Chapter 3:Programming with Java Operators and Strings

Programming with Java Operators and
Strings

1

Understanding Fundamental Operators
Exam Objective 4.5 Given an algorithm as pseudocode, develop code that correctly applies the appropriate
operators, including assignment operators (limited to:
=, +=, -=), arithmetic operators (limited to: +, , *, /, %, ++, --), relational operators (limited to:
<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=), logical operators (limited to:
!, &&, ||), to produce a desired result. Also, write code
that determines the equality of two objects or two
primitives.

2

The following topics will be covered in these pages:
Assignment operators
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
3

Java Operators on the SCJA Exam

4

Evaluation Order
1. int [] a = { 4, 4 };
2. int b = 1;
3. a[b] = b = 0;

the value 0 is first assigned to the variable called b then the
value 0 is assigned into the last element of the array a .
.

Ben Abdallah Helmi Architect

5

Overview of the Java Operators


6

The Unary Operators
The increment and decrement operators: ++ and -The unary plus and minus operators: + and The bitwise inversion operator: ~
The boolean complement operator: !
The cast: ()

7

The Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and --


8

The Unary Plus and Minus Operators: +
and 1. x = -3;
2. y = +3;
3. z = -(y + 6);
the value of z is initialized to −9.


9

The Bitwise Inversion Operator: ~
For example, applying this operator to a byte containing
00001111 would result in the value 11110000. The same
simple logic applies, no matter how many bits there are in
the value being operated on. This operator is often used in
conjunction with shift operators (<<, >>, and >>>) to
perform bit manipulation, for example, when driving I/O
ports.


10

The Boolean Complement Operator: !
1. Vector v = new Vector();
2. v.add ("Hello");
3. String s = (String)v.get(0);


11

The Arithmetic Operators


12

The Multiplication and Division
Operators: * and /
1. int a = 12345, b = 234567, c, d;
2. long e, f;
3.
4. c = a * b / b; // this should equal a, that is, 12345
5. d = a / b * b; // this should also equal a
6. System.out.println("a is " + a +
7. "nb is " + b +
8. "nc is " + c +
9. "nd is " + d);
10.
11. e = (long)a * b / b;
12. f = (long)a / b * b;
13. System.out.println(
14. "ne is " + e +

15. "nf is " + f);
The output from this code is
a is 12345
b is 234567
c is -5965
d is 0
e is 12345
f is 0


13

The Modulo Operator: %


14

The Addition and Subtraction
Operators: + and To prepare for the Certification Exam questions, and to use the + operator effectively in your own programs,
you should understand the following points:
•

For a + expression with two operands of primitive numeric type, the result
o Is of a primitive numeric type.
o Is at least int, because of normal promotions.
o Is of a type at least as wide as the wider of the two operands.
o Has a value calculated by promoting the operands to the result type and then performing the addition
using that type. This might result in overflow or loss of precision.

•

For a + expression with any operand that is not of primitive numeric type,
o At least one operand must be a String object or literal; otherwise, the expression is illegal.
o Any remaining non-String operands are converted to String, and the result of the expression is the
concatenation of all operands.

•

To convert an operand of some object type to a String, the conversion is performed by invoking the
toString() method of that object.

•

To convert an operand of a primitive type to a String, the conversion is performed by a static method in a
container class, such as Integer.toString().


15

Arithmetic Error Conditions
In exceptional conditions, the following rules apply:

•

Integer division by zero, including modulo (%) operation, results in an ArithmeticException.

•

No other arithmetic causes any exception. Instead, the operation proceeds to a result, even though that
result might be arithmetically incorrect.

•

Floating-point calculations represent out-of-range values using the IEEE 754 infinity, minus infinity, and
Not a Number (NaN) values. Named constants representing these are declared in both the Float and
Double classes.

•

Integer calculations, other than division by zero, that cause overflow or a similar error simply leave the
final, typically truncated bit pattern in the result. This bit pattern is derived from the operation and the
number representation and might even be of the wrong sign. Because the operations and number
representations do not depend upon the platform, neither do the result values under error conditions.

These rules describe the effect of error conditions, but some additional significance is associated with the
NaN values. NaN values are used to indicate that a calculation has no result in ordinary arithmetic, such
as some calculations involving infinity or the square root of a negative number.
16

Arithmetic Promotion of Operands

The diagram in Figure 2.2 shows the process by which a byte is shifted
right. First the byte is promoted to an int, which is done treating the
byte as a signed quantity. Next, the shift occurs, and 0 bits are indeed
propagated into the top bits of the result—but these bits are not part of
the original byte. When the result is cast down to a byte again, the
high-order bits of that byte appear to have been created by a signed
shift right, rather than an unsigned one. This is why you should
generally not use the logical right-shift operator with operands smaller
than an int: It is unlikely toAbdallah Helmithe result you expected.
Ben produce Architect
17

The Ordinal Comparisons Operators: <,
<=, >, and >=

int p = 9;
int q = 65;
int r = -12;
float f = 9.0F;
char c = „A‟;
the following tests all return true:
p<q
f<q
f <= c
c>r
c >= q

Notice that arithmetic promotions are applied when these operators are used. This is entirely
according to the normal rules discussed in Chapter 4. For example, although it would be
an error to attempt to assign, say, the float value 9.0F to the char variable c, it is perfectly
acceptable to compare the two. To achieve the result, Java promotes the smaller type to
the larger type; hence the char value „A‟ (represented by the Unicode value 65) is
promoted to a float 65.0F. The comparison is then performed on the resulting float values.

18

The instanceof Operator
The instanceof operator tests the class of an object at runtime. The left argument can be any
object reference expression, usually a variable or an array element, whereas the right operand
must be a class, interface, or array type. You cannot use a java.lang.Class object reference
or a String representing the name of the class as the right operand. A compiler error results if
the left operand cannot be cast to the right operand.

If the left argument of the instanceof operator is a null value, the instanceof test simply returns
false; it does not cause an exception.
19

The Equality Comparison Operators: ==
and !=
The operators == and != test for equality and inequality, respectively,
returning a boolean value. For primitive types, the concept of equality is
quite straightforward and is subject to promotion rules so that, for
example, a float value of 10.0 is considered equal to a byte value of 10.
For variables of object type, the “value” is taken as the reference to the
object—typically, the memory address.
You should not use these operators to compare the contents of objects,
such as strings, because they will return true if two references refer to
the same object, rather than if the two objects have equivalent value.
Object comparisons compare the data of two objects, whereas
reference comparisons compare the memory locations of two objects.

To achieve a content or semantic comparison, for example, so that two
different Double objects containing the value 1234 are considered
equal, you must use the equals() method rather than the == or !=
operator.

20

The Bitwise Operators
The bitwise operations calculate each bit of their results by
comparing the corresponding bits of the two operands on
the basis of these three rules:
• For AND operations, 1 AND 1 produces 1. Any other
combination produces 0.
• For XOR operations, 1 XOR 0 produces 1, as does 0
XOR 1. (All these operations are commutative.) Any other
• For OR operations, 0 OR 0 produces 0. Any other

21

Boolean Operations
• For AND operations, true AND true produces true. Any
other combination produces false.
• For XOR operations, true XOR false produces true, and
false XOR true produces true.Other combinations
produce false.
• For OR operations, false OR false produces false. Any
other combination produces true.


22

The Short-Circuit Logical Operators

The main difference between the & and && and between the | and || operators is that the right operand might not be evaluated in the latter
cases. We will look at how this happens in the rest of this section. This behavior is based on two mathematical rules that define condition
under which the result of a boolean AND or OR operation is entirely determined by one operand without regard for the value of the other

•

For an AND operation, if one operand is false, the result is false, without regard to the other

operand.
•

For an OR operation, if one operand is true, the result is true, without regard to the other

operand.
To put it another way, for any boolean value X,
•

false AND X = false

•

true OR X = true

1. if (s != null) {
2. if (s.length() > 20) {
3. System.out.println(s);

4. }
5. }
However, the same operation can be coded veryBen Abdallah Helmi Architect
succinctly like this:

23

//first example:
1. int val = (int)(2 * Math.random());
2. boolean test = (val == 0) || (++val == 2);
3. System.out.println("test = " + test + "nval = " + val);
//second example:
1. int val = (int)(2 * Math.random());
2. boolean test = (val == 0) | (++val == 2);
3. System.out.println("test = " + test + "nval = " + val);
The first example will sometimes print
test = true
val = 0
and sometimes it will print
test = true
val = 2
The second example will sometimes print
test = true
val = 1
and sometimes it will print
test = true
val = 2

24

The Conditional Operator
The conditional operator—?:— (also known as a ternary operator, because it takes three operands) provides a way to code simple
conditions (if/else) into a single expression. The (boolean) expression to the left of the ? is evaluated. If true, the result of the whole
expression is the value of the expression to the left of the colon; otherwise, it is the value of the expression to the right of the colon. The
expressions on either side of the colon must be assignment-compatible with the result type.
For example, if a, b, and c are int variables, and x is a boolean, then the statement a = x
? b : c; is directly equivalent to the textually longer version:
1. if (x) {
2. a = b;
3. }
4. else {
5. a = c;
6. }

Of course x, a, b, and c can all be complex expressions if you desire.
Here are the points you should review for handling conditional operators in an exam question, or to use them properly in a program. In an
expression of the form a = x ? b : c;
•

The types of the expressions b and c should be compatible and are made identical through

conversion.
•

The type of the expression x should be boolean.

•

The types of the expressions b and c should be assignment-compatible with the type of a.

•

The value assigned to a will be b if x is true or will be c if x is false.

Now that we have discussed the conditional (ternary) operator, only one group of operators remains: the assignment operators.

25

The Assignment Operators
1. byte x = 2;

2. x += 3;
If this had been written using the longhand approach
1. byte x = 2;
2. x = (byte)(x + 3);
The assignment operators in Java are considered to be operators because
they have a resulting value. So, given three int variables a, b, and c, the
statement a = b = c = 0; is entirely legal. It is executed from right to left, so
that first 0 is assigned into the variable c. After it has been executed, the
expression c = 0 takes the value that was assigned to the left side—that
is, 0. Next, the assignment of b takes place, using the value of the
expression to the right of the equal sign—again, 0. Similarly, that
expression takes the value that was assigned, so finally the variable a is
also set to 0.

26

Developing with String Objects and
Their Methods
• Exam Objective 4.6 Develop code that uses the
concatenation operator (+), and the following methods
from class String:
charAt, indexOf, trim, substring, replace, length, startsWit
h, and endsWith.

27

Strings
1. String s1 = “Compare me”;
3. if (s1.equals(s2)) {
4. // whatever
5. }
Not surprisingly, the test at line 3 succeeds. Given what you know about how string literals
work, you can see that if line 3 is modified to use the == comparison, as shown here, the test still succeeds:
3. if (s1 == s2) {
4. // whatever
5. }
The == test is true because s2 refers to the String in the pool that was created in line 1.
String s2 = new String(“Constructed”);


28

You just saw that if you create a new String instance at runtime, it will not be in the pool but
will be a new and distinct object. You can arrange for your new String to be placed into the pool

for possible re-use, or to re-use an existing identical String from the pool, by using the intern()
method of the String class. In programs that use a great many similar strings, this approach can
reduce memory requirements. More important, in programs that make a lot of String equality
comparisons, ensuring that all strings are in the pool allows you to use the == reference comparison
in place of the equals() method. The equals() method runs slower because it must do a
character-by-character comparison of the two strings, whereas the == operator compares only the
two memory addresses.

The String class includes several convenient methods, some of which transform a string.
For example, toUpperCase() converts all the characters of a string to uppercase. It is important
to remember that the original string is not modified. That would be impossible, because strings
are immutable. What really happens is that a new string is constructed and returned. Generally,
this new string will not be in the pool unless you explicitly call intern() to put it there.


29

1. String s = “ 5 + 4 = 20”;
2. s = s.trim(); // “5 + 4 = 20”
3. s = s.replace(„+‟, „x‟); // “5 x 4 = 20”

If much modification is required, then this process becomes very inefficient—it stresses the garbage
collector cleaning up all the old strings, and it takes time to copy the contents of the old strings into the
new ones. The next section discusses two classes that alleviate these problems by representing mutable
strings. These are the StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes.

30

The StringBuffer and StringBuilder Classes
• Java‟s StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes represent
strings that can be dynamically modified
• StringBuffer() Constructs an empty string buffer.
• StringBuffer(int capacity) Constructs an empty string buffer
with the specified initial capacity.
• StringBuffer(String initialString) Constructs a string buffer
that initially contains the specified string.


31

Methods of the String Class

32

StringBuffer append(String str) Appends str to the current string buffer.
Alternative forms support appending primitives and character
arrays, which are converted to strings before appending.
StringBuffer append(Object obj) Calls toString() on obj and appends the
result to the current string buffer.
StringBuffer insert(int offset, String str) Inserts str into the current string
buffer at position offset. There are numerous alternative forms.
StringBuffer reverse() Reverses the characters of the current string
buffer.
StringBuffer setCharAt(int offset, char newChar) Replaces the
character at position offset with newChar.
StringBuffer setLength(int newLength) Sets the length of the string
buffer to newLength. If newLength is less than the current length, the
string is truncated. If newLength is greater than the current length, the
string is padded with null characters.

34

1. StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer(“12345”);
2. sbuf.reverse(); // “54321”
3. sbuf.insert(3, “aaa”); // “543aaa21”
4. sbuf.append(“zzz”); // “543aaa21zzz”


35

• The StringBuffer class does not override the version of equals()
that it inherits from Object. Thus the method returns true only
when comparing references to the same single object. If two
distinct instances encapsulate identical strings, equals() will
return false.
• Stringbuffers are threadsafe.
• The StringBuilder class was introduced in 5.0. It is nearly
identical to StringBuffer, but with one major difference: string
builders are not threadsafe.
• Both StringBuffer and StringBuilder implement the
java.lang.Appendable interface, which specifies several
overloaded forms of an append() method

36

String Concatenation the Easy Way
• The concat() method of the String class and the append()
method of the StringBuffer class glue two strings together.
Another way to concatenate strings is to use Java’s
overloaded + operator. Similarly, another way to append a
string is to use Java’s overloaded += operator.
However, don’t forget that you, the programmer, cannot define
additional operator overloads.


37

•
•
•
•
•

It is important to understand how the technique works. At compile
time, if either operand of a + operator (that is, what appears on
either side of a + sign) is a String object, then the compiler
recognizes that it is in a string context. In a string context, the +
sign is interpreted as calling for string concatenation rather than
arithmetic addition.
a+b+c
NewStringBuffer().append(a).append(b).append(c).toString();
1. An empty string buffer is constructed.
2. Each argument in turn is concatenated to the string buffer,
using the append() method.
3. The string buffer is converted to a string with a call to
toString().
38

• The charAt Method : public char charAt(int index) {…}
• The indexOf Method :
>
>
>
>
>

Four indexOf method declarations exist:
public int indexOf(int ch) {…}
public int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {…}
public int indexOf(String str) {…}
public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {…}

• The length Method : public int length() {…}
• The replace Method : Two replace method declarations can
be used:
• public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {…}
• public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence
replacement) {…}
39

The startWith Method
The String class‟s startsWith method returns a primitive boolean
value representing the results of a test to see if the supplied
prefix starts the referenced String object.
Two startsWith method declarations can be used:
public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset) {…}
public boolean startsWith(String prefix) {…}

40

The endsWith Method
• The String class‟s endsWith method returns a primitive
boolean value representing the results of a test to see if the
supplied suffix ends the referenced string object.
• There is one endsWith method declaration:
• public boolean endsWith(String suffix) {…}
Examples:
/* Returns true as the referenced string ends with the compared string. */
boolean b1 = pirateMessage.endsWith("Treasure Chest! "); // true
/* Returns false as the referenced string does not end with the compared string. */
boolean b2 = pirateMessage.endsWith("Treasure Chest "); // false

41

The substring Method
The String class‟s substring methods return new strings that are substrings of the
referenced string object.
Two substring method declarations exist:

public String substring(int beginIndex) {…}
public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
Examples:
/* Returns the entire string starting at index 9. */

String s1 = pirateMessage.substring(9); // Treasure Chest! /* Returns the string at
index 9. */
String s2 = pirateMessage.substring(9, 10); // T
/* Returns the string at index 9 and ending at index 23. */

String s3 = pirateMessage.substring(9, 23); // Treasure Chest
/* Produces runtime error. */
String s4 = pirateMessage.substring(9, 8); // String index out of range: -1 /* Returns a
blank */
String s5 = pirateMessage.substring(9, 9); // Blank

42

The trim Method
The String class‟s trim method returns the entire string minus
leading and trailing whitespace characters in relationship to the
referenced string object. The whitespace character corresponds
to the Unicode character u0020.
The sole trim method declaration is
public String trim() {…}
Examples:
/* "Buried Treasure !" with no leading or trailing white spaces */
String s = pirateMessage.trim();

43

1. Given a string constructed by calling s = new
String(“xyzzy”), which of the calls modifies
the string?
• A. s.append(“aaa”);
• B. s.trim();
• C. s.substring(3);
• D. s.replace(„z‟, „a‟);
• E. s.concat(s);
• F. None of the above

49

1. F. Strings are immutable.


50

2. Which one statement is true about the following code?
1. String s1 = “abc” + “def”;
2. String s2 = new String(s1);
3. if (s1 == s2)
4. System.out.println(“== succeeded”);
5. if (s1.equals(s2))
6. System.out.println(“.equals() succeeded”);
• A. Lines 4 and 6 both execute.
• B. Line 4 executes and line 6 does not.
• C. Line 6 executes and line 4 does not.
• D. Neither line 4 nor line 6 executes.

51

2. C. Because s1 and s2 are references to two different
objects, the == test fails. However, the strings
contained within the two String objects are
identical, so the equals() test passes.


52

5. Which one statement is true about the following code fragment?
1. String s = “abcde”;
2. StringBuffer s1 = new StringBuffer(“abcde”);
3. if (s.equals(s1))
4. s1 = null;
5. if (s1.equals(s))
6. s = null;
• A. Compilation fails at line 1 because the String constructor must be called
explicitly.
• B. Compilation fails at line 3 because s and s1 have different types.
• C. Compilation succeeds. During execution, an exception is thrown at line 3.
• D. Compilation succeeds. During execution, an exception is thrown at line 5.
• E. Compilation succeeds. No exception is thrown during execution.

53

5. E. A is wrong because line 1 is a perfectly acceptable
way to create a String and is actually more efficient
than explicitly calling the constructor. B is wrong
because the argument to the equals() method is of
type Object thus any object reference or array
variable may be passed. The calls on lines 3 and 5
return false without throwing exceptions because s
and s1 are objects of different types.


54

6. In the following code fragment, after execution of line 1,
sbuf references an instance of the StringBuffer class. After
execution of line 2, sbuf still references the same instance.
1. StringBuffer sbuf = new StringBuffer(“abcde”);
2. sbuf.insert(3, “xyz”);
A. True
B. False


55

6. A. The StringBuffer class is mutable. After execution
of line 2, sbuf refers to the same object, although the
object has been modified.


56

8. In the following code fragment, line 4 is executed.
1. String s1 = “xyz”;
3. if (s1 == s2)
4. System.out.println(“Line 4”);
A. True
B. False

57

8. A. Line 1 constructs a new instance of String and stores
it in the string pool. In line 2, “xyz” is already represented
in the pool, so no new instance is constructed.


58

9. In the following code fragment, line 4 is executed.
2. String s2 = new String(s1);
3. if (s1 == s2)
4. System.out.println(“Line 4”);
A. True
B. False


59

9. B. Line 1 constructs a new instance of String and
stores it in the string pool. Line 2 explicitly constructs
another instance.


60

The Wrapper Classes
• A wrapper class is simply a class that encapsulates a
single, immutable value. For example, the Integer
class wraps up an int value, and the Float class
wraps up a float value.


61

1. boolean primitiveBoolean = true;
2. Boolean wrappedBoolean =

3. new Boolean(primitiveBoolean);
4.
5. byte primitiveByte = 41;
6. Byte wrappedByte = new Byte(primitiveByte);
7.
8. char primitiveChar = „M‟;

9. Character wrappedChar = new Character(primitiveChar);
11. short primitiveShort = 31313;
12. Short wrappedShort = new Short(primitiveShort);
13.
14. int primitiveInt = 12345678;
15. Integer wrappedInt = new Integer(primitiveInt);
16.
17. long primitiveLong = 12345678987654321L;
18. Long wrappedLong = new Long(primitiveLong);
19.
20. float primitiveFloat = 1.11f;
21. Float wrappedFloat = new Float(primitiveFloat);
22.
23. double primitiveDouble = 1.11111111;
24. Double wrappedDouble =
25. new Double(primitiveDouble);


62

Only Boolean does not throw this
exception
1. Boolean wrappedBoolean = new Boolean(“True”);
2. try {
3. Byte wrappedByte = new Byte(“41”);
4. Short wrappedShort = new Short(“31313”);
5. Integer wrappedInt = new Integer(“12345678”);
6. Long wrappedLong = new Long(“12345678987654321”);
7. Float wrappedFloat = new Float(“1.11f”);
8. Double wrappedDouble = new Double(“1.11111111”);
9. }
10. catch (NumberFormatException e) {
11. System.out.println(“Bad Number Format”);
12. }

63

In other words, the value of any wrapped number can be
retrieved as any numeric type.

public byte byteValue()
public short shortValue()
public int intValue()
public long longValue()
public float floatValue()
public double doubleValue()

64

1. Vector vec = new Vector();
2. boolean boo = false;
3. vec.add(boo); // Illegal
The solution is to wrap the boolean primitive, as shown
here:
1. Vector vec = new Vector();
2. boolean boo = false;
3. Boolean wrapper = new Boolean(boo);
4. vec.add(wrapper); // Legal

65

• Every primitive type has a corresponding wrapper class type.
• All wrapper types can be constructed from primitives. All
except Character can also be constructed from strings.
• Wrapped values can be tested for equality with the equals()
method.
• Wrapped values can be extracted with various XXXValue()
methods. All six numeric wrapper types support all six numeric
XXXValue() methods.
• Wrapper classes provide various utility methods, including the
static valueOf() and parseXXX() methods, which parse an
input string. parseXXX() throw NumberFormatException
• Wrapped values cannot be modified.
• the wrapper classes are final.

66

There is no way to modify the contents of the object,
because wrapped values are final.
if you wanted to perform calculations on wrapped values you
had to do something like this(prior to release 5.0) :
Double area(Double radius) {
double r = radius.doubleValue();
double a = Math.PI * r * r;
return new Double(a);
}

67

Boxing is the automatic assignment of a primitive value to a compatible wrapper type. You can think of the primitive value
as being stored in a box (the wrapper object). For example, as of release 5.0 2xs you can make the following
assignment:
Integer wrappedInt = 25;
You can think of the line above as an abbreviation for

Integer wrappedInt = new Integer(25);
The wrapper on the left-hand side of the equals sign must correspond exactly to the primitive type on the right-hand side.
Thus all of the following assignments are legal:
Boolean wboo = false; Character wc = 'L'; Byte wb = 1; Short ws = 1000; Integer wi = 123456;

Long wl = 12345678L; Float wf = 123.45f; Double wd = 123.45;
However, the following assignment is illegal: Double wd = 123;
The primitive value 123 is an int. It doesn’t matter that ints can be assigned to doubles (in accordance with the primitive
assignment conversion rules discussed in Chapter 4), because boxing requires an exact match between the wrapper
class and the primitive type. The line of code above can be fixed by changing it to
Double wd = 123d;


68

The Java 5.0 compiler also allows you to unbox a wrapped value.
Unboxing is the automatic extraction of a wrapped value.
Unboxing happens when a wrapper object appears as an
operand in a boolean or numerical operation, as shown in the
example below:
1. Integer wi = 234;
2. int times9 = wi * 9;
We can now rewrite the area() method as follows:
Double area(Double radius) {
return Math.PI * radius * radius;
}

69

They just hide these operations from
the untrained eye.
Double rad;
for (rad=0d; rad<=1d; rad+=1.0e-9)
System.out.println(area(rad));
This code calls area() one billion times. The loop’s increment step
constructs (via the boxing mechanism) one billion wrapper
objects, which later are garbage collected; it also extracts one
billion wrapped values (via the unboxing mechanism). The
radius() method unboxes and boxes once during each of its one
billion calls. The innocent-looking loop and the innocent-looking
method have phenomenally more overhead than equivalent code
that uses double primitives, but the overhead is visible only to
people who understand Abdallah Helmi Architectmechanisms.
Ben the underlying
70

10. Suppose prim is an int and wrapped is an Integer. Which
of the following are legal Java statements? (Choose all
that apply.)
A. prim = wrapped;
B. wrapped = prim;
C. prim = new Integer(9);
D. wrapped = 9;


71

10. A, B, C, D. All four statements are legal, thanks to boxing and
unboxing.


72

Chapter 3:Programming with Java Operators and Strings

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Chapter 3:Programming with Java Operators and Strings