Computer Application in Power system chapter one - introduction
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This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
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Computer Application in Power system chapter one - introduction
- 1. ASTU SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING DEPT. OF POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING COMPUTER APPLICATION IN POWER SYSTEM (PCE5307) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BY: MESFIN M.
- 2. OUTLINE Computers in Power System Computer Tasks AGC SCADA Generation Schedule Network Analysis Transmission System Development Interactive Power System Analysis
- 3. COMPUTERS IN POWER SYSTEM The appearance of large digital computers in the 1960s paved the way for unprecedented developments in power system. The emphasis in modern power systems has turned from resource creation to resource management. The two primary functions of an energy management system are security and economy of operation
- 4. CONT.… In the present state of the art the results derived by the center computers are normally presented to the operator who can then accept, modify or ignore the advice received. However, in the longer term the operating commands should be dispatched automatically without human intervention
- 5. COMPUTERS TASKS The basic power system functions involve very many computer studies requiring processing power capabilities in millions of instructions per second (MIPS). The most demanding in this respect are the network solutions, the specific task of electrical power system analysis.
- 6. CONT.… The main computer tasks involved in the management of electrical energy systems are as follows. AGC SCADA Generation Schedule Network Analysis
- 7. AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL (AGC) As the system load changes continuously, the generation is adjusted automatically to restore the frequency to the nominal value. This scheme is called AGC. During normal operation the following four tasks can be identified with the purpose of AGC:
- 8. CONT.… 1. Matching of system generation and system load. This task is met by governor speed control. 2. Reducing the system frequency deviations to zero. 3. Distributing the total system generation among the various control areas to comply with the scheduled tie flows. The 2nd & 3rd tasks are associated with the load- frequency control
- 9. CONT.… 4. Distributing the individual area generation among its generating sources so as to minimize operating costs. This task is the economic dispatch function of AGC.
- 10. SCADA Stands for “Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition” SCADA encompasses the collecting of the information, transferring it back to the central site , carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number of operator screens or displays. The modern utility control system relies heavily on the operator control of remote plant.
- 11. CONT.… In this task the operator relies on SCADA for the following tasks: Data acquisition Information display Supervisory control Alarm processing Information storage and reports Sequence of events acquisition Data calculations
- 12. GENERATION SCHEDULING The operation scheduling problem is to determine which generating units should be committed and available for generation, In general, utilities may have several sources of power such as thermal plant (steam and gas), hydro and pumped storage plants, dispersed generation (such as wind power or photovoltaic), interconnections with other national or international companies, etc. Also many utilities use load management control to influence the loading factor, thus affecting the amount of generation required.
- 13. CONT.… The economic effect of operations scheduling is very important when fuel is a major component of the cost. Large steam turbines take several hours to start up and bring on-line; moreover they have costs associated with up- and down-time constraints and start-ups. Other factors to be considered are maintenance schedules, nuclear refueling schedules and long-term fuel contracts.
- 14. NETWORK ANALYSIS This is by far the more demanding task, since it develops basic information for all the others and needs to be continuously updated. The primary subject of power system analysis is the load- flow or power-flow problem It is also needed to determine the state of the network prior to other basic studies like fault analysis and stability.
- 15. SECURITY ASSESSMENT The overall aim of the economy-security process is to operate the system at lowest cost with a guarantee of continued prespecified energy supply during emergency conditions. An emergency situation results from the violation of the operating limits and the most severe violations result from contingencies. A given operating state can be judged secure only with reference to one or several contingency cases
- 16. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW The computational need becomes even more critical when it is realized that contingency-constrained optimal power flow (OPF) usually needs to iterate with contingency analysis. The purpose of an on-line function is to schedule the power system controls to achieve operation at a desired security level while optimizing an objective function such as cost of operation. The ultimate goal is to have the security-constrained scheduling calculation initiated, completed and dispatched to the power system entirely automatically without human intervention.
- 17. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT The basic algorithms developed by power system analysts are built around conventional power transmission plant with linear characteristics. The advances made in power electronic control, the longer transmission distances and the justification for more interconnections (national and international) have resulted in more sophisticated means of active and reactive power control and the use of HVDC transmission.
- 18. CONT.…. Although the number of HVDC schemes in existence is still relatively low, most of the world’s large power systems already have or plan to have such links. considering the large power ratings of the HVDC schemes, their presence influences considerably the behavior of the interconnected systems and they must be properly represented in power system analysis.
- 19. INTERACTIVE POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Probably the main development of the decade in power system analysis has been the change of emphasis from mainframe-based to interactive analysis software. Until IBM introduced the PC/AT in 1984 it was out of the question to use a PC to perform power system analyses. At the time of writing, the 32-bit architecture and speed of the Intel 8086 chip combined with the highly increased storage capability and speed of hard disks has made it possible for power system analysts to perform most of their studies on the PC.