DES was developed as a standard for communications and data protection by an IBM research team in response to a request from the National Bureau of Standards (now called NIST). DES uses the techniques of confusion and diffusion achieved through numerous permutations and the XOR operation. The basic DES process encrypts a 64-bit block using a 56-bit key over 16 complex rounds consisting of permutations and key-dependent calculations. Triple DES was developed as a more secure version of DES.
This presentation introduces the Basics of Cryptography and Network Security concepts. Heavily derived from content from William Stalling's book with the same title.
DES is a widely-used method of data encryption that uses a private key chosen from 72 quadrillion possible keys to encrypt 64-bit blocks of data using 16 rounds of operations. While DES is considered strong encryption, some use triple DES for additional security. In 1997, a cooperative effort of 14,000 computers broke a DES encrypted message by trying 18 quadrillion keys out of the 72 quadrillion possibilities. DES originated at IBM in 1977 and was adopted by the U.S. government but export was restricted due to security concerns, though free software is now widely available. NIST will not recertify DES and is accepting submissions for its AES replacement standard.
This document provides an overview of cryptography and network security. It discusses what cryptography is, the basic terminology used in cryptography like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, algorithms and keys. It explains the two main types of cryptographic functions: symmetric key cryptography which uses a single shared key between sender and receiver, and asymmetric key cryptography which uses public and private key pairs. It also outlines two network security models - the model for network security and the network access security model.
The RSA encryption algorithm is one of the most widely used public key encryption algorithms invented in 1977. It uses two large prime numbers to generate a public key and a private key. The public key is used to encrypt messages while the private key is used to decrypt them. RSA works by: 1) Generating two large prime numbers and computing n as their product, 2) Finding a number e that is coprime to another number m, 3) Finding d such that d*e is congruent to 1 modulo m, 4) Publishing e and n as the public key and keeping d and n as the private key.
This document discusses different types of symmetric key cryptography. It describes stream ciphers and block ciphers as the two main classifications. Stream ciphers combine plaintext with a pseudorandom cipher stream using XOR, while block ciphers encrypt fixed-length blocks. Example stream ciphers include RC4 and A5/1, while example block ciphers are DES, 3DES, and AES. The document provides details on the algorithms, components, and workings of these various symmetric key cryptography methods.
This document provides an overview of cryptography including:
1. Cryptography is the process of encoding messages to protect information and ensure confidentiality, integrity, authentication and other security goals.
2. There are symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms that use the same or different keys for encryption and decryption. Examples include AES, RSA, and DES.
3. Other techniques discussed include digital signatures, visual cryptography, and ways to implement cryptography like error diffusion and halftone visual cryptography.
Symmetric encryption uses a shared secret key between the sender and receiver to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is faster than asymmetric encryption but requires secure key exchange. Asymmetric encryption uses separate public and private keys, where the public key is used to encrypt and the private key decrypts, allowing secure communication without pre-shared keys. Common symmetric algorithms are AES and DES, while asymmetric algorithms include RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and ECDSA.
The document is a technical presentation on computer security and cryptography by Alex.C.P. It discusses topics such as viruses, firewalls, hackers, the definition of computer security, confidentiality, integrity and availability. It then covers the basics of cryptography including symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. Application areas like ensuring identity through digital signatures and the role of trust are explained. Finally, techniques to provide confidentiality, integrity and defend against viruses through cryptography are summarized.
Cryptography and network security Nit701Amit Pathak
Cryptography and network security descries the security parameter with the help of public and private key. Digital signature is one of the most important area which we apply in our daily life for transferring the data.
A very clear presentation on Crytographic Alogotithms DES and RSA with basic concepts of cryptography. This presented by students of Techno India, Salt Lake.
its all about cryptography introduction ......
not at advanced level but you can know basics of what actually cryptography is ...eliminating history and going to the point
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It defines cryptography as the science of secret writing and discusses its use in applications like ATM cards and passwords. It describes the basic components of cryptography including plaintext, ciphertext, ciphers, keys, and algorithms. It differentiates between symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. It provides examples of traditional and modern ciphers, including DES, AES, and RSA algorithms. In conclusion, it states that cryptography techniques help maintain data security, privacy, and integrity.
The presentation covers the following:
Basic Terms
Cryptography
The General Goals of Cryptography
Common Types of Attacks
Substitution Ciphers
Transposition Cipher
Steganography- “Concealed Writing”
Symmetric Secret Key Encryption
Types of Symmetric Algorithms
Common Symmetric Algorithms
Asymmetric Secret Key Encryption
Common Asymmetric Algorithms
Public Key Cryptography
Hashing Techniques
Hashing Algorithms
Digital Signatures
Transport Layer Security
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
Public-key cryptography uses two keys, a public key that can encrypt messages and a private key that decrypts them, allowing secure communication without secretly exchanging keys. It was a major advance in cryptography and enables applications like encryption for security and digital signatures for authentication. The RSA algorithm is an example of public-key cryptography that revolutionized encryption by using this two-key system.
Information and network security 31 public key cryptographyVaibhav Khanna
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is a cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys, and private keys. The generation of such key pairs depends on cryptographic algorithms which are based on mathematical problems termed one-way function
The document discusses various cryptographic concepts and algorithms. It begins with basic terms in cryptography like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It then explains symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. Specific algorithms discussed include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, RIPEMD-160, and crypt. Code examples are provided to demonstrate generating hashes using these algorithms.
The document discusses various methods of securing data including encryption techniques like symmetric encryption, public key encryption, hashing, and digital signatures as well as network security concepts like firewalls, intrusion detection, and viruses. It provides details on algorithms like DES, RSA, and protocols like SSL/TLS while summarizing common data security threats and approaches to mitigate risks.
This presentation discusses various aspects of data encryption. It defines data encryption as mathematical calculations and algorithms that transform plain text into ciphertext. It then covers the main types of encryption, distinguishing between symmetric encryption which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric encryption which uses different public and private keys. The presentation also explains some common encryption methods like the Data Encryption Standard and public key cryptosystems.
The document discusses various topics in cryptography and network security. It introduces symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques, including classical ciphers, block ciphers like AES, and key distribution challenges. It also covers hash functions, digital signatures, authentication protocols and firewalls for network security. The goal is to classify attacks and understand modern cryptographic algorithms and security mechanisms.
This document discusses cryptography and its role in information security. It describes different types of security attacks like interception, modification, and fabrication. It also summarizes common security services like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and different encryption techniques like symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, Caesar cipher and RSA algorithm. The document concludes with explanations of firewalls and their technical working as a security measure to monitor and control access between networks.
This document provides an overview of cryptography concepts including encryption, decryption, symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. It discusses X.509 certificates, self-signed certificates, and why certificates need to be signed by a Certificate Authority. It also covers RSA and AES cryptosystems, OpenSSL functions for X509, EVP and RSA, and hybrid cryptosystems.
This document discusses data encryption and digital signatures. It defines encryption as disguising information so that only those with the key can access it. There are two main types of encryption - symmetric which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric which uses different keys. Encryption methods include transposition, which rearranges bits or characters, and substitution, which replaces bits or characters. Popular algorithms discussed are DES, RSA, and digital signatures. Digital signatures authenticate the sender, ensure the message isn't altered, and can be used to sign documents and verify certificates from certificate authorities.
This document provides an overview of network security concepts including cryptography, digital signatures, security at various layers, and firewalls. It discusses cryptography principles like plaintext, ciphertext, and keys. Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography algorithms are explained along with digital signatures and hashing. Network layer security standards like IPsec and its authentication header and encapsulating security payload are described. Transport layer security including TLS handshake, alert, and cipher protocols is also summarized. The roles and types of firewalls in providing access control between networks are defined.
This document provides an overview of cryptography concepts including:
- Cryptography is the study of encrypted information and involves encryption to convert plaintext to ciphertext and decryption to convert ciphertext back to plaintext.
- Ciphers use algorithms and keys to encrypt and decrypt messages, with symmetric encryption using the same key and asymmetric encryption using different keys.
- Common encryption methods include substitution ciphers that swap letters and transposition ciphers that rearrange letters.
- Cryptanalysis involves decrypting messages without the key by analyzing patterns and weaknesses in encryption algorithms.
The RSA algorithm document describes the steps to generate a public/private key pair for encryption and decryption. It involves selecting two large prime numbers p and q, computing n as their product, and using n along with the prime factors to calculate the private key exponent d that corresponds to the public key exponent e, such that ed = 1 mod φ(n). The example demonstrates computing the values for a specific case where p=3 and q=11.
The Diffie-Hellman key exchange document describes a protocol where Alice and Bob can establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel. It involves Alice generating a public value gx mod p and Bob generating a public value gy mod p, then each uses the other
The document summarizes the RSA encryption algorithm. It begins by explaining that RSA was developed in 1977 by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman. It then provides an example to demonstrate how RSA works step-by-step, generating keys, encrypting a message and decrypting the ciphertext. Finally, it discusses some challenges with breaking RSA encryption, including brute force attacks and mathematical attacks based on factoring the encryption keys, as well as timing attacks that aim to deduce keys based on variations in processing time.
This document provides an overview of cryptography including:
1. Cryptography is the process of encoding messages to protect information and ensure confidentiality, integrity, authentication and other security goals.
2. There are symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms that use the same or different keys for encryption and decryption. Examples include AES, RSA, and DES.
3. Other techniques discussed include digital signatures, visual cryptography, and ways to implement cryptography like error diffusion and halftone visual cryptography.
Symmetric encryption uses a shared secret key between the sender and receiver to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is faster than asymmetric encryption but requires secure key exchange. Asymmetric encryption uses separate public and private keys, where the public key is used to encrypt and the private key decrypts, allowing secure communication without pre-shared keys. Common symmetric algorithms are AES and DES, while asymmetric algorithms include RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and ECDSA.
The document is a technical presentation on computer security and cryptography by Alex.C.P. It discusses topics such as viruses, firewalls, hackers, the definition of computer security, confidentiality, integrity and availability. It then covers the basics of cryptography including symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. Application areas like ensuring identity through digital signatures and the role of trust are explained. Finally, techniques to provide confidentiality, integrity and defend against viruses through cryptography are summarized.
Cryptography and network security Nit701Amit Pathak
Cryptography and network security descries the security parameter with the help of public and private key. Digital signature is one of the most important area which we apply in our daily life for transferring the data.
A very clear presentation on Crytographic Alogotithms DES and RSA with basic concepts of cryptography. This presented by students of Techno India, Salt Lake.
its all about cryptography introduction ......
not at advanced level but you can know basics of what actually cryptography is ...eliminating history and going to the point
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It defines cryptography as the science of secret writing and discusses its use in applications like ATM cards and passwords. It describes the basic components of cryptography including plaintext, ciphertext, ciphers, keys, and algorithms. It differentiates between symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. It provides examples of traditional and modern ciphers, including DES, AES, and RSA algorithms. In conclusion, it states that cryptography techniques help maintain data security, privacy, and integrity.
The presentation covers the following:
Basic Terms
Cryptography
The General Goals of Cryptography
Common Types of Attacks
Substitution Ciphers
Transposition Cipher
Steganography- “Concealed Writing”
Symmetric Secret Key Encryption
Types of Symmetric Algorithms
Common Symmetric Algorithms
Asymmetric Secret Key Encryption
Common Asymmetric Algorithms
Public Key Cryptography
Hashing Techniques
Hashing Algorithms
Digital Signatures
Transport Layer Security
Public key infrastructure (PKI)
Public-key cryptography uses two keys, a public key that can encrypt messages and a private key that decrypts them, allowing secure communication without secretly exchanging keys. It was a major advance in cryptography and enables applications like encryption for security and digital signatures for authentication. The RSA algorithm is an example of public-key cryptography that revolutionized encryption by using this two-key system.
Information and network security 31 public key cryptographyVaibhav Khanna
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is a cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys, and private keys. The generation of such key pairs depends on cryptographic algorithms which are based on mathematical problems termed one-way function
The document discusses various cryptographic concepts and algorithms. It begins with basic terms in cryptography like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It then explains symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. Specific algorithms discussed include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, RIPEMD-160, and crypt. Code examples are provided to demonstrate generating hashes using these algorithms.
The document discusses various methods of securing data including encryption techniques like symmetric encryption, public key encryption, hashing, and digital signatures as well as network security concepts like firewalls, intrusion detection, and viruses. It provides details on algorithms like DES, RSA, and protocols like SSL/TLS while summarizing common data security threats and approaches to mitigate risks.
This presentation discusses various aspects of data encryption. It defines data encryption as mathematical calculations and algorithms that transform plain text into ciphertext. It then covers the main types of encryption, distinguishing between symmetric encryption which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric encryption which uses different public and private keys. The presentation also explains some common encryption methods like the Data Encryption Standard and public key cryptosystems.
The document discusses various topics in cryptography and network security. It introduces symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques, including classical ciphers, block ciphers like AES, and key distribution challenges. It also covers hash functions, digital signatures, authentication protocols and firewalls for network security. The goal is to classify attacks and understand modern cryptographic algorithms and security mechanisms.
This document discusses cryptography and its role in information security. It describes different types of security attacks like interception, modification, and fabrication. It also summarizes common security services like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and different encryption techniques like symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, Caesar cipher and RSA algorithm. The document concludes with explanations of firewalls and their technical working as a security measure to monitor and control access between networks.
This document provides an overview of cryptography concepts including encryption, decryption, symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. It discusses X.509 certificates, self-signed certificates, and why certificates need to be signed by a Certificate Authority. It also covers RSA and AES cryptosystems, OpenSSL functions for X509, EVP and RSA, and hybrid cryptosystems.
This document discusses data encryption and digital signatures. It defines encryption as disguising information so that only those with the key can access it. There are two main types of encryption - symmetric which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric which uses different keys. Encryption methods include transposition, which rearranges bits or characters, and substitution, which replaces bits or characters. Popular algorithms discussed are DES, RSA, and digital signatures. Digital signatures authenticate the sender, ensure the message isn't altered, and can be used to sign documents and verify certificates from certificate authorities.
This document provides an overview of network security concepts including cryptography, digital signatures, security at various layers, and firewalls. It discusses cryptography principles like plaintext, ciphertext, and keys. Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography algorithms are explained along with digital signatures and hashing. Network layer security standards like IPsec and its authentication header and encapsulating security payload are described. Transport layer security including TLS handshake, alert, and cipher protocols is also summarized. The roles and types of firewalls in providing access control between networks are defined.
This document provides an overview of cryptography concepts including:
- Cryptography is the study of encrypted information and involves encryption to convert plaintext to ciphertext and decryption to convert ciphertext back to plaintext.
- Ciphers use algorithms and keys to encrypt and decrypt messages, with symmetric encryption using the same key and asymmetric encryption using different keys.
- Common encryption methods include substitution ciphers that swap letters and transposition ciphers that rearrange letters.
- Cryptanalysis involves decrypting messages without the key by analyzing patterns and weaknesses in encryption algorithms.
The RSA algorithm document describes the steps to generate a public/private key pair for encryption and decryption. It involves selecting two large prime numbers p and q, computing n as their product, and using n along with the prime factors to calculate the private key exponent d that corresponds to the public key exponent e, such that ed = 1 mod φ(n). The example demonstrates computing the values for a specific case where p=3 and q=11.
The Diffie-Hellman key exchange document describes a protocol where Alice and Bob can establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel. It involves Alice generating a public value gx mod p and Bob generating a public value gy mod p, then each uses the other
The document summarizes the RSA encryption algorithm. It begins by explaining that RSA was developed in 1977 by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman. It then provides an example to demonstrate how RSA works step-by-step, generating keys, encrypting a message and decrypting the ciphertext. Finally, it discusses some challenges with breaking RSA encryption, including brute force attacks and mathematical attacks based on factoring the encryption keys, as well as timing attacks that aim to deduce keys based on variations in processing time.
While computer systems today have some of the best security systems ever, they are more vulnerable than ever before.
This vulnerability stems from the world-wide access to computer systems via the Internet.
Computer and network security comes in many forms, including encryption algorithms, access to facilities, digital signatures, and using fingerprints and face scans as passwords.
A brief discussion of network security and an introduction to cryptography. We end the presentation with a discussion of the RSA algorithm, and show how it works with a basic example.
Why should students choose to study computational and applied mathematics? This presentation was meant to be persuasive to students and non-students alike in regards to the importance of and the excitement found in modern applied and computational mathematics.
Maybe you have heard of encryption, but what does it actually do? How does it make data secure? What does it have to do with pure math and prime numbers and whatnot? The answers are inside.
The document provides an overview of stream ciphers. It defines stream ciphers as operating with a time-varying transformation on individual plaintext digits, unlike block ciphers which operate on large blocks of plaintext. Stream ciphers are classified as either synchronous or self-synchronizing (asynchronous). Synchronous stream ciphers define the next state independently of the plaintext/ciphertext, while asynchronous ciphers use previous ciphertext as input to define the next state, allowing them to resynchronize if the keystream falls out of sync. The document discusses various techniques for building stream ciphers, including congruential generators, shift register-based designs, and alternative designs like RC4.
This document provides an introduction to network security by explaining some foundational networking concepts. It defines what a network is, describes the ISO/OSI reference model for layered network communications, and gives overviews of popular early networks like UUCP and the Internet. It then focuses on TCP/IP, the core protocols that power the Internet. The document also discusses types of network threats like denial-of-service attacks and unauthorized access, as well as defenses like firewalls that create barriers between internal and external networks. It emphasizes that defining security policies is key to building a secure network.
The document discusses the importance of network security and outlines common security threats such as viruses, hackers, and data theft. It then describes methods for securing a network, including user authentication, firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption. Servers are central to networks for storing data, and securing the server room is crucial, requiring physical access controls, monitoring, locking server racks, and preventing environmental risks like fire or flooding.
This document summarizes the contents of Chapter 1 from the book "Computer Graphics Using OpenGL" by F. Hill. The chapter introduces computer graphics, describing where it is used in fields like art, entertainment and publishing. It outlines some basic elements of pictures created in CG like polylines, text, filled regions and raster images. It also discusses graphics display and input devices, covering line drawing, raster displays, color depth, video monitors, flat panel displays and hard-copy printers.
Network security involves preventing unauthorized access to computers and networks. Firewalls are an important tool that can control traffic flows between networks and enforce access policies. A firewall examines each network packet and blocks or allows passage based on a set of security rules. There are different types of firewalls like packet filtering and proxy servers, and firewalls perform functions like packet filtering, network address translation, and application-level filtering to protect internal network resources.
Security involves ensuring data integrity, availability, and confidentiality against threats. It can be computer or network security. Data integrity means data cannot be modified without authorization. Availability means information systems and data are accessible when needed. An information security management system (ISMS) follows the PDCA cycle of plan, do, check, act to manage security risks and ensure business continuity. ISO/IEC 27000 standards provide guidance for implementing an ISMS.
TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a protocol that provides secure communication over the Internet by addressing issues of privacy, integrity, and authentication. It uses encryption to ensure privacy, message authentication codes to ensure integrity, and X.509 certificates to perform authentication between clients and servers. TLS is commonly used with HTTPS to secure web browsing and can also be used by other applications like email, voice over IP, and file transfer.
Introduction, History
Application in different fields like CAD, schematic capture, medicine, art etc.
Hardware concepts
2-D and 3-D algorithms
Line drawing, viewing transformations, other transforms (scaling, rotation, translation)
Curve Modeling
Mathematics of generation of parametric cureve like Bazier, Spline, Hermite
3D Object Modeling
Visible Surface Detection and Surface Rendering
Introduction to Animation
Text Book
Computer Graphics C Version – Hearn & Baker
The document discusses network security policies and regulations. It begins with introducing the presenters and defines the challenges in defining security policies, measuring against policies, reporting and correcting violations, and summarizing compliance. It then covers the foundation, functions, and management of information security. The document outlines the purpose and elements of policies, and a 10-step approach to developing policies which includes risk assessment, creating a review board, developing a security plan, implementing policies and standards, training, compliance monitoring, evaluation, and modification. Minimum HIPAA security requirements and Creighton-specific policies are also summarized.
Network security involves securing a computer network from unauthorized access. A network administrator implements security policies, software, and hardware to protect the network and resources while allowing authorized employee access. Common network security threats include viruses, worms, spyware, identity theft, and denial of service attacks. An effective network security system consists of components like antivirus software, firewalls, intrusion prevention, and VPNs working together to minimize risks.
Digital Signature Recognition using RSA AlgorithmVinayak Raja
The document provides an overview of the RSA public key encryption algorithm. It discusses how RSA uses a public key and private key pair, with the public key used to encrypt messages and the private key used to decrypt them. The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers. The document outlines the RSA algorithm steps of key generation, encryption, and decryption. It also discusses RSA applications, standardization, speed, weaknesses, and history.
This document provides a high-level overview of how Kerberos authentication works. It explains that Kerberos uses a trusted third party called the Key Distribution Center (KDC) to mediate authentication between users and services. The KDC distributes session keys to allow communication and verifies users' identities through cryptographic operations. It also describes how Kerberos implements single sign-on through the use of ticket-granting tickets obtained from the KDC. Some advantages of Kerberos include strong authentication without sending passwords over the network and more convenient single sign-on for users.
RSA is one of the most popular Public Key Cryptography based algorithm mainly used for digital
signatures, encryption/decryption etc. It is based on the mathematical scheme of factorization of very large
integers which is a compute-intensive process and takes very long time as well as power to perform.
Several scientists are working throughout the world to increase the speedup and to decrease the power
consumption of RSA algorithm while keeping the security of the algorithm intact. One popular technique
which can be used to enhance the performance of RSA is parallel programming. In this paper we are
presenting the survey of various parallel implementations of RSA algorithm involving variety of hardware
and software implementations.
A Survey on Generation and Evolution of Various Cryptographic TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes previous research that has surveyed and compared various symmetric key cryptographic techniques. Several studies analyzed the performance of algorithms like DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, RC4 in terms of encryption/decryption time, memory usage, power consumption, throughput, and security against attacks. Most found that Blowfish had among the best performance overall, being fast and requiring few resources while maintaining strong security. AES generally required more processing power and time than alternatives like DES or RC4. The performance of algorithms could also vary based on file/data type, size, and the computing platform or operating system used.
Enhanced RSA Cryptosystem based on Multiplicity of Public and Private Keys IJECEIAES
Security is one of the most important concern to the information and data sharing for companies, banks, organizations and government facilities. RSA is a public cryptographic algorithm that is designed specifically for authentication and data encryption. One of the most powerful reasons makes RSA more secure is that the avoidance of key exchange in the encryption and decryption processes. Standard RSA algorithm depends on the key length only to protect systems. However, RSA key is broken from time to another due to the development of computers hardware such as high speed processors and advanced technology. RSA developers have increased a key length or size of a key periodically to maintain a high security and privacy to systems that are protected by the RSA. In this paper, a method has been designed and implemented to strengthen the RSA algorithm by using multiple public and private keys. Therefore, in this method the security of RSA not only depends on the key size, but also relies on the multiplicity of public and private keys.
The document discusses using the RSA algorithm to provide data security in cloud computing. It begins with an objective to ensure security and optimize encryption/decryption time using RSA. It then provides background on cloud computing and the need for security. It describes the RSA algorithm, including key generation, encryption, and decryption. It also discusses a proposed method to improve data security and decrease execution time by increasing key length.
Analysis of Security and Compliance using Oracle SPARC T-Series Servers: Emph...Ramesh Nagappan
This document discusses security and compliance using Oracle SPARC T-Series servers. It provides an overview of the security technologies including on-chip cryptographic accelerators. It explores how the accelerators enable encryption and the role of the Solaris crypto framework. Examples of applying encryption to Oracle database and middleware are discussed. The performance benefits of using the accelerators are shown. Finally, how the servers can help achieve compliance goals like HIPAA and PCI-DSS is described.
This document discusses network security and provides information on several related topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
It begins with an overview of a general model for network security that involves designing secure algorithms, generating and distributing secret information, and specifying communication protocols. It then explains the principles of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, noting examples like AES and RSA. The document concludes with a brief discussion of digital signatures and their importance in message authentication and ensuring data integrity.
This document describes a proposed technique for information security that uses a hybrid of DES and RSA encryption along with LSB steganography. The message is first encrypted with DES, then the DES keys are encrypted with RSA. The hybrid encrypted result is then embedded into an image file using LSB steganography. This combines the strengths of cryptography and steganography for improved security of transmitted data. The encryption time is faster than previous techniques and brute force attacks on this technique would be very difficult.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modern-day computer security relies heavily on cryptography as a means to protect the data that we have
become increasingly reliant on. The main research in computer security domain is how to enhance the
speed of RSA algorithm. The computing capability of Graphic Processing Unit as a co-processor of the
CPU can leverage massive-parallelism. This paper presents a novel algorithm for calculating modulo
value that can process large power of numbers which otherwise are not supported by built-in data types.
First the traditional algorithm is studied. Secondly, the parallelized RSA algorithm is designed using
CUDA framework. Thirdly, the designed algorithm is realized for small prime numbers and large prime
number . As a result the main fundamental problem of RSA algorithm such as speed and use of poor or
small prime numbers that has led to significant security holes, despite the RSA algorithm's mathematical
soundness can be alleviated by this algorithm.
ANALYSIS OF RSA ALGORITHM USING GPU PROGRAMMINGIJNSA Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes speeding up the RSA encryption algorithm using GPU programming. It begins by providing background on RSA and GPU accelerated computing. It then describes in detail the traditional RSA algorithm and various techniques for improving modular exponentiation efficiency. The document outlines a parallelized RSA algorithm designed using CUDA that assigns each character of a message to a separate GPU thread for encryption. Evaluation results showed the parallelized algorithm alleviated issues with RSA related to speed and small prime numbers.
Bluetooth technology is an emerging wireless networking standard, which is based on chip that provides short-range wireless frequency hopping communication. Now, Bluetooth technology is mainly applied to the communication between mobile terminal devices, such as palm computers, mobile phones, laptops and so on. However, the phenomenon of data-leaking frequently arises in using the Bluetooth technology for data transfer. To enhance the security of data transmission in Bluetooth communication, a hybrid encryption algorithm based on DES and RSA is proposed. The currently used encryption algorithm employed by the Bluetooth to protect the confidentiality of data during transport between two or more devices is a 128-bit symmetric stream cipher called E0. The proposed hybrid encryption algorithm, instead of the E0 encryption, DES algorithm is used for data transmission because of its higher efficiency in block encryption, and RSA algorithm is used for the encryption of the key of the DES because of its management advantages in key cipher. Under the dual protection with the DES algorithm and the RSA algorithm, the data transmission in the Bluetooth system will be more secure. This project is extended with triple des in place of des to enhance more security.
Analysis of symmetric key cryptographic algorithmsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares several symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. It begins with an introduction about the importance of data security and encryption. Then it provides an overview of symmetric key cryptography and describes the basic process of using a shared secret key for encryption and decryption. The rest of the document summarizes and compares the most common symmetric algorithms including DES, 3DES, IDEA, AES, RC4, RC5, RC6, and Blowfish. It analyzes the key details of how each algorithm works including block size, number of rounds, and security issues. The conclusion is that symmetric key cryptography is important for data security and continues to be improved through ongoing research.
RSA Algorithem and information about rsaMohsin Ali
RSA was developed in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman. It uses public and private key pairs to encrypt and decrypt messages. The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. It is commonly used for encryption and digital signatures in applications like SSL/TLS and SSH.
Chaotic Rivest-Shamir-Adlerman Algorithm with Data Encryption Standard Schedu...journalBEEI
Cryptography, which involves the use of a cipher, describes a process of encrypting information so that its meaning is hidden and thus, secured from those who do not know how to decrypt the information. Cryptography algorithms come with the various types including the symmetric key algorithms and asymmetric key algorithms. In this paper, the authors applied the most commonly used algorithm, which is the RSA algorithm together with the Chaos system and the basic security device employed in the worldwide organizations which is the Data Encryption Standard (DES) with the objective to make a hybrid data encryption. The advantage of a chaos system which is its unpredictability through the use of multiple keys and the secrecy of the RSA which is based on integer factorization’s difficulty is combined for a more secure and reliable cryptography. The key generation was made more secure by applying the DES schedule to change the keys for encryption. The main strength of the proposed system is the chaotic variable key generator that chages the value of encrypted message whenever a different number of key is used. Using the provided examples the strength of security of the proposed system was tested and demonstrated.
Presently on a daily basis sharing the information over web is becoming a significant issue due to security problems. Thus lots of techniques are needed to protect the shared info in academic degree unsecured channel. The present work target cryptography to secure the data whereas causing inside the network. Encryption has come up as a solution, and plays an awfully necessary role in data security. This security mechanism uses some algorithms to scramble info into unclear text which can be exclusively being decrypted by party those possesses the associated key. This paper is expounded the varied forms of algorithmic rule for encryption & decryption: DES, AES, RSA, and Blowfish. It helps to hunt out the best algorithmic rule.
The document discusses data encryption using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Triple DES (TDES) functionality in Spartan-II FPGAs. It describes how DES and TDES are commonly used encryption algorithms and how a FPGA-based solution from Xilinx and Xentec provides scalability, flexibility and performance for applications requiring data encryption. It also provides technical details on how the DES algorithm works using permutations, substitutions and XOR operations over multiple rounds to encrypt data blocks.
Public key algorithms like RSA and ElGamal allow for secure encryption without a shared private key. RSA uses a public and private key pair generated from large prime numbers such that a message encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted by the corresponding private key. It is widely used due to its security being based on the difficulty of factoring large numbers, though it is less efficient than symmetric algorithms due to involving modular exponentiation. ElGamal also uses a public/private key approach and its security relies on the discrete logarithm problem.
The document discusses the RSA algorithm and its implementation in SSL-VPN architectures. It begins by introducing SSL-VPN and how it uses the RSA algorithm. It then provides a high-level overview of the mathematical concepts behind the RSA algorithm, including generating public and private key pairs using large prime numbers. It also describes how the RSA algorithm is used for encryption and decryption in SSL-VPN systems to securely transmit encrypted data between private networks over the internet.
This paper presents an efficient implementation of the RSA encryption algorithm using the GNU MP Library. It describes generating RSA keys with primes of 1024 bits, encrypting and decrypting files by processing characters in groups, and analyzing encryption and decryption times with varying group sizes. It finds that encryption and decryption times decrease when more characters are processed together. A GUI for the RSA implementation is also described and screenshots are provided.
The document discusses an assembly language program translator called an assembler. It describes:
1) The structure of an assembly language program statement including label, opcode, operand, and comment fields.
2) The two passes of an assembler - Pass 1 defines symbols and assigns addresses, Pass 2 generates machine code.
3) The data structures used by an assembler including the machine opcode table, pseudo opcode table, symbol table, literal table, and base register table.
This document discusses aspect-oriented programming (AOP) and how it addresses concerns that are not easily modularized in object-oriented programming (OOP). It defines key AOP concepts like aspects, pointcuts, and join points. It provides an example of using aspects to add logging functionality across components in a distributed digital library application. It also summarizes AspectJ, a popular aspect-oriented extension for Java, and provides an example aspect for method tracing.
1. The document describes experiments related to SQL DDL, DML commands and SELECT statements.
2. It discusses commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE and provides syntax and examples for each.
3. Queries are provided at the end of each experiment to create tables, insert data, modify structure, retrieve and manipulate data using the studied commands.
The document discusses key concepts of operating systems including processes, state vectors, privileged vs normal instructions, processor modes, system calls, exceptions/interrupts, and input/output. It provides examples of how operating systems manage resources and processes through abstraction, virtualization, and switching between user and kernel modes when handling protected instructions, interrupts, and exceptions.
The document discusses key concepts of operating systems including processes, state vectors, privileged vs normal instructions, processor modes, system calls, exceptions/interrupts, and input/output. It provides examples of how operating systems manage resources and processes through abstraction, virtualization, and switching between user and kernel modes when handling protected instructions, interrupts, and exceptions.
This document outlines a project on client-server communication for a computer networks course. It includes sections on literature review, types of networks, peer-to-peer and client-server modes, the client and server models, data flow diagrams, how client-server communication works, future applications, advantages like centralized access control, and limitations such as single point of failure if the server crashes. The conclusion indicates the project on client-server communication was successfully completed.
The document summarizes the growth of the Indian economy in recent years. It notes that India has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, with the GDP growing at over 9% annually. Several key sectors like industry, services, and agriculture have all witnessed high growth. Exports are also surging and India has become an attractive destination for foreign investment and M&A activities. With its large population and growing middle class, India is well-positioned for strong continued economic expansion.
Malware trends and developments have evolved from standalone systems sharing disk/diskette to modern internet attacks. Early malware included computer viruses and worms spread via shared disks. Later, client-server networks enabled remote access Trojans, while internet proliferation allowed widespread email viruses, worms, phishing, and spam. Today's threats include sophisticated rootkits, spyware, and coordinated distributed denial of service attacks launched from compromised systems. Organizations must quickly patch vulnerabilities to prevent exploits, but hackers usually release code within days, exploiting gaps between patch release and deployment.
The document provides an overview of malware types and techniques. It discusses viruses, worms, trojans, rootkits, and other malware. It describes how malware infects systems, propagates, and hides. Historic malware examples like Morris worm, Code Red, and SQL Slammer are summarized. Methods for malware detection like signatures, heuristics, sandboxing, and network monitoring are also covered at a high level.
GPS uses signals from at least 3 satellites to triangulate a user's position on Earth. Each of the 24+ GPS satellites transmits data including its orbit and location. A GPS receiver uses this data along with tiny timing differences in satellite signals to calculate the distance to each satellite, allowing it to determine the user's precise position, altitude, speed, and other data. The turning off of Selective Availability in 2000 improved civilian GPS accuracy to under 10 meters, benefiting activities like geocaching where people hide and seek containers using GPS coordinates.
This document discusses the RSA network security approach. It begins with an introduction to RSA, describing how it uses large prime numbers and exponentiation to encrypt and decrypt messages. It also discusses how RSA can be used for both encryption and digital signatures to provide authentication. The document then covers symmetric and public key cryptography concepts before focusing more on the specifics of the RSA algorithm and its use for secure network communications.
Brain-machine interfaces allow a person's brain to communicate directly with an external device by reading neural signals and translating them into actions. Scientists hope this will allow people with paralysis to control things like motorized wheelchairs or prosthetic limbs using only their thoughts. The BrainGate system is an example of this technology, using a 100 electrode array implanted on the motor cortex to read neural signals and control an external device. Artificial neural networks can model biological neurons and synapses to process and interpret neural signals. Non-invasive methods like EEG have lower resolution than invasive methods like ECoG but avoid surgery. Significant progress has been made in using brain-machine interfaces to restore motor function and develop assistive technologies.
The document summarizes the history and science behind lasers. It discusses how the laser was first conceived in the 1950s and built in 1960. It then explains the basic components of a laser including an energy input source and a gain medium that produces stimulated emission when pumped with energy. Examples of common laser types and materials are provided. Applications of lasers in spectroscopy, surgery, and distance measurements to the moon are also mentioned.
1. SMT.BHAGWATI CHATURVEDI COLLEGE OF ENGG.LokmanyaTilakJankalyanShikshanSansthaPAPERPRESENTATIONA NETWORK SECURITY APPROACH : RSA ALGORITHMGUIDED BY –PROF. MANOJ CHAUDARY SIRPresented By :TUHIN DAS IV SEMC.S.E
14. Cryptology : Branch of mathematics which deals with both cryptography and cryptoanalysis.
15. Cryptography : Branch of cryptology which deals with making communications secure. METHOD OF ENCRYPTION & DESCRYPTIONKEY GENERATORENCRYPTEDMESSAGE
16. R S ARSA is invented by Ron Rivest , AdiShamir and Leonard Adleman in 1977.
17. In RSA algorithm plaintext and ciphertext are integers between 0 and n-1 for some n.
18. There are two types of keys public & private keys which is a pair of keys that have been selected so that if one is used for encryption , the other is used for decryption.
19. Both sender and receiver must know the value of n.
20. The sender knows the value of e and only receiver knows the value of d.Example of RSA algorithm Select two prime nos. , p=17 and q=11.
24. Determine d such that d*e ~ 1 (mod 160) and dOUTPUT:-
25. SECURITY OF RSA The security of the system depends on two critical assumptions:1) Factoring is required to break the system, and Factoring is `inherently computationally intractable', or, alternatively, `factoring is hard‘ and `any approach that can be used to break the system is at least as hard as factoring'.
26. RSA Currently in Use Today RSA is currently used in a wide variety of products, platforms, and industries around the world.
27. It is found in many commercial software products. It is built into current operating systems by Microsoft, Apple and etc.
28. In hardware, RSA can be found in secure telephones, on Ethernet network cards, and on smart cards. In addition, RSA is incorporated into all of the major protocols for secured Internet communication.
29. It is also used internally in many institutions, major corporations, national laboratories, and universities. ADVANTAGES :Provides security from unauthorized user/access.
30. This technique can be used in various fields 0f banking and National Security Service (NSS) .TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES & BENEFITS :ClassicSys is easy to implement in integrated circuits because:it uses only XOR and branching functions.
33. The length of the blocks of key and data are identical and equal to 128 bits (16 bytes). CONCLUSIONIt is most popular and most efficiently used algorithm due to its stability and reliability.
34. RSA is one of the standard algorithms that is used in most of the encryptions and decryption tasks.REFERENCESCryptography And Network Security - By William Stallings.Principles Of Key Management - By W .Fumy And P. Landrock.A Comparative Study Of RSA Encryption And Decryption – By R.E Ting And S.T. Barnum.