Computational Analysis of Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 823
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORK
Miss Sheetal K. Ragit1, Prof. S. M. Patil2 , Miss Shubhangi Lonagre3
1Sheetal K. Ragit, Electronics and Telecommunication (digital system), Government college of engineering,
Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
2Prof.S.M.Patil, Electronics and Telecommunication (digital system), Government college of engineering,
Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
3Shubhangi Lonagre, Electronics and Telecommunication (digital system), Government college of
engineering, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are emerging
because of the developments in wireless communication
technology and miniaturizationofthehardware. WSNconsists
of a large number of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional
sensor nodes to monitor physical conditions, such as
temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion, etc. As the
energy available in the sensor nodes used in WSN is limited,
the primary focus of WSN applications is to maximize the
network life time by using the energyefficiently. Hence making
a good use of energy is important in WSN applications. There
are techniques to utilize the energy in an efficient way. One
such technique is to place the sink node in an optimal position.
The widely used technique for findingoptimallocationforsink
node is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Recent significant research on wireless sensornetwork(WSN)
has led to the widespread adoption of wireless sensornetwork
(WSN), which can be reconfigured even after deployment. In
this project, we propose an energy-efficient routing algorithm
for WSN. In this algorithm, to make the network to be
functional, control nodes are selected to assign different tasks
dynamically. The selection of controlnodes isformulatedasan
NP-hard problem, taking into consideration of the residual
energy of the nodes and the transmission distance. To tackle
the NP-hard problem, an efficientparticleswarmoptimization
(PSO) algorithm is proposed. Simulation results show that the
proposed algorithm performs well over other similar
algorithms under various scenarios such as life of node,
throughput.
Key Words: wireless sensor Network (WSN), LEACH, PSO.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, researchers have been attracted by
wireless sensor network (WSN) due to their potential use in
a wide variety of applications. A WSN contains different
types of autonomous sensor nodes that are used to sense
and transfer the data wirelessly to the Base Station (BS) or
the next receiver node. Typically hundreds or thousands of
low cost sensors are used in Wireless sensor network [1].
Routing is an issue for these sensor nodes where the re-
sources are limited. These wireless sensor nodes have
limited energy, processing capabilities, andsensingabilities.
Initially WSNs were used only in the battlefields for military
purposes but now their use is extended for monitoring and
controlling the different processes in many other civilian
areas. A wide range of sensors are available to monitor the
different ambient conditions such as temperature, pressure,
humidity, movement, and lightening conditions [2]. The
sensed information and aggregated data delivery is
necessary for efficient communication between sensor
nodes. In a healthcare system, the implant and wearable
sensors connected with a human body send the data to the
coordinator node, which transfer these data towards the
communication tier 2 devices. The tier 2 devices then route
these data to the central database server for further
processing [3].
The information is routed from the root node to the
Base station either directly or through other sensor nodes.
The BS is either a fixed or a mobile node which is capable of
connecting the network to the internet where user can
access and process the data. Routing in WSN is very
challenging due to the inherent characteristics that
distinguish this network from other wireless networks or
cellular networks. The most important constraint on WSN is
the limited battery power or sensor nodes. The required
lower energy consumption restricts the sensor to use the
limited resources such as less memory capacity, low
transmit power, and less processing computations.
The emergence of big dataandcloudtechnologyhas
driven a fast development of wireless sensor network
(WSN). A sensor node is normally comprised of one or more
sensor units, data transmission unit, a data processing unit,
a power supply unit and data storage,[1]. Wireless sensor
networks hold the promise of revolutionizing the way we
observe and interact with the physical world ina widerange
of application domains such as environmental sensing,
habitat monitoring and tracking, military defense, etc. A
wireless sensor network is a collection of wireless nodes
with limited energy that may be mobileorstationaryand are
located randomly in a dynamically changing environment.

The characteristics of low-cost, low-power, and
multifunctional sensor have attracted a great deal of
research attention, in that sensor nodes can perform
intelligent cooperative tasks under stringent constrains in
terms of energy and computational resources. However,
most previous research work only considers the scenario
where a WSN is dedicated to a single sensing task, and such
application-specific WSN is prone to high deployment costs,
low service reutilization and difficulthardwarerecycling[2].
Network operators run software programs on thecontroller
to automatically manage data plan devices and optimize
network resource usage [1]. Thisarchitecture enablesup-to-
date control schemes to be developed and deployed so as to
enable new smart sensing services, making simplified
network management in WSNs, which makes the future of
SDWSNs bright [3]. However, to realize the aforementioned
advantages of SDWSNs is not without challenges.Ina sensor
network, each node acts as both a sensor and router, with
limited computing and communications capabilities, and
storage capacity. Thus, in many scenarios, wireless nodes
must operate without battery replacement for a long period
of time. Consequently, the energy constraint is vital for the
design of WSNs and SDWSNs. However, in many WSN
applications, thedeployment ofsensor nodesisperformedin
harsh environments, which makes sensor replacement
difficult and expensive [4]. In an SDWSN, although different
virtual networks can work together on top of the same
physical infrastructure, the centralized control plane may
lead to high energy costs due to information collection to
reach a global view, and multiple virtual networks may
compete forcommonphysical network resources.Therefore,
resource utilization of the SDWSN also needs to be carefully
designed. In this paper, we consider the SDWSN as
illustrated in Fig. 1.1, which consists of a sensor control
server and a set of software-defined sensor nodes. The large
scales of deployed nodes that are equipped with multi-
functions are able to execute multi-tasks simultaneously.
Traditional routing protocols in WSNs consume
more energy for multi-tasking sensor networks because of
the inflexibility. Therefore, based on the below architecture,
we propose a new energy-efficient routing algorithm for
software defined wireless sensor networks. Initially routing
protocols in WSNs consume more energy for multi-tasking
sensor networks because of the inflexibility.
Fig. 1.1 An Example of the Software-Defined Sensor
Network with Multi-Tasks.
The control server selects the control nodes of each
cluster, and the control nodes instruct the intra-cluster
nodes to complete different tasks. In this project, we are
motivated to investigate how to minimize the energy
consumption if reprogramming by considering the control
nodes’ selection and multicasting routing [1]. Our main
contributions are summarized as follows:
• We propose an energy-efficient routing algorithm
for the multi-tasking wireless sensor network. The
selection of control nodes is formulated as an NP-
hard problem, taking into account the residual
energy of the nodes and the transmission distance;
and To tackle the NP-hard problem, we propose an
efficient particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm to solve it.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Wang et al (2009) proposed a refined protocol
named LEACH-H (hybrid cluster-head selection LEACH) in
order to prolong the WSN's lifetime. In the first round of
LEACH-H, the base-station selected a CH set through
adopting Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm;intherounds,
the 46 CHs subsequently would select new CHs in their own
cluster. This will not only solve the problem that the CHs
were unevenly distributed in LEACH, but also maintain the
characteristics of distribution. The energy consumption of
the network is cut down and the live time of WSN is
extended in LEACH-H [5].
Y. He, Y. Zhang et al (2010) proposed to tackle the
strict limitation of energy supplication in large scale
hierarchical structure of WSN. The proposed selection
approach in CH selection mechanism considers detected
signal strength, a node’s residual energy and distance
between cluster-head and sink node. An adaptive method
based on task requirement in cluster member selection was
suggested regarding cluster range setting. This method
constrains cluster size and energy consumption of intra-
cluster communication is reduced. Simulation showed that
the new protocol conserved energy and prolonged WSN life
specially when sink node is far from the network.
Considering the character of communication scope of node
in cluster, there exists areas of redundant place between
joined clusters. To give a precise number of CH, efficient
coverage is used, instead of full coverage of cluster to
calculate the optimal number of CH per round, according to
characters of one and two order partial derivative functions
[6].
Yoon & Chang (2011) proposeda newcluster-based
routing protocol using message success rate. To resolve the
node concentration problem and design a new CH selection
algorithm based on node connectivity and devise cluster
maintenance algorithms. Moreover, to guarantee reliability
of data communication, message success rate is a popular
measure for data communication reliability, is used in order
to select a routing path. Finally, to reduce data
communication overhead, only information of neighboring
nodes during both cluster-head selection and cluster

construction phases were used. Through the performance
analysis, it showed thatproposedprotocol outperformedthe
existing schemes in terms of communication reliability and
energy efficiency [13].
A LEACH algorithm based energy effective routing
protocol to meet key QoS requirements was proposed by
Peng et al (2011). Energy efficiency is an important WSN
issue. Network layer routing technology is critical to reduce
WSN energy consumption. But, reliability and data
aggression must also be analyzed. The new protocol focused
on traditional LEACHdefectsandimproved energyefficiency
and QoS parameters by excluding nodes with improper
geographic location to be CHs. Optimum measuring range of
head nodes is designed to be a CH selection criterion and
every CHs can be selected according to node density
threshold in measuring area, confirmedbynodedistribution
situation and communication needs. Simulations evaluated
the new protocol in comparison with traditional LEACH
algorithm. The performance of new protocol was verified to
reduce energy consumption and guarantee communication
quality especially in uneven distribution situations[14].
Kuila & Jana (2012) presented a distributed
clustering and routing algorithm for WSN called Cost-based
Energy Balanced Clustering and Routing Algorithm
(CEBCRA). The algorithm comprisedofthreephases,namely
CH selection, cluster setup and data routing. The CHs were
selected in a distributed manner based on residual energy
and the neighbour cardinality. In the setup phase, each non-
CH sensor node joined a CH within its communication range
based on the cost value of the CHs. In data routing phase,
CEBCRA first used single-hop communication within each
cluster and then performed multi-hop communication
between the clusters. For intercluster routing, a CH
measured the cost of each path from itself towards base
station while selecting other CH as a relay node for data
forwarding on those paths.Theexperimental resultsshowed
efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of energy
consumption and number of live sensor nodes. The results
were compared with two existing techniques to show the
efficacy of the algorithm[12].
Zhang et al (2012) proposedthepositionofCHasan
important factor for the network lifetime. Based on this
observation, a non-random CH selection scheme based on
the concept of the center of mass in physics was proposed.
The problem of power consumptioninsensordata collection
in a WSN was considered. Since sensor nodes operate on
batteries, power efficiency is a crucial issue in designing the
network. The geographic deployment of sensor nodes is
random, with an irregular network topology. In the existing
clustering-based protocols for the WSN, the CHs are usually
selected at random, which may result in higher power
consumption and shorter network lifetime. The purpose of
proposed scheme was to use minimal power in the process
of data collection. It was shown that proposed scheme could
save up to 50% of power consumption [11].
Jain & Trivedi (2012) proposed an algorithm for
energy efficient clustering and multi-hop routing in WSN.
The sensor network is constructed in the form of a circular
area with the base station. An adaptive cluster selection
strategy which selects the Cluster Heads (CHs) not only on
the basis of residual energy, but also on the distance from
the base station. A key point of the algorithm is that CH
selection is done after each round and multiple times within
the same round. This is done since the CH near the BS is
involved in most of the communicationsandhenceitmayget
exhausted early [10].
Wang et al (2013) proposed a Fuzzy-based system
for CH selection and controlling sensor speed in WSNs. In
WSN, cluster formation and CH selection werecritical issues.
They could drastically affect the network's performance in
different environmentswith differentcharacteristics.The 42
proposed system was constructed by two Fuzzy Logic
Controllers (FLC). Using four input linguistic parametersfor
evaluating CH decision probability in FLC1, the output of
FLC1 was used and two other linguistic parameters as input
parameters of FLC2 to control sensor speed. FLC2 was
evaluated by simulations and showed that it achieved good
performance [8].
Izadi et al (2013) was proposed a type-2 fuzzy based Self-
Configurable Cluster Head (SCCH) selection approach to
consider CH selection criterion which presented a cluster
backupapproach. So, when cluster failed, the systemworked
efficiently. This protocol’s novelty is the ability to handle
communication uncertainty, an inherent operational aspect
in sensor networks. Results revealed that SCCH performed
better than other developed methods [9].
3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) canbedefinedasa
self-configured and infrastructure less wireless networksto
monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or
pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a main location or sink where the data can be
observed and analyzed. A sink or base station acts like an
interface between users and network. One can retrieve
required information from the network by solving queries
and gathering results from the sink. Typically a wireless
sensor network contains hundreds of thousands of sensor
nodes. The sensor nodes can communicate among
themselves using radio signals. A wireless sensor node is
equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio
transceivers andpowercomponents. Theindividual nodesin
a wireless sensor network (WSN) have limited processing
speed, storage capacity, and communication bandwidth.
After the sensor nodes are deployed,theyare responsible for
self-organizing an appropriate network infrastructureoften
with multi-hop communicationwiththem. Thentheonboard

sensors start collecting information of interest. Wireless
sensor devices also respond to queries sent from a “control
site” to perform specific instructions or provide sensing
samples. Wireless sensor devices can be equipped with
actuators to “act” upon certain conditions. These networks
are sometimes more specifically referredasWirelessSensor
and Actuator Networks as described in (Akkaya etal.,2005).
The working mode of the sensor nodes may be
either continuous or event driven.Global PositioningSystem
(GPS) and local positioning algorithms can be used to obtain
location and positioning information of object. Wireless
sensor network (WSN) enable new applications and require
non-conventional paradigms for protocol design due to
several constraints. Owing to the requirementforlowdevice
complexity together with low energy consumption (i.e. long
network lifetime), a properbalancebetweencommunication
and signal/data processing capabilities must be found. This
motivates a huge effort in research activities,
standardization process, and industrial investments on this
field since the last decade (Chiara et. al. 2009). At present
time, most of the research on WSNs has concentrated on the
design of energy- and computationally efficient algorithms
and protocols, and the application domain has been
restricted to simple data-oriented monitoring andreporting
applications (Labrador et. al. 2009). The authors in (Chen et
al., 2011) propose a Cable ModeTransition(CMT)algorithm,
which determines the minimal number of active sensors to
maintain K-coverage of a terrain as well as K-connectivity of
the network. Specifically, it allocates periods of inactivityfor
cable sensors without affecting the coverage and
connectivity requirements of the network based only on
local information. In (Cheng et al., 2011), a delay-awaredata
collectionnetwork structure for wireless sensor networks is
proposed. The objective of the proposed network structure
is to minimize delays in the data collection processes of
wireless sensor networks which extends the lifetime of the
network. In (Matin et al., 2011), the authorshaveconsidered
relay nodes to mitigate the network geometric deficiencies
and used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based
algorithms to locate the optimal sink locationwithrespectto
those relay nodes to overcome thelifetimechallenge.Energy
efficient communication has also been addressed in (Paul et
al., 2011; Fabbri et al. 2009). In (Paul et al., 2011), the
authors proposed a geometrical solution for locating the
optimum sink placement for maximizing the network
lifetime. Most of the time, the research on wireless sensor
networks have considered homogeneous sensor nodes. But
nowadays researchers have focused on heterogeneous
sensor networks where the sensor nodes are unlike to each
other in terms of their energy. In (Han et al., 2010), the
authors addresses the problem of deploying relay nodes to
provide fault tolerance with higher network connectivity in
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, where sensor
nodes possess different transmission radii. New network
architectures with heterogeneous devices and the recent
advancement in this technology eliminate the current
limitations and expand thespectrumofpossibleapplications
for WSN considerably and all these are changing very
rapidly.
Fig. 3.1. A Typical Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Networks are wireless networks
that usually consist of a large number of far distributed
devices that are equipped with sensors (instruments that
measure quantities in our environment to monitor physical
or environmental phenomenon’s. These devices work
autonomous and are logically linked by self-organizing
means. Some of the challenges for these systems are:
• Reliability: WSNs are wireless networksandaretherefore
fenceless to problems like packetloss.Nevertheless,they are
used in areas such as chemical attack detection, in which
these problems could easily lead to serious catastrophes.
• Power Consumption: The nodes of Wireless Sensor
Networks are usually battery poweredbecauseoftheir small
in size . This limits the lifetime of a sensor node and raises
the topic of energy-efficiency in all aspects.
• Node Size: Perquisite is the keyword in many studies
about WSNs. Developing smaller nodes, with the same or
even more efficiency than their bigger brothers is still a
challenge in wireless sensor network, even if presentsensor
nodes, are hardly as big as a coin.
• Mobility: Many applications used for the factor mobility
into WSN challenges. For example, commercial applications,
like vehicle tracking, need networks that are able to
constantly change its routing paths and infrastructure.
• Privacy and Security: Unlike wired channels, wireless
channels are accessible to both, legitimate and illegitimate
users. Therefore, several methods, like encoding the traffic,
have to be discussed in below.
Wireless Sensor Networks is a class of special
wireless ad hoc networks. A wireless ad hoc network is a
collection of wireless nodes, that communicatedirectlyover
a common wireless channel. There is no additional
infrastructure or requirements are needed for ad hoc
networks. Therefore, every node is equippedwitha wireless
transceiver and has to be able to act as a router, to process
packets to their destinations. Strength of these networks is
their ability to self-organize the infrastructureoftherouting,
after they were deployed the main difference between
common ad hoc networks and Wireless Sensor Networks is

their different area of application. For WSN, monitoring and
collecting data are to the fore, while common ad hoc
networks focus more on the communication aspects.
3.2 Routing Algorithm Based on Particle Swarm
Optimization
Particle swarm optimization is originally proposed
by Kennedy, Eberhart and Shi and was first intended
for simulating social behaviour, as a stylized representation
of the movement of organisms in a bird flock or fish school.
The algorithm was simplified and it was observed to be
performing optimization. The book by Kennedy and
Eberhart describes many philosophical aspects of PSO
and swarm intelligence. An extensive survey of PSO
applications is made by Poli. Recently, a comprehensive
review on theoretical and experimental works on PSO has
been published by Bonyadi and Michalewicz.
PSO is a metaheuristic as it makes few or no
assumptions about the problem being optimized and can
search very large spaces of candidate solutions. However,
metaheuristics such as PSO do not guarantee an optimal
solution is ever found. Also, PSO does not use the gradient of
the problem being optimized, which means PSO does not
require that the optimization problem be differentiable asis
required by classic optimization methods such as gradient
descent and quasi-newton methods.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population
based stochastic optimization technique developed by Dr.
Eberhart and Dr. Kennedy in 1995, inspired by social
behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. Particle swarm
optimization shares many similarities with evolutionary
computation techniques such as Genetic Algorithms (GA).
The system is initialized with a population of random
solutions and searches for optima by updating generations.
However, unlike GA, PSO has no evolution operators such as
crossover and mutation. In PSO, the potential solutions,
called particles, fly through the problem space by following
the current optimum particles. The detailedinformation will
be given in following sections. Compared to Genetic
Algorithm, the advantages of PSO are that PSO is easy to
implement and there are few parameters to adjust. PSO has
been successfully applied in many areas: function
optimization, artificial neural network training,fuzzysystem
control, and other areas where Genetic Algorithm can be
applied [12].
3.3 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
When the search space is too large to search
exhaustively, population based searches may be a good
alternative, however, population based search techniques
cannot guarantee you the optimal (best) solution.
I will discuss a population based search technique,
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The PSO Algorithm
shares similar characteristicstoGeneticAlgorithm,however,
the manner in which the two algorithms traverse the search
space is fundamentally different.
Both Genetic Algorithms and Paticle Swarm Optimizers
share common elements:
1. Both initialize a population in a similar manner.
2. Both use an evaluation function to determine how fit
(good) a potential solution is.
3. Both are generational, that is both repeat the same set of
processes for a predetermined amount of time.
3.4 Concepts of Particle Swarm Optimization with
Flowchart
Particle Swarm has two primary operators first is
velocity update and second is position update. During each
generation each particle is accelerated toward the particles
previous best position and the global best position. At every
iteration a new velocity value for each particle is calculated
based on its current velocity, the distance from its previous
best position and the distance from the global best position.
The new velocity value is then used to calculate the next
position of the particle in the search space. This process is
then iterated a set number of times or until a minimumerror
is achieved.

Particle Swarm Optimization begins witha groupofrandom
particles (random solutions), aiming at finding out the
optimum solution through an iterative process based on the
velocity and position of particle. Each particle has a fitness
value, which will be evaluated by the fitness function to be
optimized in each iteration[1]. During the search process,
each particle in the population consists of dimensional
vector including the velocity vector vi = [vi1; vi2; :::; vid],the
current position vector (pBest) xi = [xi1; xi2; :::; xid], andthe
previous best position vector pi = [pi1; pi2; :::; pid], where d
is the dimensionality of the search space. What’s more, the
whole population maintains a global best-so-far population
vector pg = [Pg1; pg2; :::; pgd] [3]. The flowchart of PSO is
shown in Fig. 3.2.
Fig. 3.2. Flowchart of the PSO Algorithms
As can be seen from the figure, during each iteration of the
evolutionary process in PSO, each particle learns from its
own search experience pBest and the swarm’s search
experience gBest to update its velocity vi and positionxi[12,
13]. During the iterations, the velocity of the particle is
updated according to the following
vid(t+1) = wvid(t)+c1(pid -xid(t))+c2(pgd -xid(t))
……(5)
The position of the particle is updated as follows
xid(t + 1) = xid(t) + vij(t)
…..(6)
where the representation of vid is similar to that of xid; Pid
and Pgd are the dth dimension of the ith particle’s velocity.
Coefficients _ and _ are two randomly generated values
within the range of [0; 1] for the dth dimension. c1 and c2 are
two acceleration parameters which are commonly set to 2.0
or adaptively controlledaccordingtothe evolutionarystates.
Factor w is the inertial weight, which plays the role of
controlling the impact of the previous velocity of a particle
on the current one so as to balance between global search
(large inertial weight) and local search (small inertial
weight). However, PSO exhibits poor local search abilityand
often leads to premature convergence, especiallyincomplex
multipeak search problems. To tackle this issue, this paper
proposes a method whichadaptsitselfnonlinearlyasfollows
w =(wmax- wmin � d1)* e1/1+d
2
*t/K
……(7)
where wmax and wmin represent the maximum and minimum
inertial weights and are always set to 0.9 and 0.4,
respectively. K is the maximumnumberofallowediterations
while t represents the current iteration. d1 and d2 are two
control factors which control the value of w between wmin

and wmax. The execution of the algorithm iscomprisedoftwo
phases, i.e., the control nodes’ selection phase and the data
transmission phase. The two phases are performed in each
round of the network operation and repeated periodically.
We elaborate on how to use the non-linear weight particle
swarm optimizationalgorithm(NWPSO)toselectthecontrol
nodes in the next section.
3.5 LEACH PROTOCOL
Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy is
hierarchical protocol which allows the nodes to transmit
data to the cluster heads of the cluster to which they belong.
The cluster heads aggregate the data received from the non-
cluster head nodes or cluster member & forward it to the
Base Station (Sink). It is a cluster based routing protocol
whose main aim is to increase the lifetime of the wireless
sensor network. It is a very good example of self-adaptive &
self-organised protocol. Its overall operation is based on
rounds & each round consists of two stages- set up stage &
steady state stage.
Fig.3.3. Architecture of LEACH Protocol
The core idea of LEACH protocol lies in dividing the
whole network into various clusters. In each cluster, a
cluster head is selected in hierarchical manner & this role is
rotated among the nodes in the cluster in order to
homogeneously distribute the power load in every round.
This protocol allows scalability & robustness in the network
& also helps in compressing the size of information to be
sent to the Base Station. The basic architecture isdepictedin
figure no. 3.3.
LEACH Protocol is a well representative of hierarchical
routing protocols. It is self-adaptive and self-organized.
LEACH protocol uses round as unit, eachroundismadeup of
cluster set-up stage and steady-state stage[8], for the
purpose of reducing unnecessary energy costs, the steady
state stage must be much longer than the set-up stage. The
process of it is shown in Figure 3.4.
Fig. 3.4 LEACH Protocol Process.
At the stage of cluster forming, a node randomly picks a
number between 0 to 1, compared this number to the
threshold values t(n) , if the number is less than t(n) , the it
become cluster head in this round, else it become common
node. Threshold t(n) is determined by the following.
Where p is the percentage o
f the cluster heads nodes in all nodes, r is the number of the
round, G is the collections of the nodes that have not yet
been head nodes in the first 1/P rounds. Using this
threshold, al l nodes will be able to be head nodes after 1/P
rounds. The analysis is as follows: Each node becomes a
cluster head with probability p when the round begins, the
nodes which have been head nodes in this round will not be
head nodes in the next 1/P rounds, because the number of
the nodes which is capable of head node will gradually
reduce so for these remain nodes, the probability of being
head nodes must be increased. After 1/P-1 round, all nodes
which have not been head nodes will be selected as head
nodes with probability 1, when 1/P rounds finished, all
nodes will return to the same starting line. When clusters
have formed the nodes start to transmit the inspection data.
Cluster heads receive data sent from the other nodes, the
received data was sent to the gateway after fused. This is a
frame data transmission. In order to reduce unnecessary
energy cost, steady stage is composedofmultipleframes and
the steady stage is much longer than the set-up stage.
Fig. 3.5. Cluster Formation in LEACH
A. Cluster Head Selection Formation Algorithm
Step-1: Create Sensor Network Model.
Step-2: Assign initial energy to sensor nodes.
Step-3: Sort the nodes based on the distance from Base
station using Bubble Sort in increasing order. To calculate
node-distance from Base-Station the given formula is used

Node_distance (i)
Step-4: For round=1 assign cluster headsbasedonminimum
distance from the base-station No of Cluster Heads for
round-1= (p*n). Decrease the energy of the nodes chosen as
cluster head by the formula as mentionedbelow bychecking
the conditions
If (Node_distance (i) > do)
S(i).E=S(i).E-((ETX+EDA)*(4000)+Emp*4000*(node_
distance(i)*node_distance(i)*node_distance(i)*node
_distance(i) ));
Else
S(i).E=S(i).E-((ETX+EDA)*(4000)+Efs*4000*(node_
distance(i)*node_distance(i) ));
Step-5: For the next round
r =1:1: rmax
If (S(i).E ≥ Eavg) then
i = nominee_clusterhead //nominated for cluster-
head selection
Calculate node-degree of the chosen nominee for cluster
heads
If (Node_degree ≥ avg_degree)
i=cluster head //cluster-head selected
Step-6: Dead node
if (S(i).E = 0) then
Dead=I //ith node dies
n=n-dead //n: decrease no of alive
nodes
Step-7: Goto step-5
Step-8: End
Setup Phase
In LEACH protocol, clusters are formed by making
use of a distributed algorithm and there is no
communication with the Base Station required. Each node
uses a stochastic algorithm at each round to determine
whether it will become a cluster head in that round or not.
The algorithm for cluster formation in the LEACH protocol
carries out the task of cluster formation, cluster head node
selection & notification to non-cluster head nodes. This
phase can be further sub-divided into three parts
i. Advertisement
ii. Cluster set-up
iii. Transmission schedule creation
The algorithm is designed in such a way that the
same node should not get chosen as cluster head node every
time. The cluster head node is selected on the basis of
random number between 0 and 1. This random number is
chosen by the sensor node whose value lies between 0 & 1.
Let a threshold value, T(n), is considered & it is calculatedas
T(n) = if (n € G)
0 otherwise
where p is the cluster head probability, r is the current
round & G is the set of nodes that have not been cluster
heads in the last 1/p rounds.
Fig.3.6. Flowchart of LEACH Protocol in Set-up Phase
Steady State Phase
After cluster heads selection and TDMA slots
allocation, the steady state phase starts. Based on TDMA
protocol, the communication startsbetweentheclusterhead
and their respective cluster heads in their allocated time
slots. The cluster node can only communicatewithitscluster
head of respective cluster in a predefined time slot. Initially
all cluster nodes are in sleep mode during unallocated time
slots. This leads to better energy efficiency of the protocol.
Non-cluster head nodes transmit their data to their
associated cluster head. Then this cluster head forwards the
aggregated data to base station. In Steady phase during
which the cluster nodes send their data to the cluster head.
The member sensors in each cluster communicate onlywith
the cluster head via a single hop transmission. The cluster
head then aggregates all the collected data andforwardsthis
data to the base station either directly or via other cluster
head along with the static route definedinthesourcecodeas
shown in Fig. 3[7]. After completion of steady state the
certain predefined time, which is decided beforehand, the
network again goes back to the Set-up phase.
Steady State Phase In Steady State Phase, the actual
transmission of data takes place. On the basis of
functionalities performedinthisstagetheSteadyStatePhase
can be sub-divided into three parts
• Data transmission to cluster head
• Data fusion (Signal Processing)
• Data transmission to base station

Fig.3.7. Flowchart of LEACH Protocol in Steady State
Phase
Within each cluster the cluster head node creates a TDMA
schedule, randomly picks a CSMAschedule&broadcastsitto
the non-cluster head nodes in steady state. After this step i.e
steady state, the member nodes start sending their
respective data to the cluster head nodeduringtheirallotted
TDMA slot. The radio of all the other nodes except the active
member node is turned off which minimizes their energy
dissipation. But the cluster head node has to keep its radio
on in order to receive the messages from the member nodes.
After that all nodes send data to their respective cluster, it
aggregates the collected data, called data fusion, and
transmits the fused data to the Base Station (Sink). The
process of aggregation is required so thattheamountofdata
transmitted to the Base Station can be as compressed as
possible. Apart from being energy-efficient it alsomakesfair
utilization of bandwidth communication bandwidth is fixed.
To minimize the energy cost, the steady state phase
is composed of multiple frames. So the steady state phase is
longer than the set-up phase. After a certain period of time,
the overall system goes back into the set-up phase again &
another round gets started & a new cluster head node is
chosen. Each cluster communicates with a different CDMA
code to minimize the interference among different clusters
Energy Calculation in LEACH Protocol
For calculation of energy in LEACH Protocol, we will
consider first order radio model. For this,someassumptions
have to be made:
• Sensors, communicating with each other as well as
with the Base Station, lie withinthecommunication
range. Base Station placed at the center of the
network.
• Energy dissipation is neglected
• All the sensors are of same capability
Fig.3.8. First Order Radio Energy Model
Thus, energy required to transmit k-bit message in a
distance d is given by-
ETx( k,d ) = k * Eelec + k * Efs * d2, d < 0
k * Eelec + k * Eamp * d4 ,d ≥ 0
New Improved Algorithm Based on LEACH Protocol
In LEACH protocol, due to the randomly clusters
forming, the energy of each cluster head is very different, so
do is the distances between cluster heads and base station.
Function of cluster head is collect the data from their
respective cluster head and send to the base station. In the
process of data collection and transmission, the energy
consumed by data transmission is greater than that of data
fusion [4]. If the current energy of a cluster head is less or
the distance to base station is much far,thentheclusterhead
will be died quickly because of a heavy energy burden. To
address these issues, this article proposes a new improved
algorithm based on particle swarm optimization how to
balance the energy loads of these cluster heads.
The Idea of Improved Algorithm
LEACH (LEACH Protocol with particle swarm
optimization) is optimized based on LEACH Protocol, the
methods of cluster-head selection and clusters forming are
same as LEACH protocol. If a cluster head’s currentenergyis
less than the average energy, that is Ecur ≤ Eave , where
Eave = is the average energy of all nodes in the
network, or the distance between the cluster head and base
station is longer than the average distance, that is d ≥ dave ,
where davg= is the average distance of all nodes
distance to base station, then the common node with
maximum energy in this cluster will be selected as the
secondary cluster head. If Ecur ≤ Eave and d ≥ dave ，it is
unnecessary to select a secondary cluster head.
In a cluster which has secondary cluster head, the
secondary cluster head is responsible for receiving and
fusing data collected from the member nodes and sending
them to its cluster head, the cluster head is only responsible
for sending data to base station. In a cluster without
secondary cluster head, the cluster head is responsible for
collecting data from the cluster member node and sending
data to base station after the data was fused. It is clear from
the first order energy transfer model (Figure 3.8) that the

energy consumption of data receiving and data fusion are
less than that for data transferring [5]especially for long
distance data transferring, so the life of clusters with
secondary cluster heads will not be extended a lot so as to
bring new energy imbalanceofenergyconsumptionofentire
network. The network topology of the optimized algorithm
is shown in Figure 3.9.
Fig.3.9 Network Topology of LEACH
First-Order Wireless Transmission Model
This article uses first-order wireless communication
model, it is shown in Figure 3.10
Fig. 3.10 The wireless communication model
The total energy consumed in Figure 3.10 is calculated by
formula (2) and (3) [6],
ETx(L,d)= (2)
ERx (L) = LEelec (3)
Where Eelec represents the energy consumed to transmit or
receive 1 bit message Efs is the amplification coefficient of
free-space signal and Emp is the multi-path fading signal
amplification coefficient, their value depend on the circuit
amplifier model, d represents the distance between
transmitter and receiver, L is the bit amount of sending
information.
The Optimal Number of Cluster Heads
In LEACH Protocol, all nodes are divided into n
clusters randomly, if the value of n is too small, each cluster
head burdens so heavily that some clusters will die earlier
due to energy loss this will affect the network lifetime. If the
value of n is too large, this also results in some unnecessary
overhead because clusters need to send broadcastmessages
to all nodes. Suppose N nodes are randomly distributed
within the square area of length M, assuming that the base
station locates in the center of region and the distance of
each node or cluster head to the base station is less than or
equal to d0 ,where
d0 =
we know by references [6] that the optimal number of
cluster heads should be
nopt = (4)
If some nodes’ distance to base station is greaterthan d0, we
can also get formula (5) by the same method whichwasused
in references [6] and [7].
nopt = (5)
So the optimal probability for nodestobecomeclusterheads
is
Popt = (6)
By the formula (4) and (5) we know thattheoptimal number
of cluster heads only relates to the numberof network nodes
N, the regional side length M, as well as the location of the
base station. We can set these parameters initially in the
network. In this paper, the optimal probability for nodes to
become cluster heads is chosen as 7% according to formula
(6) and all parameters are set . The parameters need to be
used in description of algorithm are as following: Threshold
value, as shown in formula (1) Average energy of all nodesis
Eave = Average distance; between nodes and base
station is dave= .
The Stage of Cluster Forming
First, a node choose a number between 0 to 1, if the
number is less than T(n) then the nodebecomesclusterhead
otherwise it becomes normal nodes.Clusterheadsbroadcast
their own information to other nodes , the other nodes will
listen to the broadcasting messages which is broadcast by
node. All normal nodes determine which cluster theyshould
join in this round based on the signal strength they received.
After determining which cluster they should belong, CSMA
Protocol will be used to send a confirmationmessagetotheir
cluster heads. At this point the clusters forming stage is
finished.
The Selecting of Secondary Cluster Head
Each cluster head decides whether to set a
secondary cluster head accordingtothecurrentenergyitself
and the distance to the base station, if E(i)ave < E or
d(i)ave > d , then these kinds of cluster heads should choose
the node with maximum energy as secondaryclusterheadin
its cluster, otherwise, the secondary cluster head is not
required in the cluster.

To Create a Transport Schedule
All clusters are divided into two categories, in
clusters with secondary cluster heads, the secondarycluster
head broadcasts message to cluster nodes and builds a
schedule (uses TDMA access channel, a time slot is assigned
to each node), informs the schedule to the other nodes. In
clusters without secondary cluster head, the cluster heads
distribute sending time slot to the others after get the join
information of normal nodes. The stable stage begins when
each node have gotten its sending time slot.
Data Transferring
When clusters have formed and the TDMAschedule
is determined, the nodes start to transfer the monitoring
data. The secondary cluster heads receive data from the
other nodes and fuse these data, these fused data was sent
to the cluster heads, then cluster heads send these data to
base station by single-hop method. In those clusterswithout
secondary cluster head, cluster head collect data from
cluster member and it send to base station.
Simulation of Optimized Algorithm
This paper uses Matlab10.0 as simulation platform
to emulate LEACH protocol and the optimized protocol
(LEACH-optimize), the improved algorithm aims at
balancing the total energy consumption of nodes and
extending the network's time. So we measure the optimized
protocol performance from two aspects: the lifetimeandthe
total energy consumption of the network. The lifetime of
network means the time from the beginning of simulationto
the time when the last node died. As the energy of wireless
sensor network is limited, so the energy consumption in its
lifetime is a meaningful indicator to measure the
performance of it.
Simulation Parameters
Simulation scenarios in this article are:
1. Sensor nodes are randomly distributed in a square region
i.e. 100 x 100;
2. Sensor nodes are homogeneous and have a unique ID
number throughout the network, nodes energy is limited all
node have same energy. The node’s location is fixed after
deployed;
3. The base station is in the center of region with fixed
location i.e. 50 x 50;
4. Nodes communicate with base station via single-hop or
multi-hop;
5. The wireless transmitter power is adjustable. Specific
parameters are shown in table and receiver electronic
circuitry E(elec) is 50nJ/bit and for acceptable SNR required
energy for transmitter amplifier for free space propagation
Efs is 100pJ/bit/m2 and for two ray ground Emp is
0.0013pJ/bit/m4. The crossover distance do is assumed to
be 87m. All parameters are specified in Table 1
Analysis of Simulation Results
100 nodes randomly distribute within the square
area of the 100m*100m, the base station is located in the
center of the region, the base station coordinates is
(100,100). It can be seen from the figure 3.11 that thenodes’
distribution are randomly.
Fig.3.11. Randomly Distributed Nodes
The Network Lifetime
The network lifetime in this paper is defined as the
time from the beginning of the simulation to the time when
the last node died. In wireless sensor network the network
life is divided into stable and unstable period [6]. Stable
period usually means the time from the beginning of the
simulation to the time when the first node dies, the unstable
period refers to the time from the death of first node to the
end of simulation or until all rounds are not completed. If it
happened that some nodes begin to die, the network

operation may become unstable and unreliable data
transferring will occur. Therefore, the longer the stable
period is, the better the performance of the network. In Low
energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol,clusterheads
are responsible not only for communicating with the base
station, but for the data fusing. Randomly distributing the
nodes and randomly selecting the clusterheadscausessome
cluster heads die earlier because of the low energy or the
long distance to base station. Secondaryclusterheadsare set
for these clusters to be responsible for the communication
with common nodes and data fusing, this balances the
energy load of cluster heads and avoids premature death of
these cluster heads, so the stable period of network lifetime
will be maximize. Figure 3.12 is network lifetime in
simulation, simulation results indicates that the network
lifetime of the improved.
First node died in LEACH Protocol in round557,the
first node died in the optimized Protocol inround857.When
90% nodes died, the network reliability is extremely
reduced and the running is almost meaningless. We may as
well to define the time from the simulation beginning to the
time 90% nodes died as effective lifecycle, analyzing from
figure 3.14, we know that the effective lifecycle of the
optimzed algorithm is longer 50% than that of LEACH
protocol. The percentage of stable period of lifecycle in
LEACH Protocol is 28%, the one in the improved protocol is
44%, The percentage of stable period of lifecycle in
optimized algorithm increases by 15%. This indicates that
the running performance of optimized protocol is much
better than that of LEACH Protocol. The analysis of
simulation results is consistent with the theoretical analysis.
Fig. 3.12 The Network Lifetime
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 SIMULATION RESULT
We compare Optimize-LEACH with LEACH and
optimize-LEACH based on two performance metrics: total
energy consumption and lifetime. Optimize-LEACHprotocol
has more residual energy than LEACH and optimize-LEACH.
The simulation of LEACH and optimize-LEACH has 100
sensor nodes, which are randomly distributed in an area of
100m × 100m. BS is put at the location with x = 50, y = 50.
The bandwidth of data channel is set to 1 Mbps, the lengthof
data messages is 4000 bytes and packet headerforeachtype
of packet was 25 bytes. The number round is set to 4000s.
When a node uses energy down to its energy threshold, it
can no longer send data and is considered as a dead node.
Comparison of Node life with Different Energy
Given below table shows the life of network with
different energy also it shows when the first node is dead
and when the last node is dead with 3 different energy ie
0.25J, 0.5J and 1J.
Table 2. Lifetimes Using Different Amounts of Initial
Energy for the Sensors.
The simulation results from Fig. 4.1 to Fig. 4.4, demonstrate
relative behavior of LEACH, Optimize-LEACH and discussed
algorithms with parameters values n =100, p= 0.1, Eo = 0.25
J, 0.5J and 1J. The simulation result showing relative
behavior of LEACH, and optimize-LEACH discussed
algorithms with parameters values n =100, p= 0.1, Eo = 0.25
J, 0.5J and 1J
MATLAB tool is used to get the simulation results.
As mentioned earlier, optimize-LEACH worksinrounds.The
total number of rounds used for our experiments is 4000.
Simulations of Optimize-LEACH in comparison with LEACH
[7], are performed to observe the frequency of dead and
alive nodes per round, number of Cluster Head (CH) nodes
per round, network lifetime, and overall throughput.
Simulation Result of First Dead Node
Figure 4.1 shows that the first node of normal
LEACH is dead after 585 round where as in optimize LEACH
protocol the first node dead after 1170 rounds so we can

clearly say that the lifetime of first node is increase by 2
times than normal LEACH.
Fig. 4.1. Plot of Dead Nodes Vs. Number of Iteration
Simulation Result of Network Life
Figure 4.2 shows that the last node of normal LEACH is dead
after 1474 round where as in optimize LEACH protocol the
last node dead after 3552 rounds so we can clearly say that
the lifetime of last node is increase by 3 times than normal
LEACH.
Fig. 4.2. Plot of Alive Nodes Vs. Number of Iteration
Simulation Result of Throughput
Figure 4.3 shows the throughput of optimize-LEACH and
LEACH .The throughput of Optimize-LEACH is 119.66 Mbps
and the throughput of LEACH is 68.51Mbps so we can say
thatoptimize-LEACHimproved90%throughputthanLEACH
Fig.4.3 Plot of Throughput Vs Number of Iterations for
LEACH and Optimized LEACH
Selection of Cluster Head in Each Round
Optimize-LEACH has an efficient number of cluster
heads due to static clustering. Optimized-LEACH [7] and
normal LEACH select the number of cluster heads using
distributed algorithms whereas a fixed number of cluster
heads is selected during each round in optimize-LEACH.
There is uncertainty in the selection of cluster heads in
normal LEACH. The numbers of cluster heads selected in
each round by using these protocols are shown in fig 4.4.
Fig.4.4 Plot of Number of Cluster Heads Vs. Number of
Iterations in Each Round.
A lower number of selected cluster heads means
each cluster head needs to forward more member nodes
data, which results in the early depletion of the cluster head

battery. function of cluster head is collecting data from their
respective cluster member and sending data to the base
station (sink node) After becoming a cluster head, the node
needs to perform the additional functions of clusterheads.A
higher number of cluster headscausesmorenetwork energy
consumption.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed an optimized routing scheme for
wireless sensor networks. The main focus was to enhance
cluster head selection process and enhance the lifespan of
the network. Static clustering is used in our proposed
scheme. In optimize-LEACH, cluster heads are selected in
each cluster on the basis of residual node energy. The
formation of rectangular clusters, selection of advanced
clusters, and creation of zones make the WSN
communication more energy efficient. In our proposed
strategy, the stability period of network and network life-
time and throughput have been optimized. Simulation
results show that there is significant improvement in all
these parameters when compared optimize-LEACH with
existing routing protocols LEACH. We perform MATLAB
simulations to observe the network stability, throughput,
energy consumption, network lifetime and the number of
cluster heads. Our proposedroutingprotocol outperformsin
large areas in comparison with the optimized-LEACH and
LEACH.
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