal
scheduling strategy [9].
 Job waiting queue: It holds number of jobs which are waiting to get assigned on a particular machine to get
executed [9].
(A) Existing Job Scheduling Algorithms
The several types of scheduling algorithms are First Come First Serve, Shortest Job First, Round
Robin, Priority Scheduling, Max-Min and Min-Min Scheduling while some meta-heuristic algorithm include
ACO(Ant Colony Algorithm), GA(Genetic Algorithm) etc, all are briefly defined as follow [12] :
1. First Come First Serve (FCFS) scheduling, the jobs are queued in the order in which they arrived and jobs
are assigned to the resources once they become available [3].
2. Shortest Job First Scheduling Algorithm (SJF) picks the job with the least execution time. Highest Priority
is assigned to the jobs with minimum execution time and placed first in queue while the lowest priority is
assigned to the jobs with the maximum execution time placed at end of queue [3].
3. Round Robin Scheduling Algorithm (RR) is based on the principal of time quantum. Several jobs are
dispatched in FCFS logic and the time slice associated with the process decides the duration of allocation
[14].
4. Priority scheduling algorithm based upon the straightforward process that priority is assigned to each job
and priority in turn define the execution order of the several job in the queue [3].
5. In Min-Min scheduling algorithm, firstly the execution of smallest job is carried out and larger job have to
wait for more time [3] [14].
6. Max-Min scheduling algorithm follow the reverse process of Min-Min Scheduling algorithm, the criteria of
this algorithm based upon executing the largest job(with maximum completion time) first on best machines
later the small jobs are executed which further takes long time [3] [14].

IV. Heuristic Base (MQS And ACO) Job Scheduling Algorithms In Cloud Computing
(A) Efficient Multi Queue Job Scheduling (MQS)
In Multi Queue Job Scheduling (MQS); based upon the burst time the scheduler groups the various client’s jobs
in the ascending order. They are processed and are placed in the different queues [4]. The Architecture of MQS
is shown below:
Figure 1: Architecture of MQS for Cloud Computing
Queue manager is responsible for providing the resources in the cluster. It maintains the list of all the
available system that are in busy in processing the jobs by proper load balancing as well maintains list of
systems who are idle and are ready to process jobs. It also indicates the scheduler to schedule the output of
various jobs which is collected back by the queue manager [7]. Three queues are formed as small, medium and
long which is based on ascending order measured in terms of burst time of the submitted client job.
 Small Queue: First 40% jobs are placed in it.
 Medium Queue: Next 40% of jobs are stored in the Medium Queue.
 Long Queue: Remaining 20% jobs are stored in it.
The execution of the jobs is carried out in the dynamic manner. The optimal allocation decreases time and
availability of space in a productive manner without compensating the quality of the system [7].
(B) Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a meta-heuristic algorithm inspired from models of cooperative food search
in ants [13]. ACO is inspired by a colony of ants that work together to find the shortest path between their nest
and food source. Every ant will deposit a chemical substance called pheromone on the ground after they move
from the nest to food sources and vice versa. This pheromone is used by the ants for communication purpose
among themselves which further guides them to the next movement. On the basis of intensity of pheromone
deposit on several path the ants determines the shortest distance from their nest to the desired food. The shorter
path selected with have high pheromone value while the other paths will posses low pheromone value [6].When
the option given to the ants between a short path and a long path to the destination, the ants consistently found
the shortest path after a period of time. To prevent establishing a suboptimal path (when the solution is trapped
into a local minimum), the pheromone also evaporates over time, thus reducing the chance for other ants to take
the path. On the other hand, the pheromone levels on the shortest path remain high because in this case, the
pheromone deposit speed is faster than its evaporation speed [15].
As ACO is based upon the random search and due its complex characteristics it is used by the many researchers
to solve NP-hard problems such as travelling salesman problem, optimization problems, graph coloring, vehicle
routing problem and scheduling problem. The positive feedback mechanism, inner parallelism is the strength of
the ACO algorithm [5] [13].
The Computational Flowchart of ACO is depicted below in Figure 2:

Figure 2: Computational Flowchart of ACO
V. Experimental Results And Discussion
We have implemented both heuristic base scheduling approaches Efficient MQS (Multi Level Queue
Scheduling) Algorithm and ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) Algorithm in .Net Framework by establishing the
cloud environment on fix number of virtual systems (which include system ram and processor) at an instance
and by taking no of cloud user jobs to be scheduled as: 5, 10, 15 and 20. The energy consumption and time are
parameters considered to compare the result of Efficient MQS with ACO.
Scenario I: When no of jobs to be scheduled is taken as 5; as Efficient MQS breaks the jobs in small, medium
and long jobs while ACO is based upon the random search so we implemented both algorithms, the scheduler in
each iteration schedule number of cloud user jobs in different order, the results obtained on best two iterations
by both techniques are shown in Tabular form (Table 1) while figure 3(a) and 3(b) depict comparative analysis
graph between two techniques. Clearly Efficient MQS Algorithm shows better performance in the terms of
energy consumption and time consumed as compared with ACO Algorithm.
Table 1: Taking No of Jobs – 5
Efficient MQS ACO
No of Jobs Energy Time Energy Time
5 327 Joules 26 ms 605 Joules 72 ms
351 Joules 31 ms 651 Joules 72 ms
Figure: 3(a) Figure: 3(b)

Scenario II: When no of jobs to be scheduled is taken as 10; as MQS breaks the jobs in different jobs queue
while ACO is based upon the random search, in each implementation rounds of both algorithms, the scheduler
in each iteration arranges number of jobs in different sequence so the results obtained on best two iteration at an
instance by both techniques are shown in Tabular form (Table 2) while figure 4(a) and 4(b) depict comparative
analysis graph between two techniques. Clearly Efficient MQS Algorithm consumes less energy and time as
compared with ACO Algorithm in each cycle.
Efficient MQS ACO
Figure: 4(a) Figure: 4(b)
Scenario III: When no of cloud user jobs to be scheduled are taken as 15, the result obtained with best two
iterations by both techniques is shown in Tabular form (Table 3) while figure 5(a) and 5(b) depict comparative
analysis graph between two techniques. Clearly Efficient MQS Algorithm schedules the user jobs in better way
when compared with ACO Algorithm in term of energy consumption and time.
Efficient MQS ACO
Fig: 5(a) Fig: 5(b)
Scenario IV: When no of cloud user jobs to be scheduled are taken as 15, the scheduler schedule number of
jobs in different order in each execution , so the result obtained with two best iterations by both techniques is

shown in Tabular form (Table 4) while figure 6(a) and 6(b) depict comparative analysis graph between two
techniques. Clearly Efficient MQS Algorithm shows best results in the terms of energy consumption and limits
execution time as compared with ACO Algorithm.
Efficient MQS ACO
Fig: 6(a) Fig: 6(b)
VI. Conclusion And Future Work
In this paper the scheduling of cloud user jobs is done with the two heuristic based job scheduling
algorithms Efficient MQS and ACO. The simulation result shows the superiority of Efficient MQS algorithm
over ACO algorithm in terms of energy consumption and time over different number of cloud user jobs. The
study done in this paper will be helpful for the researchers for selection of optimized job scheduling algorithm
in cloud environment. In future the more work can be done in improving the framework of Efficient MQS so as
to gain maximum profit in terms of energy consumption.
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