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Computer networking project
- 1. INTRODUCTION What is a Computer Network? o Computer Network is a group of computers connected with each other through wires, optical fibres or optical links so that various devices can interact with each other through a network. o The aim of the computer network is the sharing of resources among various devices. o In the case of computer network technology, there are several types of networks that vary from simple to complex level. Components Of Computer Network: NIC (National interface card) NIC is a device that helps the computer to communicate with another device. The network interface card contains the hardware addresses, the data-link layer protocol
- 2. use this address to identify the system on the network so that it transfers the data to the correct destination. There are two types of NIC: wireless NIC and wired NIC. o Wireless NIC: All the modern laptops use the wireless NIC. In Wireless NIC, a connection is made using the antenna that employs the radio wave technology. o Wired NIC: Cables use the wired NIC to transfer the data over the medium. Hub Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices. When computer requests for information from a computer, it sends the request to the Hub. Hub distributes this request to all the interconnected computers. Switches Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the network to transfer the data to another device. A switch is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the message over the network, i.e., it sends the message to the device for which it belongs to. Therefore, we can say that switch sends the message directly from source to the destination. Cables and connectors Cable is a transmission media that transmits the communication signals. There are three types of cables: o Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the data over 1Gbps or more. o Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation cable. Coaxial cable is more expensive than twisted pair cable, but it provides the high data transmission speed. o Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits the data using light beams. It provides high data transmission speed as compared to other cables. It is more expensive as compared to other cables, so it is installed at the government level. Router: Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet. The router is mainly used to connect the distinct networks or connect the internet to multiple computers.
- 3. Modem: Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing telephone line. A modem is not integrated with the computer motherboard. A modem is a separate part on the PC slot found on the motherboard. system without the user’s knowledge. Hence the distributed system is a special case of network system, one whose operating system has a high degree of transparency Objectivesof ComputerNetworks ObjectivesofComputerNetwork Right from the day of computer automation, a computer has developed computer in each department. For example, the task can be to keep of track off inventories, monitor productivity and maintain accounts. Initially, this computer in different department works as an isolation from other computer. These provided the necessary computer assistance in the activities pertaining to the respective department. It was not possible to share information among the departments. As a result, the information was replicated wherever needed. This increased redundancy caused increased in storage space, less data consistency etc. 1. Resource sharing is the main objective of the computer network. The goal is to provide all the program, date and hardware is available to everyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource and the users. 2. The second objective is to provide the high Reliability. It is achieved by replicating the files on two or more machines, so in case of unavailability (due to fail of hardware) the other copies can be used. 3. Computer organization has helped organization in saving money. This is due to the fact that the small computer has much better price to the performance ratio comparison than the large computer like mainframe. 4. Computer network have provided means to increase system performance as the work load increases (load balancing). In the days of mainframe when the system was full it was to replace with the other large mainframe computer, usually at and expensive rate not convenience for user.
- 4. Types of Computer Networks A computer network is a cluster of computers over a shared communication path that work for the purpose of sharing resources from one computer to another, provided by or located on the network nodes. Some of the uses of computer networks are the following: Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, etc. Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc. Sharing files Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information Types of Computer Networks 1. Personal Area Network (PAN) 2. Local Area Network (LAN) 3. Wide Area Network (WAN) 4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 5. Campus Area Network (CAN) 6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 7. Storage Area Network (SAN) 8. System-Area Network (SAN) 9. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN) 10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN) 11. Virtual Private Network These are explained as following below. 1. Personal Area Network (PAN) : PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is restrained to a single person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centred only to an individual’s work space. PAN offers a network range of 10 meters from a person to the device providing communication. Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
- 5. 2. Local Area Network (LAN) : LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that connects computers together through a common communication path, contained within a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected over a server. The two important technologies involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi. Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college, office, etc. 3. Wide Area Network (WAN) : WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large geographical distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained to a single location but extends over many locations. WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks that communicate with each other. The most common example of WAN is the Internet. 4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) : WLAN is a type of computer network that acts as a local area network but makes use of wireless network technology like Wi-Fi. This network doesn’t allow devices communicating over physical cables like in LAN, but allows devices to communicate wirelessly. The most common example of WLAN is Wi-Fi. 5. Campus Area Network (CAN) : CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. This is a type of computer network which is usually used in places like a school or college. This network covers a limited geographical area that is, it spreads across several buildings within the campus. Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools, colleges, buildings, etc.
- 6. 6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer network that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared communication path over a city, town or metropolitan area. Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, large area within multiple buildings, etc Computer Network Analysis Network analysis (also known as traffic analysis, protocolanalysis, sniffing, packet analysis, eavesdropping, and so on) is the process of capturing network traffic and inspecting it closely to determine what is happening on the network. A network analyzer decodes the data packets of common protocols and displays the network traffic in readable format. A sniffer is a program that monitors data traveling over a network. Unauthorized sniffers aredangerous to network security because they are difficult to detect and can be inserted almost anywhere, which makes them a favorite weapon of hackers. A network analyzer can be a standalone hardwaredevicewith specialized software, or softwarethat is installed on a desktop or laptop computer. The differences between network analyzers depend on features such as the number of supported protocols it can decode, the user interface, and its graphing and statistical capabilities. Other differences include inference capabilities (e.g., expert analysis features) and the quality of packet decodes. Although several network analyzers decodethe sameprotocols, somewill work better than others for your environment. Conclusion A network is two or more computers connected together using a telecommunication system for the purpose of communicating and sharing resources. Without having a network, Companies would not be able to share resources and increase productivity more effectively.