Assembly language (addition and subtraction)
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INC and DEC Instructions ADD Instruction SUB Instruction NEG Instruction Implementing Arithmetic Expressions Flags Affected by Addition and Subtraction Example Program (AddSub3)
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3. Factors that can cause projects to fail include technical complexities, human errors like multitasking, and external factors outside a project team's control.
4. Successful project management requires planning, defining objectives and stakeholders, executing phases as planned, and addressing challenges that arise.
It training
It trainingMuhammad Umar Farooq IT Training
Infrastructure Development
Telecommunications
Technology Parks
Databases and Platforms
Cyber crime ethics and un ethics
Cyber crime ethics and un ethicsMuhammad Umar Farooq This document defines cyber crime and discusses the types, methods, reasons, and perpetrators of cyber crimes. It also provides recommendations for preventing cyber crimes. Specifically:
1. Cyber crime involves using computers as tools or targets for illegal acts like financial crimes, intellectual property theft, and hacking. Common methods are email bombing, illegal access to systems, and data theft.
2. Reasons for cyber crime include the ease of storing and accessing data digitally, the complexity of computer systems, and user negligence.
3. Cyber criminals range from children exploring technology to organized hackers with political motives to disgruntled employees seeking revenge.
4. Prevention strategies include practicing safe online behaviors, using security software,
It usages & role
It usages & roleMuhammad Umar Farooq Information technology (IT) involves the use of computers, storage, networking and other devices to create, process, store and exchange electronic data. IT must be implemented at all levels of government to facilitate e-government. Government IT departments will oversee IT projects, allocate 2% of budgets to IT services and training, and qualify private firms to provide IT consultancy, software development and products. Advances in IT are transforming business and society through the emerging information economy, where information is critical and the basis for competition. IT can help solve pressing issues like education, health, poverty and the environment by developing new ways for non-governmental organizations to leverage local connections.
Future prediction-ds
Future prediction-dsMuhammad Umar Farooq This document discusses distributed, grid, and cloud computing as well as the future of computing. It explains that distributed computing involves sharing resources across multiple systems, grid computing uses large numbers of interconnected computers to solve complex problems, and cloud computing allows organizations to access computing resources over the internet rather than maintaining their own infrastructure. The future of computing is seen to involve more distributed, grid, and cloud-based systems with data centers serving as hubs to power technologies like blockchain, AI, autonomous vehicles and virtual reality. Blockchain in particular is highlighted as a distributed system used for cryptocurrency that relies on peer-to-peer networks and immutable transaction records stored across blocks.
Computer virus
Computer virusMuhammad Umar Farooq There are several types of computer viruses including boot sector viruses, direct action viruses, resident viruses, multipartite viruses, polymorphic viruses, overwrite viruses, space filler viruses, file infector viruses, macro viruses, root kit viruses, and system or boot-record infector viruses. Boot sector viruses infect the master boot record and are difficult to remove, often requiring formatting. Resident viruses store in memory, allowing infection of other files even after the infected program terminates. Polymorphic viruses alter their signature pattern with each replication, making them difficult to identify with traditional antivirus software.
Singular and non singular matrix
Singular and non singular matrixMuhammad Umar Farooq 1) A singular matrix has a determinant of 0, while a non-singular matrix has a non-zero determinant.
2) A symmetric matrix is equal to its transpose, while a skew-symmetric matrix is equal to the negative of its transpose.
3) The adjoint of a matrix is obtained by swapping diagonal entries and changing the sign of non-diagonal entries. For 3x3 matrices, the adjoint is the transpose of the cofactors.
Recursion
RecursionMuhammad Umar Farooq The document discusses recursion, which is when a function calls itself directly or indirectly. It provides examples of directly and indirectly recursive functions. It notes the requirements for a recursive solution, including having a base case and breaking the problem down into smaller subproblems of the same kind. The document gives examples of recursively finding the length and printing characters of a string. It also discusses tracing a recursive method call stack and defines the Fibonacci series recursively, providing an example recursive Fibonacci function that is inefficient due to redundant calls.
Ring
RingMuhammad Umar Farooq These Slides Consists of
Ring
Zero Divisor
Unit Element of Ring
Division Ring or Skew Field
Field:
Commutative Ring
Ring with unity (identity)
Power
PowerMuhammad Umar Farooq The document discusses different types of power including political, economic, and military power. It also outlines five principal forms of power: force, persuasion, authority, coercion, and manipulation. Organizational politics and power are used to direct behavior and achieve goals. Power structures within organizations can concentrate power at the top, leaving those at the bottom with little influence. Subjective performance standards can also contribute to perceptions of organizational politics.
Principal ideal
Principal idealMuhammad Umar Farooq These Slides consists of
Principal Ideal
Principal Ideal Ring
1st Fundamental Theorem
Quotient ring
Quotient ringMuhammad Umar Farooq The document defines a quotient ring R/I as the set of cosets {a + I | a ∈ R} where I is an ideal of a ring R. Addition and multiplication are defined on the cosets. It is proven that R/I forms a ring by showing it satisfies the ring axioms. The mapping φ: R → R/I defined by φ(a) = a + I is a ring homomorphism. It is also proven that if I is an ideal of R, there exists an epimorphism from R onto R/I with kernel I. The 1st Isomorphism Theorem states that if φ: R → R' is an epimorphism with kernel I, then
What is communication
What is communicationMuhammad Umar Farooq This document discusses communication and verbal communication. It defines communication as the transfer of information from one source to another. It then defines verbal communication as the sharing of information between individuals using speech, sounds, and language. The document goes on to list the characteristics, barriers, and ways to improve verbal communication, such as preparing yourself by practicing in the mirror, making eye contact, and using open body language.
Ring homomorphism
Ring homomorphismMuhammad Umar Farooq This document discusses ring homomorphisms, isomorphisms, and related concepts:
1) It defines a ring homomorphism as a mapping between two rings that preserves addition and multiplication.
2) An isomorphism is a ring homomorphism that is both one-to-one and onto.
3) The kernel of a ring homomorphism is the set of elements that map to the additive identity; a homomorphism is one-to-one if and only if its kernel is the singleton set containing only the additive identity.
Leaner algebra presentation (ring)
Leaner algebra presentation (ring)Muhammad Umar Farooq These slides are consists on
Integral Domain
Characteristic of Ring
Sub Ring
Centre of Ring
with its theorem's
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- 1. Addition and Subtraction INC and DEC Instructions ADD Instruction SUB Instruction NEG Instruction Implementing Arithmetic Expressions Flags Affected by Addition and Subtraction Example Program (AddSub3)
- 2. INC and DEC Instructions • The INC (increment) and DEC (decrement) instructions, respectively, add 1 and subtract 1 from a single operand. The Example is .data myWord WORD 1000h .code inc myWord ; myWord =1001h mov bx,myWord dec bx ; BX = 1000h
- 3. ADD Instruction • The ADD instruction adds a source operand to a destination operand of the same size. The Example is .data var1 DWORD 10000h var2 DWORD 20000h .code mov eax,var1 ; EAX = 10000h add eax,var2 ; EAX = 30000h
- 4. SUB Instruction • The SUB instruction subtracts a source operand from a destination operand .data var1 DWORD 30000h var2 DWORD 10000h .code mov eax,var1 ; EAX = 30000h sub eax,var2 ; EAX = 20000h
- 5. NEG Instruction • The NEG (negate) instruction reverses the sign of a number by converting the number to its two’s complement. NEG reg NEG mem (Recall that the two’s complement of a number can be found by reversing all the bits in the destination operand and adding 1.)
- 6. Implementing Arithmetic Expressions Rval = -Xval + (Yval - Zval); Rval SDWORD ? Xval SDWORD 26 Yval SDWORD 30 Zval SDWORD 40 ; first term: -Xval mov eax , Xval neg eax ; EAX = -26 Then Yval is copied to a register and Zval is subtracted: ; second term: (Yval - Zval) mov ebx,Yval sub ebx,Zval ; EBX = -10 Finally, the two terms (in EAX and EBX) are added: ; add the terms and store: add eax , ebx mov Rval , eax ; Rval = -36
- 7. Unsigned Operations: Zero And Carry The Zero flag is set when the result of an arithmetic operation is zero. For Example mov ecx,1 sub ecx,1 ; ECX = 0, ZF = 1 mov eax,0FFFFFFFFh inc eax ; EAX = 0, ZF = 1 inc eax ; EAX = 1, ZF = 0 dec eax ; EAX = 0, ZF = 1
- 8. Addition and the Carry Flag When adding two unsigned integers, the Carry flag is a copy of the carry out of the MSB of the destination operand. Intuitively, we can say CF 1 when the sum exceeds the storage size of its destination operand. mov al,FFh add al,1 ; AL = 00, CF = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + CF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01
- 9. Subtraction and the Carry Flag • A subtract operation sets the Carry flag when a larger unsigned integer is subtracted from a smaller one. mov al,1 sub al,2 ; AL = FFh , CF = 1 (1) + (-2) CF (FFh) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
- 10. Signed Operations: Sign and Overflow Flags The Sign flag is set when the result of a signed arithmetic operation is negative. mov eax,4 sub eax,5 ; EAX = -1, SF = 1 Overflow Flag largest possible integer signed byte value is +127 ; adding 1 to it causes overflow: mov al,+127 add al,1 ; OF = 1 the smallest possible negative integer byte value is 128. Subtracting 1 from it causes underflow. mov al,-128 sub al,1 ; OF = 1