Improving the scalability by contact information compression in routing

International Journal on Information Theory (IJIT), Vol.2, No.1/2/3/4, October 2013

IMPROVING THE SCALABILITY BY
CONTACT INFORMATION COMPRESSION
IN ROUTING
V.Karthikeyan1 and V.J.Vijayalakshmi2
1

2

Department of ECE, SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
Department of EEE, Sri Krishna College of Engg & Tech., Coimbatore, India

ABSTRACT
The existence of reduced scalability and delivery leads to the development of scalable routing by contact
information compression. The previous work dealt with the result of consistent analysis in the performance
of DTN hierarchical routing (DHR). It increases as the source to destination distance increases with
decreases in the routing performance. This paper focuses on improving the scalability and delivery through
contact information compression algorithm and also addresses the problem of power awareness routing to
increase the lifetime of the overall network. Thus implementing the contact information compression (CIC)
algorithm the estimated shortest path (ESP) is detected dynamically. The scalability and release are more
improved during multipath multicasting, which delivers the information to a collection of target
concurrently in a single transmission from the source.

KEYWORDS
Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), DTN Hierarchical Routing (DHR), Contact Information Compression
(CIC), Scalability and Delivery

1.

INTRODUCTION

The DTN Research Group (DTNRG) has designed architecture to support different protocols in
DTN which can be described using graphs. So, any border in the graph indicates the continuation
of set of contacts. The communication among any two nodes for a stage of instance is defined as
the contact. Unlike types of contacts survived among which unrelenting contacts for incessant
communication and predicted contacts for irregular communication amid nodes. listed contacts
can stay alive, for occurrence, between a base station on earth and an Orbiting spread satellite.
Opportunistic contacts are shaped just by the occurrence of two entities at the similar position. In
the Opportunistic contacts a node waits to get together the goal in regulate to move its package.
Messages transferred in DTNs are simply called bundles. They are transferred in an tiny manner
between nodes using a transfer procedure that ensures node-to-node consistency. These messages
can be of any size. Nodes are unspecified to contain huge buffers in which they can store up the
bundles. The main benefit of this method is that it involves only one transmission per bundle.
Most of the work relating to routing in DTN will be performed with predicted contacts. This DTN
faces harsh problems due to the unreliable time and uncertainty in network connections.
Hierarchical techniques are projected to improve scalability. In order to fully develop scalable
routing techniques, it is essential to classify user communication sessions in a hierarchical way,
so that the existing traffic prototype also scales well. The study of hierarchical routing reveals
DOI : 10.5121/ijit.2014.2404

45


that, by adjusting the numeral of levels in the routing hierarchy a enhanced scalability can be
achieved [2]. The DTN hierarchical routing address competent information aggregation and
compression in the time-space domain while maintaining serious information Hierarchical routing
requires the address of the source and the destination for efficient scalable routing [1]. If any of
the sources in the network lacks in the address information, the source can remedy to a overhaul
location.

2. RELATED WORKS
Routing in communication networks involves the indirection as of a unrelenting name (or ID) to a
locator and delivering packets based in the lead the locator. On a large-scale, highly active
network, the ID-to-locator mappings are both huge in number, and modify frequently.
conventional routing protocols have need of elevated transparency to keep these indirections upto-date [1]. In Weak State Routing (WSR), a routing device for large-scale highly active
networks. WSR’s innovation is that it uses arbitrary directional walks incomplete irregularly by
weak indirection state information in midway nodes. The indirection position information is
weak, i.e. interpreted not as complete truth, but as probabilistic hints. Nodes only have part
information about the district a destination node is likely to be. This technique allows us to
cumulative information about a number of distant locations in a geographic section. In other
words, the state information maps a set-of-IDs to a geographical region [1]. In order to stay away
from the propagation of the packets the threshold between 0.6 to 0.8 probabilities is permanent
for each node and manage flooding can be avoided [4].

3.

FORMULATED CIC ROUTING

In this proposed paper, we widen the study of scalable deterministic routing in DTNs by means of
recurring mobility based on our preceding works. As an alternative of routing with global contact
information, we proposed a routing algorithm that routes on contact information compacted by
three collective methods. We address the challenge of well-organized information aggregation
and firmness in the time-space area while maintaining significant information for capable routing.

4.

DHR ALGORITHMS

Our proposed DHR is fairly clear-cut subsequent to the hierarchical network has been built. DHR
is as well a hop by- hop routing. Every node makes its forwarding conclusion in two phases. The
first phase runs only when the maximum level on which the cluster of the current node and that of
the destination are different [1].

Fig.1
46


5.

MULTI PATH CREATION

It creates the nodes (sensors) according to the network capability. Here it will show in a draw
panel. While the conception of, all the nodes show their connected calls and primarily it resolve
be zero. After the construction of the multi paths, link between the nodes will set up and links are
based on two circumstances, by finding adjacent neighbors and by linking to the inaccessible
paths. Each path must join to the nodes through by the devices, according to the node competence
and power efficient. If the network capability is less, there will be unsuccessful paths. User can
see the listing of total nodes made.

6.

MULTI - PATH MULTICASTING

The proposed system is multicast data put on the air in multiple paths over wireless networks. We
presume that the set of connections is evenly loaded, i.e., mobility and deprived channel
circumstance rather than jamming are main reasons for packet crash. Begin by viewing the
viability of numerous path multicasts, and subsequently move on to describe the way to forward
the packets through multiple paths. The projected system has three basic steps, discovery of the
shortest route, maintenance of the Route and Data Transmission [6].

6.1 Route Discovery
The underneath planning consists of 30 nodes in which two being source and destination others
will be used for data transmission. The collection of a path for data broadcast is done based on the
accessibility of the nodes in the section using the ad-hoc on insist remoteness vector routing
algorithm. By using the Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector routing protocol, the routes are
created on demand, i.e. only when a route is needed for which there is no “fresh” record in the
routing table [6].

6.2 Route Maintenance
The next step is the preservation of these routes which is evenly significant. The source has to
incessantly observe the location of the nodes to create sure the data are creature agreed during the
path to the destination lacking loss. In any case, if the location of the nodes change and the source
doesn’t make a note of it then the packets will be mislaid and ultimately have to be dislike [5].

6.3 Data Transmission
The pathway selection, preservation and data transmission are successive processes which
happens in split seconds in real-time broadcast. Hence the paths allocated priory is used for data
transmission. The first path allocated before is currently used for data transmission. The data is
transferred through the tinted path. The second path chosen is now used for data transmission.
The data is transferred through the highlighted path. The third path selected is used for data
transmission. The data is transferred through the highlighted path [5].

7 MULTI-PATH POWER EFFICIENT ROUTING
A MANET might consist of nodes which are not capable to be re-charged in an predictable time
period, energy maintenance is crucial to maintaining the lifetime of such a node. In networks
consisting of these nodes, where it is unfeasible to stock up the nodes power, techniques for
47


energy-efficient routing as well as competent data distribution between nodes is critical. An
energy-efficient mechanism for input routing in sensor networks are called directed diffusion has
been projected. Directed diffusion is an on-demand routing approach which has a data to drive
occasionally and broadcasts it. When nodes receives a data, they send a support message to a preselected neighbor which indicates that it needs to receive more data from the selected neighbor.
As these strengthening messages are propagated back to the source, an implied data path is set up;
each midway node sets up state that forwards comparable data towards the previous hop [7].

Fig.2

Fig.3
48


8

CONCLUSION

The projected work has show in simulations results, the period of connection state measurements
is chosen as one second. As a result, source nodes can keep informed their rates at most excellent
roughly every two seconds, while it requires two measurements for estimating the slope vector
according to the customized power algorithm. For simplicity the rate of redundancy is due to
source coding, The most favorable values put forward that the difficulty of having elegant routers
that are capable to ahead packets onto every branch at a dissimilar rate. It offers only a
insignificant profit in this situation, However, it is firm to depict any additional conclusions, as
this result might depend on the exact topology and source-destination pair selections [4]. Also,
our algorithm does better than traditional power algorithm as a effect of the accessibility of
multiple trees to allocate the traffic load. However, while under network topology model the
algorithm is capable to reduce the cost to a certain level, it cannot remove the packet losses and
has a a great deal advanced overall cost compared to usual ones. The motive behind this result is
the be short of of multicast functionality. Since we cannot generate multicast trees, the only
savings due to multicasting occurs between the sources and overlay nodes.

REFERENCES
[1]Cong Liu and Jie Wu, Fellow, IEEE “Scalable Routing in Cyclic Mobile Networks”-2009
[2]U. Acer, S. Kalyanaraman, and A. Abouzeid, “Weak State Routing for Large Scale Dynamic Networks,”
Proc. ACM MobiCom, 2007.
[3]V. Cerf, S. Burleigh, A. Hooke, L. Torgerson, R. Durst, K. Scott, K. Fall, and H. Weiss, Delay-Tolerant
Network Architecture, Internet Draft: draft-irrf-dtnrg-arch. Text, DTN Research Group, 2006.
[4]J. Haas, J.Y. Halpern, and L. Li, “Gossip-Based Ad Hoc Routing,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2002.
[5]J. Leguay, T. Friedman, and V. Conan, “DTN Routing in a Mobility Pattern Space,” Proc. ACM
SIGCOMM Workshop Delay- Tolerant Networking, 2005
[6]J. Haas, J.Y. Halpern, and L. Li, “Gossip-Based Ad Hoc Routing,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2002.J.
Eriksson, M. Faloutsos, and S. Krishnamurthy, “Scalable Ad Hoc Routing: [The Case for Dynamic
Addressing,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2004.
[7]S. Jain, K. Fall, and R. Patra, “Routing in a Delay Tolerant Network,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, 2004
[8]J. Leguay, T. Friedman, and V. Conan. DTN routing in a mobility pattern space. In Proc. Of ACM
SIGCOMM Workshop on Delay-Tolerant Networking, 2005.
[9]A. Lindgren, A. Doria, and O. Schelen. Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science , 3126:239 {254, Aug 2004.
[10]S. Merugu, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura. Routing in space and time in network with predictable mobility.
In Technical report: GIT-CC-04-07, College of Computing, Georgia Tech , 2004.

Authors
Prof. V. Karthikeyan has received his Bachelor’s Degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from PGP college of Engineering and Technology in 2003,
Namakkal, India, He received a Masters Degree in Applied Electronics from KSR college
of Technology, Erode in 2006 He is currently working as Assistant Professor in SVS
College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore. She has about 8 years of Teaching
Experience
Prof. V. J.Vijayalakshmi has completed her Bachelor’s Degree N Electrical &
Electronics Engineering from Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India.
She finished her Masters Degree in Power Systems Engineering from Anna University of
Technology, Coimbatore, She is currently working as Assistant Professor in Sri Krishna
College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore She has about 5 years of Teaching
Experience.
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Improving the scalability by contact information compression in routing

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