4.3.b form 4 parallel circuits
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1) Electrical components in a parallel circuit provide separate conducting paths for current. Current divides between the paths, but voltage remains equal across all components. 2) The total resistance of a parallel circuit is less than the smallest individual resistance and decreases as more paths are added. 3) Current can be different in each branch of a parallel circuit, while the total current equals the sum of the individual branch currents.
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⚗️ Chemistry
Macrolides share:
A macrocyclic lactone ring (12–17 atoms).
A ketone group.
Amino sugars and neutral sugars linked to the ring.
A dimethylamino group (contributes to basicity and salt formation).
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Bartonellosis
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Slide 2: Classification of Anthelmintics
According to Spectrum
Narrow Spectrum: Acts against a single type of helminth.
Broad Spectrum: Effective against multiple types.
According to Action
Vermifuges: Paralyze worms.
Vermicides: Kill worms.
Slide 3: Examples of Anthelmintics
Drug Name Use
Albendazole Broad-spectrum, GI worms
Mebendazole Roundworms, whipworms
Praziquantel Flukes, tapeworms
Pyrantel pamoate Roundworms, hookworms
Niclosamide Tapeworms
Slide 4: Albendazole
Broad-spectrum benzimidazole.
Mechanism: Inhibits tubulin polymerization → impairs glucose uptake in parasites.
Uses: Ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis, hydatid disease.
Slide 5: Mebendazole
Similar to albendazole.
Inhibits microtubule synthesis.
Used in treatment of pinworm, whipworm, hookworm, and roundworm infections.
Slide 6: Praziquantel
Effective against trematodes and cestodes.
Mechanism: Increases permeability of worm cells to calcium → paralysis.
Used in schistosomiasis and tapeworm infections.
Slide 7: Pyrantel Pamoate
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.
Causes paralysis of worms → expelled from body.
Used for pinworm, roundworm, and hookworm infections.
Slide 8: Niclosamide
Kills tapeworms by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
Used for Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections.
Not effective against tissue forms.
Slide 9: Side Effects
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Headache
Dizziness
Rare: Hepatotoxicity, bone marrow suppression (mostly with prolonged use)
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4.3.b form 4 parallel circuits
- 1. Circuits
- 2. - Electrical components connected in different loops of the same circuit are connected in parallel.
- 3. 3 light bulbs connected to a battery in a parallel circuit. The same parallel circuit as a circuit diagram.
- 4. Twice as many cars can travel on a double road, three times as many on a three-lane road and so on. One could say that these two roads are parallel to each other in that there is more than one path for the cars to follow. This analogy can be applied to parallel circuits.
- 5. Parallel circuit – a circuit that provides separate conducting paths for the current.
- 6. More current flows through the smaller resistance. More charges take the easiest path.
- 7. Rules for Parallel Circuits 1. The voltage is equal across all components in the circuit. All components share the same voltage. The voltage drops of each branch equals the voltage rise of the source. The voltage across R1 is equal to the voltage across R2 which is equal to the voltage across R3 which is equal to the voltage across the battery.
- 8. As with series circuits, the sum of the potential differences across the resistor in a loop is equal to the total input voltage. (Kirchoff’s voltage Law)
- 9. 2. The current divides into separate branches such that the current can be different in every branch. The total current is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents. It is still the same amount of current, only split up into more than one pathway.
- 10. In a parallel circuit, the point where the current a separates is called a junction.
- 11. Kirchhoff's Current Law The sum of the currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the junction. In this example you will notice 8 Amps and 1 Amp entering the junction while 7 Amps and 2 Amps leave. This makes a total of 9 Amps entering and 9 Amps leaving.
- 12. A B The current going into The junction equals 7 amps (1A + 2A + 4A). The current leaving the Junction is 7 amps (7A) The current entering the junction is 6 amps ( 5A + 1A). The current leaving the Junction is 6 amps (4A + 2A)
- 13. The diagram above represents current flowing in branches of an electric circuit. What is the current at point B? 13 A
- 14. 3. When resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance of the circuit decreases. The more branches you add to a parallel circuit, the lower the total resistance becomes. 4. The total resistance of a parallel circuit is always less than the value of the smallest resistor.
- 17. Formula for Total Parallel Resistance The inverse of the total resistance of the circuit (also called effective or equivalent resistance) is equal to the sum of the inverses of the individual resistances. For 2 resistors, RT = R1 x R2 R1 + R2 which means…
- 18. Power In Parallel Circuits Total power in a parallel circuit is found by adding up the powers of all the individual resistors, the same as for series circuits.
- 19. Connecting lights and appliances in parallel makes them operate independently. If one goes off, the other can still operate.
- 20. measuring current SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT • current is the same at all points in the circuit. 2A 2A 2A • current is shared between the components 2A2A 1A 1A
- 21. fill in the missing ammeter readings. ? ? 4A 4A 4A 3A? ? 1A ? 3A 1A 1A
- 22. The circuit is no longer complete, therefore current can not flow The voltage decreases because the current is decreased and the resistance increases.
- 23. The current remains the same. The total resistance drops in a parallel circuit as more bulbs are added The current increases.
- 24. measuring current Electric current is measured in amps (A) using an ammeter connected in series in the circuit. A
- 25. measuring current A A This is how we draw an ammeter in a circuit. SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
- 26. measuring voltage The ‘electrical push’ which the cell gives to the current is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a voltmeter V
- 27. measuring voltage V This is how we draw a voltmeter in a circuit. SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT V