ARDUINO BASED GAS LEAKAGE REPORT FULL

B.Tech Electronics& Communication, University of Kerala
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Leakage of LPG can be dangerous as it raises the risk of building
fire, suffocation or an explosion. For every 20 l volume of air, 2% to 10% of LPG in air is
enough to cause an explosion. The china oil refinery fire incident in japan on 11th march, 2011
which caused six injuries and destroyed all 17 LPG tanks comes to mind. Such a case, a gas
leakage detector becomes vital and helps to protect people from the dangers of gas leakage.
Thus, our project is aimed at designing and building a wireless leakage detecting robot. Robotics
can be described as the current pinnacle of technical development. Robotics is a confluence
science using the continuing advancements of mechanical engineering, material science, sensor
fabrication, manufacturing techniques, and advanced algorithms. The study and practice of
robotics will expose a dabbler or professional to hundreds of different avenues of study. For
some, the romanticism of robotics brings forth an almost magical curiosity of the world leading
to creation of amazing machines. A journey of a lifetime waits in robotics.
Robotics can be defined as the science or study of the
technology primarily associated with the design, fabrication, theory, and application of robots.
While other fields contribute the mathematics, the techniques, and the components, robotics
creates the magical end product. The practical applications of robots drive development of
robotics and drive advancements in other sciences in turn. Crafters and researchers in robotics
study more than just robotics. The promise of robotics is easy to describe but hard for the mind
to grasp. Robots hold the promise of moving and transforming materials with the same and ease
as a computer program transforms data. Today, robots mine minerals, assemble semi-processed
materials into automobile components, and assemble those components into automobiles. The
gas leakage detection robot will detect the gas leakage and give indication by an alarm signal.
The heart of the robot is arduino Uno board. Arduino is an open source electronic prototyping
platform. The robot can drive remotely using an ask RF remote control. The ASK RF remote
control provides the advantage of a good controlling range. LPG gas leakage circuit is provided
at the output section to detect gas leakage.
1

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.1 Components
1. Robot control switches 4.Transmitter
2. Encoder 5.Receiver
3. Decoder 6.Arduino
2

CHAPTER 3
ENCODER AND DECODER IC
3.1 ENCODER (HT12E IC)
Fig.2 HT12E IC
3

HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 2
12
series of
encoders. They are paired with 2
12
series of decoders for use in remote control system
applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of
encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format. Simply put, HT12E
converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for
transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data
bits. HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received
on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an
RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt
of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns
to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops.
PIN DISCRIPTION
4

3.2 DECODER (HT12D IC)
Fig.3 HT12D IC
HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to
2
12
series of decoders. This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control
system applications, like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided
to interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 2
12
series of
encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data
format. In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the
serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to
5

output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times
continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found. A
valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits,
of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits.
PIN DISCRIPTION
6

CHAPTER 4
RF 433MHz TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER
The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio
Frequency. The corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF
system, the digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of
modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
7

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of
many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable
for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can
travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission
is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency
unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources. This RF module comprises of
an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (TX/Rx) pair operates at a
frequency of 434 MHz an RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through
RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps -
10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as
that of the transmitter. The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder.
4.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF RF TRANSMITTER
Fig.4 RF Transmitter
8

4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF RF RECEIVER
Fig.5 RF Receiver
9

CHAPTER 5
ARDUINO
Arduino is an open source computer hardware and
software company, project, and user community manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU,
General Public License (GPL) permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as
do-it-yourself kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors
and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analogy input/output (I/O) pins
that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards
feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are
typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++.
In addition to using traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project. This is the Arduino
Uno R3. In addition to all the features of the previous board, the Uno now uses an ATmega16U2
instead of the 8U2 found on the Uno (or the FTDI found on previous generations). This allows
for faster transfer rates and more memory. No drivers needed for Linux or Mac (inf file for
Windows is needed and included in the Arduino IDE), and the ability to have the Uno show up
as a keyboard, mouse, joystick
10

Fig.6 Arduino UNO R3
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating voltage 5 v
Input Voltage 7-12 v
Digital I/O Pins 14 pins
Analog Input Pins 6 pins
DC Current per I/O Pins 40 ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 ma
Flash Memory 32 KB
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In
addition, there are two new pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is
reserved for
11

future purposes. The Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which
use these additional pins. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328. Arduino is an open-source, prototyping platform and its simplicity makes it ideal
for hobbyists to use as well as professionals. The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 Analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Arduino Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does
not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 microcontroller
chip programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming
release of Arduino 1.0. The Arduino Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of
Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform
Features of the Arduino UNO:
 Microcontroller: ATmega328

 Operating Voltage: 5V

 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 Analog Input Pins: 6

 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader







12

CHAPTER 6
GAS SENSOR (MQ 2)
Fig 7 Gas sensor
The Grove - Gas Sensor (MQ2) module is useful for gas leakage
detection (home and industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or
Propane. Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurement can be taken as soon as
possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by potentiometer. Sensitive material of
MQ-2 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target
combustible gas exist, the sensor’s conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising.
Please use simple electro circuit, Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of
gas concentration. MQ-2 gas sensor has high senility to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also could
be used to Methane and other combustible steam, it is with low cost and suitable for different
application.
13

Features
 Wide detecting scope
 Stable and long lifetime
 Fast response and High sensitivity
14

CHAPTER 7
DC MOTORS
Fig.12 DC Motors
Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which
already had its Insight details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly
attached to the motor. The speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute
and is termed as RPM .The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed.
Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable
figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known
as gear reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear
head and hence the working of geared D
15

CHAPTER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITING SECTION
Fig.8 Circuit diagram
Here we use an encoder (HT12E) for encoding the signal. The
encoder encodes the signal coming from the switches and is given to the ASK (Amplitude Shift
Keying) transmitter, which consist of antenna for transmitting the signal .The switches are
provided for controlling the robots.HT12E encoder have 7 address pins (1-8), 4 address/data
paste pin is provided for enable transmission.osc1 and osc2 are provided for controlling serial
transmission of data
16

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER SECTION
Fig. 9 Circuit diagram of receiver
The signal from the ASK transmitter through air is received by
the antenna of ASK receiver and is given to the input pin of HT12D decoder, which decodes the
signal coming from the receiver.HT12D encoder is an 18 pin ic in which 8 address/data pins and
4 data pins. Here a led is provided for verifying the transmission.osc1 and osc2 are pins provided
for controlling the data transmission
17

DRIVER CIRCUIT
Fig.10 Driver circuit
This circuit represents L293d which is motor driver circuit used to
rotate 2 different Motors. IN this figure pin no. 1, 9 and 16 are connected to 5 volt power
supply. Pin no8 is connected to 9 volt. Pin no 4,5,12 and 13 is short circuit and is connected to
undone pin of motor is connected to pin no. 3and other pin is connected to pin no. 6 ofL293D,
same in another section of L293D.and motor is drive through output from Arduino to pin no.
2,7,10 and 15.L293D IC
18

9.1 DRIVER IC (L293D)
Fig. 11 Driver IC
19

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit
(IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and
provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D
contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors
can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of
two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2
& 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will
rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9
(corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable
input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work
in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and
their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.
20

CHAPTER 11
APPLICATIONS
• Can be used for identifying potentially hazardous gas leaks at pipe lines,
underground mines etc
• In military applications.
• For homely use to detect lpg gas leakages
• Useful in gasoline pump for detecting leakage of CNG
21

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUTION
This device can be used to detect gas leakage of all areas
including under grounds.Also helps to reduce the time for maintenance.A gas
leakage detector becomes vital and helps to protect people from the dangers of
gas leakage.Helps to reduce maintenance cost.Its very simple in working and is
ver easy to control using remote control
22

CHAPTER 13
REFERENCE
1. Chu, "Physical Limitations on arduino", Journal of Applied electronics , Vol. 19, pp.
11631175, December 1948.
2. Cohen, (unsigned) “Arduino working and determination – profile of “Chip” Cohen,
N1IR”, World Radio (Online Magazine), November 2000.
3. Cohen, (Unsigned) “arduino based functions”, Microcontroller Systems, Inc.,
1999.
4. Cohen, “arduino working in gas detections”, IEEE Electronics Industries Forum
of New England, pp. 43-49, 1997.
5. Faint, "The robotic detection Telegraph Bubble", Success Magazine, June 1907.
6. Hodges and Rahmat-Samii, “An Iterative Current-Based Hybrid Method for Complex
Structures”, IEEE Transactions on arduino and microcontroller, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp.
265-276, February 1997.
23

ARDUINO BASED GAS LEAKAGE REPORT FULL

ARDUINO BASED GAS LEAKAGE REPORT FULL

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ARDUINO BASED GAS LEAKAGE REPORT FULL