Database management systems cs403 power point slides lecture 04

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This document discusses database management systems and the three-level architecture. It describes the internal, conceptual, and external levels, and how mappings between these levels provide data independence which shields applications from changes in storage structures or access strategies. Logical data independence means changes to the conceptual model do not affect external views, while physical data independence means changes to the internal model do not affect the conceptual model. The document also reviews DBMS functions like transaction support and recovery services, and different DBMS environments like single-user, multi-user, and client-server systems.

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Database
Management
Systems
Lecture - 4

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Today’s Review
Continue 3-L architecture
Data Independence
Different aspect of DBMS

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Level 3
Internal or Physical
View
Concerns about the physical implementation of
the database

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Internal View
DBMS chooses type of data structures
lays out data on storage devices with
operating system access methods

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Internal View
Internal record: a single stored record
Does not just contain what we see at the
conceptual level
DBMS adds other data

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Physical Level
Generally same as Internal
Actual representation of data on the
storage device
In the binary format
OS responsibility

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Inter-Schema
Mappings
Also a part of 3-level architecture
External/conceptual mapping
Conceptual/Internal

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Ext/Con Mapping
Specifies mapping between objects in the
external view to those in the logical model

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Con/Int Mapping
Specifies mapping between objects in the
logical model to those in the physical model-
data independence

© Virtual University of Pakistan
3-Level Architecture
External Level
Conceptual Level
Internal Level
Physical Data
Organization
Ext/Con Mapping
View 1 View 2 View n
Conceptual
Schema
Internal
Schema
Database
User 1 User 2 User n
Con/Int Mapping

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Name DoB Deps DepId
Rana Aslam 12/09/70 5 D001
Marya Wasti 29/02/80 0 D005
First Name: Rana
Last Name: Aslam
Date of Birth:
12 Sep, 1970
Name: R. Aslam
Age: 24y,10d
Dept: Sales
Saleem
Saleema
01110011010011100101001010100101010010101…..
BH RH Rana Aslam 120970 5 D001 RH Marya Wasti…

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Data
Independence

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Data Independence
A major outcome of 3-L Arch
The immunity of applications to change in
storage structure and access strategy

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Changes in lower level do not affect the
upper levels
Don’t take it word to word
Mind the direction please
Data Independence

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Data Independence
Types
• Logical Data Independence
• Physical Data Independence

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Logical Data
Independence
Changes in conceptual model do not affect the
external views
Immunity of external level from changes at
conceptual level

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Types of Changes
Adding a new file/index etc.
Adding a new field in a file
Changing type/size
Deleting an attribute

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Physical Data
Independence
 Changes in the internal model do not affect the
conceptual model
 Immunity of Conceptual level from changes at
Internal level

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Changes Examples
Changing file organization
Index implementation, hash, tree etc.
Changing storage medium

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Functions of DBMS
 Data Processing
 A User Accessible Catalog
 Transaction Support
 Concurrency Control Services

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Functions of DBMS
 Recovery Services
 Authorization Services
 Support for Data Communication
 Integrity Services

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DBMS Environments
Single User
Multi-user
Teleprocessing
File Servers
Client-Server

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Teleprocessing
All processing at
a central computer
Dumb Terminals

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File Servers
LAN
File returned Data request
Database
Workstation Workstation
File Server

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Client-Server
LAN
Selected data returned Data request
Database
Client Client
Server
(with DBMS)

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Today’s Summary
Completed 3-L architecture
Discussed data independence
Discussion on DBMS

© Virtual University of Pakistan
Thanks and
Allah Hafiz

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Database management systems cs403 power point slides lecture 04

2. © Virtual University of Pakistan Today’s Review Continue 3-L architecture Data Independence Different aspect of DBMS

3. © Virtual University of Pakistan Level 3 Internal or Physical View Concerns about the physical implementation of the database

4. © Virtual University of Pakistan Internal View DBMS chooses type of data structures lays out data on storage devices with operating system access methods

5. © Virtual University of Pakistan Internal View Internal record: a single stored record Does not just contain what we see at the conceptual level DBMS adds other data

6. © Virtual University of Pakistan Physical Level Generally same as Internal Actual representation of data on the storage device In the binary format OS responsibility

7. © Virtual University of Pakistan Inter-Schema Mappings Also a part of 3-level architecture External/conceptual mapping Conceptual/Internal

8. © Virtual University of Pakistan Ext/Con Mapping Specifies mapping between objects in the external view to those in the logical model

9. © Virtual University of Pakistan Con/Int Mapping Specifies mapping between objects in the logical model to those in the physical model- data independence

10. © Virtual University of Pakistan 3-Level Architecture External Level Conceptual Level Internal Level Physical Data Organization Ext/Con Mapping View 1 View 2 View n Conceptual Schema Internal Schema Database User 1 User 2 User n Con/Int Mapping

11. © Virtual University of Pakistan Name DoB Deps DepId Rana Aslam 12/09/70 5 D001 Marya Wasti 29/02/80 0 D005 First Name: Rana Last Name: Aslam Date of Birth: 12 Sep, 1970 Name: R. Aslam Age: 24y,10d Dept: Sales Saleem Saleema 01110011010011100101001010100101010010101….. BH RH Rana Aslam 120970 5 D001 RH Marya Wasti…

13. © Virtual University of Pakistan Data Independence A major outcome of 3-L Arch The immunity of applications to change in storage structure and access strategy

14. © Virtual University of Pakistan Changes in lower level do not affect the upper levels Don’t take it word to word Mind the direction please Data Independence

16. © Virtual University of Pakistan Logical Data Independence Changes in conceptual model do not affect the external views Immunity of external level from changes at conceptual level

17. © Virtual University of Pakistan Types of Changes Adding a new file/index etc. Adding a new field in a file Changing type/size Deleting an attribute

18. © Virtual University of Pakistan Physical Data Independence  Changes in the internal model do not affect the conceptual model  Immunity of Conceptual level from changes at Internal level

19. © Virtual University of Pakistan Changes Examples Changing file organization Index implementation, hash, tree etc. Changing storage medium

20. © Virtual University of Pakistan 3-Level Architecture External Level Conceptual Level Internal Level Physical Data Organization Ext/Con Mapping View 1 View n Conceptual Schema Internal Schema Database User 1 User n Con/Int Mapping Conceptual Data Ind Physical Data Ind

21. © Virtual University of Pakistan Functions of DBMS  Data Processing  A User Accessible Catalog  Transaction Support  Concurrency Control Services

22. © Virtual University of Pakistan Functions of DBMS  Recovery Services  Authorization Services  Support for Data Communication  Integrity Services

23. © Virtual University of Pakistan DBMS Environments Single User Multi-user Teleprocessing File Servers Client-Server

25. © Virtual University of Pakistan File Servers LAN File returned Data request Database Workstation Workstation File Server

26. © Virtual University of Pakistan Client-Server LAN Selected data returned Data request Database Client Client Server (with DBMS)

27. © Virtual University of Pakistan Today’s Summary Completed 3-L architecture Discussed data independence Discussion on DBMS

Database management systems cs403 power point slides lecture 04

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