Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
131
Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in
Wireless Sensor Networks
1
Adila Nazir N
PG Student,
Department of ECE,
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering,
Tamilnadu, India
anaghaaravind3@gmail.com
2
Sheela T
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE,
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Engineering,
Tamilnadu, India
sheela17tha@gmail.com
Abstract-Wireless detector nodes are a promising technology to play three-dimensional applications. Even it
will sight correct lead to could on top of ground and underground. In solid underground watching system makes
some challenges are there to propagating the signals. The detector node is moving entire the underground
pipeline and sending information to relay node that's placed within the on top of ground. If any relay node is
unsuccessful during this condition suggests that it'll not sending the info. In this watching system can specially
designed as a heterogeneous networks. Every high power relay nodes most covers minimum 2 low power relay
node. If any relay node is unsuccessful within the network, the constellation can modification mechanically
supported the heterogeneous network. The high power relay node is change the unsuccessful node and sending
the condition of pipeline. The benefits are thought-about to be extremely distributed, improved packet delivery.
Keywords- Wireless sensor network, Pipelining, Static nodes, Dynamic nodes, Relay nodes, Adaptive
ondemand distance vector
1. INTRODUCTION:
Consider a WSN network consisting of a mobile in-
pipe Sn, a BS, and M Multiple surface RNs..The SN,
carried by a mechanism, is inserted into a
completely operational pipeline. Once discharged,
the Sn moves within the water flow within the
pipeline and performs information acquisition. to cut
back the number of information to be transmitted,
the Sn performs on-board processing. solely the
summarized information or the extracted helpful
data are going to be transmitted to the surface
bachelor's degree to cut back the energy price of
information transmission. The bachelor's degree is
that the sink node for the data stream from the Sn.
Besides receiving data, the bachelor's degree also
can send commands to the Sn together with the
mechanism for his or her operational management.
The RNs play the role of relaying data between the
Sn and therefore the bachelor's degree. The RNs
area unit deployed at a set of surface possible sites
preselected during a line on the pipeline. Compared
with the case while not mistreatment the RNs, the
main advantage of inserting the RNs is to cut back
the transmission distance of the signal from the Sn,
thereby decreasing the number of signal attenuation
and therefore the needed transmission power at the
Sn. in numerous environments, totally different
possible sites could impose different limits on the
heights of the RNs’ receiving antennas. as an
example, a RN may well be either placed on the soil
surface, or control by associate degree antenna
stand, or connected on tree. once the Sn transmits
the detected data to a RN, the non particulate
radiation propagates through completely different
media, as well as the in-pipe water, the plastic of the
pipe body, the soil, and therefore the air. Also,
completely different antenna heights of the RNs
result in different transmission methods and
different levels of signal attenuation.
To represent the particular transmission
methods between the Sn and every RN, however to
point the coated pipeline length by the Sn in
communication with every RN. The particular radio
transmission methods are going to be mentioned in
because the Sn moves within the pipe, the
transmission path between the Sn and therefore the
bachelor's degree varies. The Sn can go every RN
and switch its communications with completely
different RNs to send information to the bachelor's
degree.
2. Related Works:
[1]. In planned autonomous system, the mobile
metallic element is hopped-up by A battery with a
restricted supply of energy. On the opposite hand,
sensing, natural philosophy, and exploit of the
metallic element all consume the battery energy.
Moreover, not like the RNs’ multiple attainable
energy sources which can come back from batteries,

132
power cords, or alternative energy, the SN’s solely
energy supply is from the battery.
[2]. during this paper, centered on water distribution
observance system. Detector node was placed on
underground and relay node was placed on top of
ground. Detector node was observance the water
level and it had been forward to relay node. Here
they designed in physical layer of the detector node
to dynamical the signal propagation. If channel
strength is inflated it creates a more robust network.
[3]. The Authors planned a paper supported hookah
line observance system. It principally designed for
notice the water run on pipelines. it absolutely was
detection by vibration level and of the pipelines.
The signal rate was accumulated during this paper
for detection.
[4]. Multiuser cooperative schemes sometimes have
confidence relay choice or channel choice to avoid
deep weakening and win diversity whereas
maintaining acceptable spectral potency. In some
applications like underwater acoustic
communications, the low speed of the wave ends up
in a awfully long delay between the channel state
info (CSI) menstruation time and also the relay
assignment time, that results in a severely
superannuated CSI. To remedy this, and propose
distributed secret writing schemes that aim at
achieving sensible diversity multiplexing trade-off
(DMT) for multiuser situations wherever CSI isn't
on the market for resource allocation. take into
account a network with multiple supply nodes,
multiple relay nodes, and one destination. here
initial introduce a distributed linear block secret
writing theme, together with Reed-Solomon codes,
wherever every relay implements a column of the
generator matrix of the code, and soft call
decipherment is utilized to retrieve the knowledge at
the destination facet. and derive the end-to-end error
performance of this theme and show that the
realizable diversity equals the minimum playacting
distance of the underlying code, whereas its DMT
outperforms that of existing schemes. And extend
the projected theme to distributed convolution
codes, and show that achieving higher diversity
orders is additionally attainable.
[5]. This paper says the network choice of wireless
underwater detector network. Instead radio waves
they used magnetism waves. it had been specially
designed for tiny space wireless detector networks.
Signal strength was 300-900MHZ
There is no elaborate study regarding the way to
transmit the info between underwater sensors to sink
node.
3. MONOTORING THE CONDITION
OF UNDERGROUND PIPELINE
In this system, relay nodes can specially style as a
heterogeneous network. High power nodes most
covers a variety compared to low power relay nodes.
However every high power nodes cowl minimum 2
low power nodes therefore on. Compromise sensing
element nodes collect the info and it'll forward to
corresponding relay node.
In figure three.2 If any relay node fails within the
network, configuration can amendment
mechanically supported high and low power relay
node comparison distribution. Channel estimation
are variable betting on surface nature, just for
avoiding unnecessary packet loss in an exceedingly
network.
Figure 3.1 Underground pipeline structure
The wireless detector network has been used as a
live analysis test-bed for the event and refinement of
algorithms for leak and burst detection and
localization. Throughout its development and
enlargement over four years, Water Wise has
accumulated an outsized archive of detector
knowledge from detector nodes. This archive has
tested a useful resource on that to perform
explorative data processing to spot common patterns
and trends, and to assist determine areas of concern
within the network that warrant additional, in-depth
investigation. It’s conjointly useful for post-mortem
analysis of response to events; wherever the actions
that were taken may be matched to knowledge
streams and wont to facilitate inform future actions.
Station in controlled pipelines typical of these found
at retail service stations. The results of those early
activities recommend that acoustic measurements
combined with advanced signal process will offer a
method to discover and find little leaks over long
distances in controlled pipelines.
The methodology locates leaks virtually by the
sound that's created once the liquid escapes into the
soil. this method is cheaper, timely, and correct than
each of the opposite presently used methodologies

133
since pipelines may be tested in minutes instead of
days; leaks may be set while not the utilization of
pricey, invasive techniques; and correction prices
and products loss ar reduced by timely and correct
leak location. Further, the potential on-line
observation capabilities of passive acoustics ought to
leave higher management over product transfer
systems. the most important good thing about this
capability are the first detection and placement of
leaks and also the timely ending of unseaworthy
pipelines, therefore serving to forestall the discharge
of contaminants into the atmosphere.
To obtain general business acceptance of acoustic
leak location, it's necessary not solely to prove the
claimed capabilities of the technique, however
conjointly to outline its limitations. consequently,
the applied analysis program mentioned during this
paper has been undertaken to develop passive
acoustic principles for improved leak detection and
placement in pipelines of varied sizes and
configurations.
US water utilities are sweet-faced with mounting
operational and maintenance prices as a results of
aging pipeline infrastructures. Leaks and ruptures in
facility pipelines and blockages and overflow events
in sewer collectors value many bucks a year, and
observation and repairing this underground
infrastructure presents a severe challenge. during
this system discuss however wireless detector
networks (WSNs) will increase the abstraction and
temporal resolution of operational knowledge from
pipeline infrastructures and therefore address the
challenge of close to period of time observation and
eventually management.
Here concentrate on the utilization of WSNs for
observation giant diameter bulk-water transmission
pipelines. The define a system, Pipe Net, are
developing for assembling hydraulic and
acoustic/vibration knowledge at high sampling rates
still as algorithms for analyzing this knowledge to
discover and find leaks. Challenges embody
sampling at high knowledge rates, maintaining
aggressive duty cycles, and guaranteeing tightly
times synchronal knowledge assortment, all below a
strict power budget. And have allotted an in depth
field trial with Bean town Water and Sewer
Commission so as to judge a number of the essential
parts of Pipe internet.
Figure 3.2 Buried underground pipeline
In figure 3.3 beside the results of this preliminary trial,
describe the results of intensive laboratory experiments
that area unit accustomed judge our analysis and
processing solutions. model readying has semiconductor
diode to the event of a reusable, field- reprogrammable
package infrastructure for distributed high-rate signal
process in wireless device networks, that we have a
tendency to additionally describe.
The Intel atom platform is a sophisticated device node
platform consisting of AN ARM7 core, 64kB RAM,
512kB Flash and a Bluetooth radio. And designed a
device board to interface the Intel atom to varied analog
sensors utilized in Pipe web. The device board supports
up to eight analog channels. The data converter (ADC)
is connected to a fancy programmable logic device
(CPLD) that is to blame for driving the ADC clock to
attain the required rate, and bridging the SPI interface of
the ADC to the UART interface supported by the atom.
Here enforced Bluetooth scatter web formation and a
tree routing algorithms to modify self configuring, self
healing networks. additionally, the enforced a light-
weight reliable transport protocol to support
fragmentation and assembly of enormous information
packets, as Pipe web motes of times got to transfer
messages of up to one hundred K.
The 1st tier is analogous in package and hardware
design to the condition primarily based maintenance is
deployed. Describe the principal variations from this
readying within the remainder of this section. These
variations fall under 2 broad categories. First, since we
wanted to support continuous capture of a lot of
information than what would slot in RAM, were unable
to use the shop and forward networking choice
delineated in. Instead, we have a tendency to enforce a
reliable over the air streaming mechanism. Second,
required a lot of versatile configuration choices from the
backend server, storage of configuration parameters in
flash, information report and native ballot options.

134
4. Advantages
 Highly distributed, improved packet delivery
 Channel strength is selected by nature of the
surface
 Minimum residual energy is used by relay
nodes.
5. Relay selection
Relay node will select by coverage range of the node
and movement of sensor nodes. Because here sensor
nodes will move depending upon water flow of the
pipe line.
6. RN updating model
RNs will update the status of the nodes periodically.
If any RN miss the data about nearest RN, that node
consider as failed node. Heterogeneous network is
updating the nearest RN and transmitting the data. It
do not depending up on the failed node. in
heterogeneous network the relay node is transmitting
all data.
7. Choosing different RN
 If any RN node failed in the network, sensor
node can select different RN node.
 Because here the network has heterogeneous
nature.
 So easily network will hand over to different
RN.
 Network must be creating two low power nodes
comes under one high power node.
 Based on traffic load it will vary.
8.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8.1. STEP- 1: MOVEMENT OF SENSOR
NODES
SN detects the leak through acoustic, pressure or
alternative effects, and transmits the perceived info
to the surface BS degree. Each the quality of the Sn
and its operating conditions cause many important
challenges on the event of a WSN for the planned
autonomous system. First, the radio wave
propagation setting between the in-pipe Sn and
therefore the surface BS is difficult as signals got to
travel through totally different media, together with
water, plastic, soil, and air, to succeed in the
bachelor's degree. In figure four.1 Heterogeneous
web work providing the high packet delivery and
high information transmission.
Figure 4.1 Movement of sensor node
8.2. STEP 2: DATA TRANSMISSION OF
MOVING SENSOR TO RELAY NODE
BS is sophisticated as signals ought to travel through
totally different media, as well as water, plastic, soil,
and air, to achieve the Bachelor of Science .sensor
node is moving entire pipe and checking the
condition of pipe line, and transmittal that
information to the relay node.
In figure4.2 Relay node is inserting on top of the
bottom. In heterogeneous network a high power
relay node is canopy minimum of 2 low power node.
that's any relay node is failing means that the
neighboring relay node is change that failing node
and transmittal information between detector node
and relay node.
Figure 4.2 data transmission between
sensor nodes and relay node
8.3. STEP 3: ACTIVATION OF BASE
STATION
Relay node is transmission all information to base
station and Base station is observation the all
practicality of the underground pipe. If any RN is

135
failing the neighboring RN is change the failing
node and transmission the info. In heterogeneous
network every high power covers minimum of 2 low
power node and change the condition of failing node
and re-transmitting the info.
In figure 4.3 Base station play a significant role
within the observation system, the ultimate
observation is occur within the base station.
Figure 4.3 Activation of base station
9. Conclusion:
• Specially designed a heterogeneous network
for effectively observance the underground
pipeline.
• In heterogeneous networks if there's any
failure detected within the relay node, then the
closest RN is change that failing node and
knowledge transmission is distributed by
victimization dump agent protocol.
10. Future Work:
• In the case of failure of relay nodes or
inaccessibility of relay channel the information
transmitted path is mechanically chosen.
• The condition for path choice is predicated on
the sensing element transceiver operate that adapt with
the channel.
11. REFERENCES
[1] Dimitris Chatzigeorgiou, Kamal Youcef-
Toumi, Samir Mekid, and Dalei Wu, Rached Ben-
Mansour, (2014), ‘Channel-Aware Relay Node
Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks for Pipeline
Inspection’, Vol.13.No.7,pp.49-51.
[2] Alphons Vickers A. L, (1999), ‘The future
of water conservation: Challenges ahead’, Vol.114.
No. 1, pp.32-56.
[3] Ashwa nshChoi C, Chatzigeorgiou D, Ben-
Mansour R., and Youcef-Toumi K,(1992), ‘Design
and analysis of novel friction controlling mechanism
with minimal pipeline’, Vol. 2. No. 3, pp. 12-13.
[4] Bhatzigeorgiou D. Youcef-Toumi K, A.
Khalifa, and Ben-Mansour R, (2011), ‘Analysis and
design of an in-pipe system for water leak detection,’
Vol. 8. No. 9, pp. 12-18.
[5] Chatzigeorgiou D, Khalifa A, Youcef-
Toumi K., and R. Ben-Mansour, Aprl, (2011), ‘An
in-pipe leak detection sensor: Sensing capabilities
and evaluation,’ Vol. 3.No.14, pp. 176-234.
[6] Dogena H. R, Huisman J. A, H. Meier,
Rosenbaum U, and Weuthen M. C Aug. (2009),
‘A.Hybrid wireless underground sensor networks:
Quantification of signal attenuation in soil’, Vol. 8.
No. 3, pp. 755–761.
[7] Ftoianov I, Nachman L, Madden S, and
Tokmouline (1987), ‘PIPENET: A wireless sensor
network for pipeline monitoring’, Vol. 6.No.8, pp.
264–273.
[8] Hkyildiz I. F, Sun Z,and. Vuran M. C
(1999), ‘Signal propagation techniques for wireless
underground communication networks’, Vol. 2. No.
3, pp. 167–183.
[9] Lkyildiz I. F. and Stuntebeck E. P, (2008),
‘Wireless underground sensor networks: Research
challenges’,Vol.4.No.6, pp. 621–655.
[10] Mhowalia K, Shammas N, Quraishi A,
and Al-Muttair F. F Sep, (2009), ‘Assessment of
leakage in the Riyadh water distribution
network’,Vol. 2.No.3, pp.12-13.

Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks

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Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor Networks