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Adbms 46 security and integrity of databases
- 1. Advance Database Management Systems : 46 Security and Integrity of databases Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
- 2. Slide 23- 2 Outline • 1 Database Security and Authorization – 1.1 Introduction to Database Security Issues – 1.2 Types of Security – 1.3 Database Security and DBA – 1.4 Access Protection, User Accounts, and Database Audits
- 3. Slide 23- 3 1 Introduction to Database Security Issues • Types of Security – Legal and ethical issues – Policy issues – System-related issues – The need to identify multiple security levels
- 4. Slide 23- 4 Introduction to Database Security Issues (2) • Threats to databases – Loss of integrity – Loss of availability – Loss of confidentiality • To protect databases against these types of threats four kinds of countermeasures can be implemented: – Access control – Inference control – Flow control – Encryption
- 5. Slide 23- 5 Introduction to Database Security Issues (3) • A DBMS typically includes a database security and authorization subsystem that is responsible for ensuring the security portions of a database against unauthorized access. • Two types of database security mechanisms: – Discretionary security mechanisms – Mandatory security mechanisms
- 6. Slide 23- 6 Introduction to Database Security Issues (4) • The security mechanism of a DBMS must include provisions for restricting access to the database as a whole – This function is called access control and is handled by creating user accounts and passwords to control login process by the DBMS.
- 7. Slide 23- 7 Introduction to Database Security Issues (5) • The security problem associated with databases is that of controlling the access to a statistical database, which is used to provide statistical information or summaries of values based on various criteria. – The countermeasures to statistical database security problem is called inference control measures.
- 8. Slide 23- 8 Introduction to Database Security Issues (6) • Another security is that of flow control, which prevents information from flowing in such a way that it reaches unauthorized users. • Channels that are pathways for information to flow implicitly in ways that violate the security policy of an organization are called covert channels.
- 9. Slide 23- 9 Introduction to Database Security Issues (7) • A final security issue is data encryption, which is used to protect sensitive data (such as credit card numbers) that is being transmitted via some type communication network. • The data is encoded using some encoding algorithm. – An unauthorized user who access encoded data will have difficulty deciphering it, but authorized users are given decoding or decrypting algorithms (or keys) to decipher data.
- 10. Slide 23- 10 1.2 Database Security and the DBA • The database administrator (DBA) is the central authority for managing a database system. – The DBA’s responsibilities include • granting privileges to users who need to use the system • classifying users and data in accordance with the policy of the organization • The DBA is responsible for the overall security of the database system.
- 11. Slide 23- 11 1.2 Database Security and the DBA (2) • The DBA has a DBA account in the DBMS – Sometimes these are called a system or superuser account – These accounts provide powerful capabilities such as: • 1. Account creation • 2. Privilege granting • 3. Privilege revocation • 4. Security level assignment – Action 1 is access control, whereas 2 and 3 are discretionarym and 4 is used to control mandatory authorization
- 12. Slide 23- 12 1.3 Access Protection, User Accounts, and Database Audits • Whenever a person or group of person s need to access a database system, the individual or group must first apply for a user account. – The DBA will then create a new account id and password for the user if he/she deems there is a legitimate need to access the database • The user must log in to the DBMS by entering account id and password whenever database access is needed.
- 13. Slide 23- 13 1.3 Access Protection, User Accounts, and Database Audits(2) • The database system must also keep track of all operations on the database that are applied by a certain user throughout each login session. – To keep a record of all updates applied to the database and of the particular user who applied each update, we can modify system log, which includes an entry for each operation applied to the database that may be required for recovery from a transaction failure or system crash.
- 14. Slide 23- 14 1.3 Access Protection, User Accounts, and Database Audits(3) • If any tampering with the database is suspected, a database audit is performed – A database audit consists of reviewing the log to examine all accesses and operations applied to the database during a certain time period. • A database log that is used mainly for security purposes is sometimes called an audit trail.
- 15. Assignment • Discuss in detail the security and integritof Databases