Arithmetic and logic operations in c

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This document contains multiple code snippets in C programming language for the 8051 microcontroller. The code snippets provide solutions to various exercises involving toggling or monitoring bits on ports P1, P2 and P3, sending ASCII characters to ports, creating time delays, and converting ASCII digits to BCD code.

DR. VIKAS J. DONGRE
HOD ELECTRONICS & TELECOM
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM (MS)
EMAIL: DONGREVJ1@GMAIL.COM

Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P1
continuously.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
for (;;)
{
P1=0x55;
P1=0xAA;
}
}

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1
continuously forever with some delay.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int x;
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
P1=0x55;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown
P1=0xAA;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++);
}
}

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1
continuously forever with some delay.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int x;
P1=0x55;
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
P1=~P1;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown
}
}

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1
continuously forever with some delay.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int x;
P1=0x55; //initialize P1 with some input
While(1) //repeat forever
{
P1=~P1; //toggle the data in P1
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown
}
}

$Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0) 50,000 times. Solution: #include <reg51.h> sbit MYBIT=P1^0; void main(void) { unsigned int z; for (z=0;z<=50000;z++) { MYBIT=0; MYBIT=1; } }$

To create Time delay --
Three factors that can affect the accuracy of the delay-
1. The 8051 design..
The number of machine cycle
The number of clock periods per machine cycle
2. The crystal frequency connected to the X1 – X2 input pins
3. Compiler choice
C compiler converts the C statements and functions to Assembly
language instructions
Different compilers produce different code

Toggle P1 with fixed 1 second delay
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(void);
void main(void)
{while (1)
{
P1=0x55;
MSDelay();
P1=0xAA;
MSDelay();
}
}
void MSDelay(void)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for (i=0;i<4;i++)
for (j=0;j<1275;j++);
}

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 ports
continuously with a 250 ms.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{while (1)
{
P1=0x55;
MSDelay(250);
P1=0xAA;
MSDelay(250);
}
}
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for (i=0;i<itime;i++)
for (j=0;j<1275;j++);
}

$Write an 8051 C program to monitor bit P1.5. If it is high, send 55H to P2; otherwise, send AAH to P2. #include <reg51.h> sbit mybit=P1^5; void main(void) { mybit=1; while (1) {if (mybit==1) P2=0x55; else P2=0xAA; } }$

Write an 8051 C program to read the P1.0 and P1.1 bits and
issue an ASCII character to P0 according to the following table.
P1.1 P1.0
0 0 send 0 to P0
0 1 send 3 to P0
1 0 send 7 to P0
1 1 send F to P0
Solution:

#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char z;
while(1)
{z=P1; z=z&0x3;
switch(z)
{
case(0): {P0=0x00;break;}
case(1): {P0=0x03;break;}
case(2): {P0=0x07;break;}
case(3): {P0=0x0f;break;}
}}}

Write a program to send ASCII characters ABCDEF on P1
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
code unsigned char mynum[]= "ABCDEF";
unsigned char z;
while (1)
{ {
for(z=0;z<=6;z++)
{ P1=mynum[z];
MSDelay(1000);
}}}
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i, j;
for(i=0;i<itime;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}

Write a program to toggle P1, P2, P3 continuously
sfr P0 = 0x80;
sfr P1 = 0x90;
sfr P2 = 0xA0;
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
P0=0x55; P1=0x55; P2=0x55;
while(1)
{
P0=~P0; P1=~P1; P2=~P2;
MSDelay(1000);
}}
void MSDelay(unsigned int
itime)
{
unsigned int i, j;
for(i=0;i<itime;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}

Write an 8051 C program to convert ASCII digits of ‘4’ and ‘7’
to packed BCD and display them on P1.
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char bcdbyte;
unsigned char w='4';
unsigned char z='7';
w=w&0x0F;
w=w<<4;
z=z&0x0F;
bcdbyte=w|z;
P1=bcdbyte;
}

This document contains information about various topics related to 8051 microcontrollers and C programming including: - Arithmetic and logical operators used in C programming like addition, subtraction, AND, OR, etc. - Examples of 8051 C code that perform operations like toggling ports, adding delays, and performing bitwise logic operations. - Solutions to problems asking to write 8051 C code that toggles bits of ports with delays, toggles a specific bit a number of times, and performs bitwise logic operations. - Notes about factors that affect accuracy of delays in 8051 programs like the microcontroller design and crystal frequency.

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This document discusses the key characteristics of embedded systems. It lists 14 characteristics including processor power, memory, operating system, reliability, cost, size, power, performance, flexibility, time to prototype, time to market, correctness, safety, and maintainability. For each characteristic, it provides a brief explanation of its importance and factors to consider for embedded systems. Overall, the document outlines the various technical and design considerations that make embedded systems suitable for dedicated functions with constraints on various factors.

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Microcontroller architectureVikas Dongre

This document provides an overview of Harvard and Von Neumann architectures, as well as RISC and CISC architectures. It explains that Harvard architecture uses separate memory and buses for instructions and data, allowing simultaneous fetching, while Von Neumann uses a single memory, requiring sequential fetching. It also outlines the key differences between RISC, which uses a small, optimized instruction set, and CISC, which includes more complex, specialized instructions.

2. block diagram and components of embedded systemVikas Dongre

The document discusses the key hardware components of an embedded system, including: - An embedded processor that has a control unit and execution unit to fetch and execute instructions. - A power supply to power the system, which may be an external or internal source like a battery. - A reset circuit that starts processor instruction execution from a default address on power up. - A clock circuit that controls instruction execution time and machine cycles. - An interrupt controller to handle interrupts from processes and multiple interrupts simultaneously. - Timers to schedule tasks and provide a real-time clock function. - Memory like ROM, RAM, and flash to store the program and data internally without a disk. - I/

1. advantages and applications of embedded systemVikas Dongre

Embedded systems are microprocessor or microcontroller-based systems designed to perform dedicated functions with real-time constraints. They combine both hardware and software, with the program embedded into the computer hardware. Embedded systems are found in applications like biomedical devices, communication systems, industrial instrumentation, scientific equipment, and consumer electronics. They have advantages like low cost and power consumption due to their compact size and simple design. However, embedded systems also have disadvantages like difficulty changing configurations once deployed and limitations of hardware resources like memory and speed for a specific purpose.

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This document discusses serial communication concepts and programming on 8051 microcontrollers. It explains the basics of serial vs parallel communication and asynchronous transmission using start and stop bits. It describes the SCON and SMOD registers used for serial communication and the various modes of operation including fixed and variable baud rates. The document provides code examples for transmitting and receiving data over serial in 8051 assembly language and demonstrates using Keil simulator.

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Devnagari handwritten numeral recognition using geometric features and statis...Vikas Dongre

This paper presents a Devnagari Numerical recognition method based on statistical discriminant functions. 17 geometric features based on pixel connectivity, lines, line directions, holes, image area, perimeter, eccentricity, solidity, orientation etc. are used for representing the numerals. Five discriminant functions viz. Linear, Quadratic, Diaglinear, Diagquadratic and Mahalanobis distance are used for classification. 1500 handwritten numerals are used for training. Another 1500 handwritten numerals are used for testing. Experimental results show that Linear, Quadratic and Mahalanobis discriminant functions provide better results. Results of these three Discriminants are fed to a majority voting type Combination classifier. It is found that Combination classifier offers better results over individual classifiers.

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In handwritten character recognition, benchmark database plays an important role in evaluating the performance of various algorithms and the results obtained by various researchers. In Devnagari script, there is lack of such official benchmark. This paper focuses on the generation of offline benchmark database for Devnagari handwritten numerals and characters. The present work generated 5137 and 20305 isolated samples for numeral and character database, respectively, from 750 writers of all ages, sex, education, and profession. The offline sample images are stored in TIFF image format as it occupies less memory. Also, the data is presented in binary level so that memory requirement is further reduced. It will facilitate research on handwriting recognition of Devnagari script through free access to the researchers.

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Arithmetic and logic operations in cVikas Dongre

Classification of embedded systemsVikas Dongre

Characteristics of embedded systemsVikas Dongre

Features of 89c51,pic,avr & arm processorsVikas Dongre

Microcontroller architectureVikas Dongre

2. block diagram and components of embedded systemVikas Dongre

1. advantages and applications of embedded systemVikas Dongre

Serial communicationVikas Dongre

Innovative improvements in electronic engineering laboratory education using emlVikas Dongre

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Arithmetic and logic operations in c

1. DR. VIKAS J. DONGRE HOD ELECTRONICS & TELECOM GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM (MS) EMAIL: DONGREVJ1@GMAIL.COM

2. Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P1 continuously. Solution: //Toggle P1 forever #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { for (;;) { P1=0x55; P1=0xAA; } }

3. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever with some delay. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned int x; for (;;) //repeat forever { P1=0x55; for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown P1=0xAA; for (x=0;x<40000;x++); } }

4. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever with some delay. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned int x; P1=0x55; for (;;) //repeat forever { P1=~P1; for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown } }

5. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever with some delay. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned int x; P1=0x55; //initialize P1 with some input While(1) //repeat forever { P1=~P1; //toggle the data in P1 for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown } }

6. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0) 50,000 times. Solution: #include <reg51.h> sbit MYBIT=P1^0; void main(void) { unsigned int z; for (z=0;z<=50000;z++) { MYBIT=0; MYBIT=1; } }

7. To create Time delay -- Three factors that can affect the accuracy of the delay- 1. The 8051 design.. The number of machine cycle The number of clock periods per machine cycle 2. The crystal frequency connected to the X1 – X2 input pins 3. Compiler choice C compiler converts the C statements and functions to Assembly language instructions Different compilers produce different code

8. Toggle P1 with fixed 1 second delay #include <reg51.h> void MSDelay(void); void main(void) {while (1) { P1=0x55; MSDelay(); P1=0xAA; MSDelay(); } } void MSDelay(void) { unsigned int i,j; for (i=0;i<4;i++) for (j=0;j<1275;j++); }

9. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 ports continuously with a 250 ms. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) {while (1) { P1=0x55; MSDelay(250); P1=0xAA; MSDelay(250); } } void MSDelay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for (i=0;i<itime;i++) for (j=0;j<1275;j++); }

10. Write an 8051 C program to monitor bit P1.5. If it is high, send 55H to P2; otherwise, send AAH to P2. #include <reg51.h> sbit mybit=P1^5; void main(void) { mybit=1; while (1) {if (mybit==1) P2=0x55; else P2=0xAA; } }

11. Write an 8051 C program to read the P1.0 and P1.1 bits and issue an ASCII character to P0 according to the following table. P1.1 P1.0 0 0 send 0 to P0 0 1 send 3 to P0 1 0 send 7 to P0 1 1 send F to P0 Solution:

12. #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned char z; while(1) {z=P1; z=z&0x3; switch(z) { case(0): {P0=0x00;break;} case(1): {P0=0x03;break;} case(2): {P0=0x07;break;} case(3): {P0=0x0f;break;} }}}

13. Write a program to send ASCII characters ABCDEF on P1 #include <reg51.h> void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) { code unsigned char mynum[]= "ABCDEF"; unsigned char z; while (1) { { for(z=0;z<=6;z++) { P1=mynum[z]; MSDelay(1000); }}} void MSDelay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i, j; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(j=0;j<1275;j++); }

14. Write a program to toggle P1, P2, P3 continuously sfr P0 = 0x80; sfr P1 = 0x90; sfr P2 = 0xA0; void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) { P0=0x55; P1=0x55; P2=0x55; while(1) { P0=~P0; P1=~P1; P2=~P2; MSDelay(1000); }} void MSDelay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i, j; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(j=0;j<1275;j++); }

15. Write an 8051 C program to convert ASCII digits of ‘4’ and ‘7’ to packed BCD and display them on P1. #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned char bcdbyte; unsigned char w='4'; unsigned char z='7'; w=w&0x0F; w=w<<4; z=z&0x0F; bcdbyte=w|z; P1=bcdbyte; }

Arithmetic and logic operations in c

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