Cluster Head Selection for in Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Sciences (IJCES)
Vol. 1, Issue 3, March-2013, Available at: www.knowledgecuddle.com/index.php/IJCES
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eISSN: 2394-6180
Cluster Head Selection for in Wireless Sensor
Networks
Arth S. Raval
Assistant professor, IT Department,
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology (SVBIT)
arth1390@gmail.com
Abstract: Wireless sensor network consists of several distributed sensor nodes. It is used for several environmental
applications, military applications and health related applications. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes,
designing efficient routing protocols is critical. Most of the research in energy efficient data gathering in data
centric applications of wireless sensor networks is motivated by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy) scheme. It allows the rotation of cluster head role among the sensor nodes and tries to distribute the
energy consumption over the network. Selection of sensor node for such role rotations greatly affects the energy
efficiency of the network. Some of the routing protocol has a drawback that the cluster is not evenly distributed due
to its randomized rotation of local cluster head. We have surveyed several existing methods for selecting energy
efficient cluster head in wireless sensor networks. We have proposed an energy efficient cluster head selection
method in which the cluster head selection and replacement cost is reduced and ultimately the network lifetime is
increased. Using our proposed method, network life time is increased compared to existing methods.
Keywords: WSN, CH, BS, LEACH, LEACH-B, LEACH-F
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Network is an emerging field with lot of applications. Due to its wide applications in the field of
defense security, civilian applications and medical research, there is lot of research going on. One of the advantages of
wireless sensors networks (WSNs) is their ability to operate unattended in harsh environments in which contemporary
human-in-the-loop monitoring schemes are risky, inefficient and sometimes infeasible. Therefore, sensors are expected to
be deployed randomly in the area of interest by a relatively uncontrolled means, e.g. dropped by a helicopter, and to
collectively form a network in an ad-hoc manner [1, 2].
Since WSNs consist of battery-powered devices, the energy efficient network protocols must be designed. Due to
large network size, limited power supply, and inaccessible remote deployment environment, the WSN-based protocols are
different from the traditional wireless protocols. Due to the short range communication and the fact that consumption of
energy is proportional to the square of the distance making communication multi hop instead of direct node tries to
perform computation of data locally so data to be forwarded is reduced, because computation is less expensive then data
transmission in WSNs. This network protocol operation varies from application to application. One routing algorithm
might be good for periodic monitoring while it may not perform well where it will have continuous data sensing. [3]
Data aggregation in WSN is a data transfer technique where multiple data packets from sensor nodes are gathered to a
certain sensor node and combined into a less number of packets. This technique is essential in the wireless sensor
environment because the reduction of data packets enables less usage of wireless transmission modules, reducing energy
consumption, increase network lifetime, and decrease end-to-end delay. Efficient data aggregation techniques can provide
these advantages by ensuring quick and high data aggregation rates, while avoiding excessive use of control packets. The
rest of the paper is organized as follow: Section II describes various existing methods for energy efficient cluster head
selection in wireless sensor networks. Section III describes our proposed method. Section IV describes results and
analysis. Finally conclusion is presented in section V. [4]
II. RELATED WORK

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In this section we have focused on the related work that has been done previously by several researchers. Energy
Efficiency for prolonging the WSN has received much focused attention. The various existing methods are described as
follows:
A. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy [5]
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has attracted intensive attention because of its energy
efficient, simplicity and load balancing properties. LEACH is a cluster based protocol. The numbers of cluster heads and
cluster members generated by LEACH are important parameters for achieving better performance. LEACH organizes
nodes into clusters with one node from each cluster serving as a cluster-head (CH). It randomly selects some
predetermined number of nodes as cluster heads. CHs then advertise themselves and other nodes join one of those cluster
heads whose signal they found strongest (i.e. the CH which is nearest to them). In this way a cluster is formed. The CH
then makes a Time Divison Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule for the nodes under its cluster. The communication
between different clusters is done through CHs in a Code Divison Multiple Access (CDMA) manner. The CHs collect the
data from their clusters and aggregate it before sending it to the other CHs or base station (BS). After a predetermined time
lapse, the cluster formation step is repeated so that different nodes are given a chance to become CHs and energy
consumption is thus uniformly distributed.
B. V – Leach [6]
New version of LEACH protocol, the cluster contains; CH, vice–CH, cluster nodes. In the original LEACH, the
CH is always on receiving data from cluster members, aggregate these data and then send it to the BS that might be located
far away from it. The CH will die earlier than the other nodes in the cluster because of its operation of receiving, sending
and overhearing. When the CH die, the cluster will become useless because the data gathered by cluster nodes will never
reach the base station. In V-LEACH protocol, besides having a CH in the cluster, there is a vice-CH that takes the role of
the CH when the CH dies because the reasons we mentioned above by doing this, cluster nodes data will always reach the
BS; no need to elect a new CH each time the CH dies. This will extend the overall network life time. The main problem
with LEACH protocol lies in the random selection of cluster heads. This problem is resolved by using the concept of V-
Leach uses the concept of alternate Cluster Head called Vice Cluster Head. As a Cluster Head dies it is replaced by the
Vice Cluster Head. But in case of Vice Cluster Head Dies, it does not provide solution for that and the network start
reducing the energy very fast and finally the network dies completely.
C. LEACH-F (LEACH with Fixed Clusters) [7]
The advantage of fixed cluster is that once the clusters are formed, there is no set up overhead at the beginning of
each round. Clusters are created using centralized cluster formation algorithm. An approach where the clusters are formed
once and fixed and the cluster head position rotates among the nodes in the cluster may be more energy efficient than
LEACH. The drawback is new nodes cannot be added.
D. PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System [8]
By this author proposed algorithm PEGASIS that is a chain based protocol provide improvement over LEACH
algorithms. In PEGASIS, each node communicates only with a close neighbor and takes turns transmitting to the base
station, thus reducing the amount of energy spent per round. Using greedy algorithm, the nodes will be organized to form a
chain, after that BS can compute this chain and broadcast it to all the sensor nodes. Energy saving in PEGASIS over
LEACH takes place by many stages: First, in the local data gathering, the distances that most of the sensor nodes transmit
are much less compared to transmitting to a cluster-head in LEACH. Second, only one node transmits to the BS in each
round of communication. PEGASIS outperforms LEACH by limiting the number of transmissions, eliminating the
overhead of dynamic.
E. Multi hop LEACH [9]
When the network diameter is increased beyond a certain level, LEACH (in which the BS is at single-hop to the
CH) becomes inefficient. In this case energy dissipation of cluster-head is not affordable. To address this problem, authors
introduced the Multi-Hop LEACH which aims to increase energy efficiency of a WSN. Like LEACH, in Multi-Hop
LEACH some nodes elect themselves as CHs and some associate themselves with the elected CHs to complete the cluster
formation in the setup phase. In steady state phase, a CH collects data from all nodes in its cluster and transmits data
directly or through other CH to the BS after aggregation. Multi-Hop LEACH allows two types of communication

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operations. These are the inter-cluster communication and the intra-cluster communication. In Multi-Hop intra-cluster
communication, when the whole network is divided into multiple clusters, each cluster has one CH. This CH is responsible
for communication between all nodes in the cluster; it receives data from all nodes at a single-hop distance and
aggregates and transmits the data directly to the BS, or through intermediate CH(s). In Multi-hop inter-cluster
communication, when the distance between the CH and the BS is large, the CH uses intermediate CH(s) to
communicate to the BS.
F. Random competition based clustering (RCC) [10]
The RCC algorithm applies the First Declaration Wins rule, in which any node can „„govern‟‟ the rest of the
nodes in its radio coverage if it is the first to claim being a CH. After hearing the claim which is broadcasted by the first
node, neighboring nodes join its cluster as member and give up their right to be a CH. To maintain clusters, every CH in
the network broadcast a CH claim packet periodically. Since there is a time delay between broadcasting a claim packet and
receiving it, concurrent broadcast can possibly create a conflict. Since random timer is not a complete solution, RCC
resolve further the concurrent broadcast problems by using the node ID. If the conflict persists, node having lower ID will
become the CH. Although frequent node mobility still has direct effect, RCC is shown to be more stable than conventional
clustering schemes.
G. Balanced LEACH [11]
LEACH-B protocol adds a second selection of cluster heads to modify the number cluster-head in the set-up
phase considering the node‟s residual energy per round. In order to save the energy consumption and to prolong the life
span of the network, the protocol needs to ensure that the partition of cluster is balance and uniform. To achieve this goal,
the number of CHs needs to be dominated, and the network needs an optimal CHs amount.
H. Energy Efficient Chain Based Routing [12]
The proposed protocol organizes sensor nodes as a set of horizontal chains and a vertical chain. In each chain, a
node is selected as chain head. For selecting the chain heads in horizontal chains, EECRP considers residual energy of
nodes and distance of nodes from the header of upper level that does not need to reselect leader of the vertical chain. This
causes time and energy saving. In each horizontal chain, sensor nodes transmit their data to their own chain head based on
chain routing mechanism. EECRP also adopts a chain based data transmission mechanism for sending data packets from
the chain heads to the base station.
I. GROUP [13]
GROUP clustering algorithms based on clustering algorithm that provides scalable and efficient packet routing
for large-scale WSNs. Only some parts of total number of sensor nodes participate in formation of cluster heads (CHs). In
this, cluster heads are arranged in a grid manner and primary sink (One of the sink), dynamically and randomly builds the
cluster grid. Greed Seed (GS) is a node within a given radius from the primary sink. Any queries from sink to nodes are
propagated from greed seed to its cluster heads and so on.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In most of the energy efficient routing protocols, nodes selected as cluster heads must broadcast to member nodes
of the clusters to which they belong that they have become cluster heads. As the frequency of rounding and of cluster head
replacement increases, energy consumption increases due to message transmission for broadcasting.
Our goal is to reducing the amount of cluster head selection and replacement cost and ultimately to extend the lifetime of
the entire networks compared with the existing clustering protocols.
BS has knowledge of all
nodes‟ energy
BS selects optimal no. of
CH having highest
remaining energy
BS broadcasts unique ID
of the selected CH to all
the nodes
CH sends data to the
next CH and finally data
reaches to BS
All member nodes report
data to the CH
Each CH forms its own
cluster

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Our proposed method is efficient because of the three factors:
(1) Uniform distribution of cluster head.
(2) Multi hops communication.
(3) Cluster head is not replaced during each round.
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
We have implemented our algorithm in MATLAB. Every node in the network belongs to some cluster. The various
parameters we have considered for simulation are as follow:
 Network size = 100*100
 No. of Nodes = 100
 Node deployment: Nodes are randomly deployed in a given area.
We have measured no. of rounds for the proposed method.
J/Node LEACH LEACH-F Proposed
Method
0.25 308 461 532
0.5 576 721 825
0.75 987 1192 1304
1.0 1077 1262 1487
 NO. Of Rounds Graph
1) Energy 0.25 J/node 2) Energy 0.5 J/node
3) Energy 0.75 J/node 4) Energy 1.0 J/node
If the energy of the CH
becomes less than the
threshold, then CH is
replaced by the BS

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V. CONCLUSION
Energy Efficiency for prolonging the WSN has received much focused attention. Our proposed method has good
performance due to uniform distribution of cluster head, multi hop communication and not periodically replacement of
cluster head. Our proposed method can be further improved by taking mobility into consideration. Security is an important
and vital requirement. It can be made secure by bringing in some security features.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Sohrabi et al., Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network, IEEE Personal Communications 7
(5) (2000) 16–27.
[2] R. Min, et al., Low power wireless sensor networks, in: Proceedings of International Conference on VLSI Design,
Bangalore, India, and January 2001.
[3] R. Burne, et. al., A self-organizing, cooperative UGS network for target tracking, in: Proceedings of the SPIE
Conference on Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications II, Orlando Florida, April 2000.
[4] K. Chan, F. Fekri, and H. Pishro-Niki, Analysis of hierarchical algorithms for wireless sensor network routing
protocols, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1830 1835, 2005.
[5] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan,”Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless
Micro sensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS
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[6] Manjeshwar A. & Agrawal, D.P. (2002). APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive
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[7] Wendi B. Heinzelman “Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for WSN” Submitted To The Department of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
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[8] S. Lindsey,. And C.S. Raghavendra “PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems”. In
IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002, Vol. 3. No. 9-16, pp. 1125 1130.
[9] Rajashree.V.Biradar, Dr.S.R.Sawant, Dr. R. R. Mudholkar, Dr. V.C .Patil “Multihop Routing In Self-Organizing
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[11] Mu Tong, Minghao Tang “LEACH-B:An Improved LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network” In IEEE
International conference on Wireless Communications, 2010
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[13] Y. Liyang, M.W. Neng, Z. Wei, and Z. Chunlei “GROUP: A grid-clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor
networks”. In IEEE International conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing
2006, pages 1–5.

Cluster Head Selection for in Wireless Sensor Networks

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